西北半干旱区深旋松耕作对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响

探明深旋松耕作技术(VRT)对西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯阶段性耗水、个体和群体生长状况、产量、水分利用效率和经济收益的影响,可为寻求抗旱增产、资源高效利用的耕作方法提供依据.本研究采用随机区组设计,于2016和2017年设置旋耕15 cm (TT)、深松40 cm (DLT)、深旋松耕40 cm (VRT) 3种耕作方式,测定马铃薯不同生育时期0～200 cm土层土壤贮水量、叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、植株干物质量和产量等指标,计算阶段耗水量、水分利用效率(WUE)、商品率、商品产量、纯收益和新增收益等指标,探究深旋松耕作对马铃薯生产效率和经济效益的影响.结果表明: 与TT和DLT相比,VRT能显著促进马铃薯在盛花期和块茎膨大期的耗水,2016和2017年分别较DLT、TT增加了46.7、35.7和27.2、47.3 mm.由于VRT促进马铃薯耗水,叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数均显著提高,证明它能促进马铃薯个体和群体发育.基于较高的个体和群体生长量,VRT的马铃薯块茎产量显著提高,分别在2016和2017年较DLT和TT增加了156.8%、47.8%和24.8%、41.0%,WUE相应地提高了92.3%、19.2%和18.9%、26.6%.深旋松耕作使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,纯收益和新增纯收益显著提高,在2016和2017年分别达到 12631.9、11019.1和29498.3、18245.5元·hm^-2.深旋松耕作促进马铃薯花期和块茎膨大期耗水,使马铃薯叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数显著提高,导致块茎产量和水分利用效率明显升高,并提高了商品薯产量和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯种植的耕作技术.     

黄土高原不同降水区休闲期土壤贮水效率及其对冬小麦水分利用的影响

土壤贮水是影响黄土高原冬小麦生产力的最重要因素,分析休闲期贮水效率对有效利用水资源具有重要意义。利用黄土高原旱作区4个农业气象观测站土壤水分长期观测资料和冬小麦产量资料,探讨了不同气候区休闲期土壤贮水和耗水特征及对冬小麦水分利用的影响。结果表明:(1)黄土高原旱作区休闲期1 m土层多年平均贮水量半湿润区为9 1mm,贮水效率为30.7%,半干旱区为32 mm,贮水效率为16.5%,且不同降水年型、不同气候区休闲期贮水量和贮水效率差别较大;(2)黄土高原旱作区1 m土层贮水量从土壤解冻至封冻期间基本呈波谷型分布,休闲期为主要贮水阶段,冬小麦返青—开花期为休闲期贮水的主要消耗阶段。半湿润区休闲期土壤贮水量主要消耗在起身至开花期,半干旱区主要消耗在越冬至拔节期;(3)黄土高原旱作区播种—越冬前消耗0—40 cm土层贮水,越冬-起身期各土层贮水量都有消耗,起身—开花期半湿润区主要消耗0—40 cm土层贮水量、半干旱区主要消耗0—60 cm土层贮水量,开花—成熟期半湿润区主要消耗40 mm以下土层贮水量、半干旱区主要消耗60 cm以下土层贮水量;(4)黄土高原休闲期贮水效率与冬小麦产量显著相关,半湿润区水分利用效率远高于半干旱区。黄土高原不同区域降水时空分布不均和土壤贮水能力的差异是造成不同气候区休闲期水分贮存差异的主要原因,通过调整耕作方式、水肥管理、种植结构进一步实现冬小麦增产和水分高效利用。     

半干旱区旱地不同覆盖种植方式玉米田的土壤水分和产量效应

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同种植方式玉米(Zea mays)田的土壤水分动态特征, 测定了全膜双垄沟播(PMF)、全沙覆盖(SM)和裸地(CK) 3种不同处理0-200 cm土壤水分季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化。结果表明: PMF明显改善玉米拔节前0-200 cm土壤的水分条件, 有利于玉米前期生长; 随着玉米生育进程的推进, 3种处理的耗水量依次为: PMF﹥SM﹥CK, 而土壤贮水量表现为CK﹥SM﹥PMF; 在相同降雨条件下, PMF处理0-200 cm土壤水分降雨入渗补给深度最大, SM次之, CK最小。随着种植年限增加, PMF的耗水量和耗水深度增加, 两年种植期间耗水深度从20-120 cm向120-200 cm推移; 连续种植两年后, 3种处理40-120 cm土壤含水量下降至9.0%以下, 其中PMF下降最快(7.9%), 土壤含水量接近萎蔫系数7.2%, 玉米只能靠当年降水生长, 如种植年限继续增加, 土壤极有可能形成干层。3种处理之间耗水量、产量、水分利用效率都存在显著差异, PMF最高, SM次之, CK最低。因此, 在半干旱区采用全膜双垄沟播种植玉米可显著提高产量, 但连续种植可导致土壤贮水量显著降低, 对农田可持续生产能力造成不利影响。     

宁南旱区耕作覆盖对马铃薯产量及土壤水热特征的影响

为探究耕作覆盖对土壤水热及旱作马铃薯产量的影响,连续2年在宁南旱区不同耕作深度结合覆盖模式下开展了研究工作。结果表明: 耕作深度、覆盖材料对马铃薯播种期0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量有极显著影响,而二者交互作用无显著影响;2019年土壤贮水量以深松30 cm覆盖地膜处理最高,2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较翻耕15 cm不覆盖处理(对照)显著提高16.9%和33.4%;耕作深度、覆盖材料可显著影响马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量;同一耕作深度下土壤贮水量以秸秆、地膜覆盖处理效果较好,同一覆盖材料下以深松30～40 cm处理最佳。覆盖材料、耕作深度与覆盖材料二者交互作用对播种-现蕾期0～25 cm土层土壤有效积温影响显著;同一耕作深度下覆盖地膜处理土壤有效积温平均较不覆盖处理显著增加9.3%,而覆盖秸秆处理较不覆盖处理显著降低18.7%;2019和2020年各处理全生育期土壤有效积温分别以深松30 cm和深松40 cm覆盖地膜处理最高。2019年马铃薯总产量和经济效益以深松30 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较对照显著提高84.6%和107.9%;2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较对照显著提高81.7%和105.7%。耕作深度、覆盖材料对作物水热利用效率均有显著影响,水分利用效率以深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,而积温利用效率不同耕作深度结合秸秆覆盖各处理均较翻对照显著提高。相关分析表明,块茎形成期的土壤水分和有效积温对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,而全生育期土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤有效积温。可见,深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理可改善土壤水热状况,实现马铃薯增产增收和水热资源的高效利用,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中有一定的应用推广价值。     

全膜微垄沟穴播对春小麦土壤水热环境的影响及其光合和产量效应

减弱春季寒旱生境限制是提高甘肃中东部旱地春小麦产量的关键要素之一。本研究于2016—2018年在甘肃中部半干旱旱作区开展大田试验,以‘陇春35号’为供试品种,设置全膜微垄沟穴播(PRF)、全膜覆土穴播(PMS)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,测定春小麦不同生育期0～300 cm土层的土壤含水量、0～25 cm土壤温度、叶片生物量、叶片叶绿素(SPAD)、光合速率、蒸腾速率和作物产量,从土壤水热-冠层发育-产量角度揭示PRF处理对土壤水热环境、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响。结果表明: 与CK相比,PRF和PMS处理0～25 cm土层的土壤温度在苗期分别提高2.8和2.5 ℃,灌浆-成熟期分别降低1.4和0.9 ℃;0～300 cm土壤贮水量在播前-苗期分别增加59.7和41.8 mm;0～300 cm耗水量在苗期-灌浆期分别提高46.1和39.8 mm。与PMS处理相比,PRF处理的小麦苗期温度提高0.3 ℃,灌浆-成熟期降低0.5 ℃;播前-苗期0～300 cm土壤贮水量增加18.0 mm,拔节-成熟期耗水量提高13.0 mm。基于对土壤水热条件的优化,PRF和PMS处理的叶片生物量、SPAD值、苗期-灌浆期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率均显著高于CK,且PRF处理均显著高于PMS处理。PRF处理比PMS处理和CK分别增产9.1%和36.5%,WUE分别提高5.9%和30.8%。因此,PRF处理能提高苗期地温,降低灌浆-成熟期地温,促进春小麦苗期-灌浆期的耗水,提高了春小麦叶片SPAD值和生物量,增强春小麦苗期-灌浆期旗叶的光合功能,从而实现增产和水分高效利用,而且这一优势在欠水年份(2016和2017年)更加明显。     

免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响

通过2006-2008年的田间试验,研究了北京地区免耕与传统翻耕条件下土壤水分的时空动态及其对土壤相关物理性质的影响.结果表明：研究期间,免耕和翻耕地0～100 cm土层的土壤贮水量随时间及降水变化的趋势一致,但免耕地的土壤贮水量在不同时刻以及不同降雨条件下均高于翻耕地,增幅在2.7%～30.3%,降雨相对充分条件下土壤贮水量的增量有所增加,但免耕在相对缺水的地区更值得推广;免耕地0～100 cm土层的平均土壤含水量明显高于传统翻耕,增幅在3.4%～12.8%,其中表层（0～20 cm）和底层（80～100 cm）的水分增量明显高于中间层次,最高增量可达22.2%;免耕覆盖的耕作方式可通过降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、促进土壤水稳性团聚体的形成等作用来提高土壤的保水能力和水分利用效率,进而促进作物增收.与对照相比,免耕3年后土壤水分利用率和春玉米产量分别较传统翻耕提高13.3%和16.4%.     

免耕对玉米根系属性和产量以及土壤物理性质的影响:整合分析

探讨免耕对作物根系生长和产量以及土壤物理性质的影响可以为科学管理保护性耕作提供依据。本文对相关文献进行整合分析发现,免耕显著降低玉米根长、根长密度和根表面积,降幅分别为13.8%、15.7%和22.8%,而免耕对玉米根系生物量、生物量密度和比根长影响不显著;免耕显著降低了玉米产量,降幅达8.4%,并与土壤p H有关(pH7.0,P0.05; pH≥7.0,P0.05)。免耕显著增加土壤容重和穿透阻力,增幅为3.5%、13.0%;减少了土壤含水量。沿土壤剖面,免耕对生物量密度的影响从负效应(10～20 cm,-22.2%)、无影响(0～10 cm和20～30 cm,P0.05)到正效应(30～40 cm,33.3%),而对生物量密度在水平分布上无影响;免耕显著增加了土壤容重(0～20 cm)和穿透阻力(0～10 cm)。鉴于免耕对玉米产量和土壤物理环境的负效应,建议实践中由常规耕作转变为免耕后同时结合秸秆覆盖(或还田)策略,未来应加强研究作物根系属性对保护性耕作的响应与适应机制,以及免耕/秸秆还田等多策略的长期观测试验研究,为农业可持续发展提供理论和实践参考。     

耕作方式对黑土表层土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

以保护性耕作13年田间定位试验玉米-大豆轮作黑土为研究对象,探讨了玉米不同生长期(2013年6月至次年4月)0~5、5~10和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)对耕作方式响应的动态变化.土壤MBC含量采用氯仿熏蒸法测定.结果表明:土壤MBC含量受时间和土层影响显著.免耕和垄作下土壤MBC含量表现为4月最低,各土层最高值多出现在8月,而秋翻各土层土壤MBC含量也表现为4月最低,但最高值出现在6月.同一采样时间下,耕作方式仅显著影响表层0~5 cm的MBC含量,免耕和垄作下土壤MBC含量出现明显的分层现象,表现为在表层0~5 cm富集.各采样时间下免耕和垄作土壤层化率(0~5 cm/10~20 cm)均显著高于秋翻,9月的土壤层化率增幅最大,为67.8%和95.5%.综上,时间和土层显著影响土壤MBC,而耕作方式主要影响表层土壤MBC的积累与分布.免耕和垄作下表层土壤MBC的积累明显.     

不同保护性耕作措施对武威绿洲灌区冬小麦水分利用的影响

2006—2008年通过田间定位试验,研究了武威绿洲灌区不同耕作措施（传统耕作、秸杆翻压、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸杆立茬、免耕秸杆覆盖）对冬小麦土壤水分空间分布、动态变化、作物耗水量、水分利用效率和产量的影响.结果表明：返青至拔节期,免耕秸杆覆盖（NTS）和免耕秸杆立茬（NTSS）处理显著提高了0～30 cm土壤贮水量,处理间差异较大,在小麦拔节后差异变小;返青至成熟期,NTS和NTSS处理30～150 cm土壤贮水量都大于传统耕作处理（T）;播种期,NTS、NTSS和NT（免耕不覆盖）处理0～150 cm土层总贮水量分别比T处理增加29.55～34.69、17.32～21.79和0.89～15.68 mm,收获期分别增加37.59～38.35、5.70～22.14和4.61～13.93 mm,且随着土层深度的增加处理间土壤贮水量差异增大.NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS（秸杆翻压）处理小麦产量分别比T处理提高15.65%～16.84%、6.98%～12.75%、5.88%～11.74%和3.92%～8.16%,水分利用效率分别提高17.15%～17.52%、7.75%～9.65%、8.24%～10.00%和4.17%～9.91%.免耕秸杆覆盖（NTS）和免耕秸杆立茬（NTSS）处理提高了冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,是改善该区域水资源匮乏的有效耕作措施.     

耕作方式对绿洲灌区农田土壤有机碳及其分布的影响

依托自2005年开始的田间定位试验,分析了传统平作(CT)、垄作沟灌(FRB)、固定道垄作(PRB)和固定道平作(ZT)4种耕作方式下绿洲灌区农田0~90 cm土层中土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)含量和微生物生物量碳(SMBC)及其分布特征.结果表明:4种耕作方式下土壤TOC、POC和SMBC在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征相似,有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而递减,且处理之间差异逐渐减小.PRB可显著提高TOC、POC含量和SMBC,不同耕作方式下各土层有机碳含量表现为PRB>ZT>FRB>CT.与CT相比,0~10 cm土层中PRB、ZT和FRB处理TOC含量分别增加11.1%~24.8%、9.1%~18.7%和7.8%~8.2%,POC含量分别增加24.1%~26.5%、17.3%~18.7%和-8.2%~10.8%,SMBC分别增加20.5%~28.3%、10.4%~15.2%和3.5%~3.7%.TOC对POC具有明显促进作用.PRB能显著增加土壤POC分配比例,增加有机碳积累.     

Effects of diet on biomarkers of exposure and effects, and on oxidative damage

Modification of DNA is believed to be a key step in carcinogenesis, and therefore DNA adducts have been proposed as predictive biomarkers of human cancer. Smoked and grilled foods are important contributors of PAH-DNA adduct levels, while the consumption of flavonoids and other antioxidants seems to decrease the level of DNA adducts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of each group of foods and of different dietary profiles on the DNA adducts levels and on oxidative damage to DNA. Occupationally exposed men were recruited in Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Bulgaria. Non-occupationally exposed subjects were matched on age and gender to PAH-exposed workers. Three hundred and fifty-six subjects who completed the questionnaire for dietary information and had a measurement of DNA adduct levels and oxidative damage to DNA were included in this study. No food item seemed to be individually associated with markers of exposure or DNA damage. Total DNA adducts levels were significantly higher for subjects who had eaten, in the previous 24 h, smoked or fried food. A Principal Components Analysis was performed to identify groups of subjects with similar dietary profiles: no significant differences in biomarker levels were observed among the groups defined according to dietary profiles. In conclusion, this study did not show any significant association between diet and biomarkers of DNA damage, oxidative damage to DNA and chromosomal aberrations, neither when each food was considered separately, nor when the effect of different dietary profiles was tested. The recent consumption of smoked or fried food was associated with an increase in total DNA adducts levels.     

乙醇与乙醛对心脏的影响及其可能机制的探讨

通过研究乙醇、乙醛对离体心脏和神经干的影响,探讨乙醇、乙醛对心脏作用的可能机制.用不同浓度的乙醇和乙醛处理牛蛙蛙心灌流标本和坐骨神经标本,用BL-420 系统对给药前后心脏的心率和振幅以及神经干最小刺激强度作记录.乙醇和乙醛可以引起神经兴奋性的改变从而影响神经冲动的传导,而且其影响具有明显的量效依赖关系,低浓度的乙醇和乙醛能使神经的兴奋性增加,高浓度则降低;乙醇对心脏的心率和振幅均有抑制作用,低浓度的乙醛对心脏心率和振幅有促进作用,高浓度的乙醛对心脏造成不可恢复的损伤.乙醇、乙醛对心脏的影响效果不同,但两者均可直接影响及通过神经而间接影响心脏的活动.     

Thoughts on the origin and nature of life and intelligence on earth

Believing, for good reasons, that our Universe engenders the occurrence of Life, it is probable that Life appeared more than once on young planet Earth. The universality of our genetic code indicates though, that only one line produced a population that was cellular, autopoietic, responsive intelligently (i.e., to its advantage) to its environment, and capable of reproduction. Its evolution took time during which other intermediate or incipient forms of life disappeared. Trying to retrace ab initio the preceding chemical evolution on our young planet, we may not repeat the chemistry which led to our line. One can argue that it may be profitable to attempt to construct artificial life forms using the kind of building blocks that we learned to know through studying the chemistry of our life. Independently, computers are being built, or are planned, which possess memory that can be used appropriately (intelligently), and which to some extent can repair and reproduce themselves. Such Life does not depend on our biochemistry. However, these machines do perform as yet only partly along the lines of our human intelligence which is guided by self-awareness and a sense of individual integrity, and are thereby not equipped to search for Understanding and Self-expression.     

Effects of age and gender on success and death of mountaineers on Mount Everest

Increasing numbers of climbers are attempting Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth. We compiled interview data and computed the probabilities of summiting and of dying as a function of climber age and gender (2211 climbers, spring season) for the period of 1990-2005. Men and women had similar odds of summiting and of dying. However, climbers older than 40 years have reduced odds of summiting, and those older than 60 years have increased odds of dying, especially when descending from the summit. On Mount Everest, phenotypic selection appears blind to gender but favours young mountaineers.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Effect of inhibition of MAO and COMT on intrarenal dopamine and serotonin and on renal function

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and/or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), enzymes involved in the degradation of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), on intrarenal DA and 5-HT, as reflected in the renal interstitial fluid (RIF) microdialysate and urine, and on renal function. Inhibition of MAO selectively increased RIF 5-HT from 3.16 +/- 0.38 to 8.03 +/- 1.83 pg/min (n = 7, P < 0.05), concomitant with decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (2.09 +/- 0. 18 to 1.57 +/- 0.22 ml/min, n = 7, P < 0.05). Inhibition of COMT significantly increased RIF DA (3.47 +/- 0.70 to 8.68 +/- 1.96 pg/min, n = 9, P < 0.05), urinary DA (2.00 +/- 0.16 to 2.76 +/- 0.26 ng/min, n = 9, P < 0.05), and absolute excretion of sodium (6.42 +/- 2.00 to 9.82 +/- 1.62 micromol/min, n = 10, P < 0.05). Combined inhibition of MAO and COMT significantly increased RIF DA, urinary DA, and urinary 5-HT, which was accompanied with increases in urine flow rate, and absolute (3.03 +/- 0.59 to 8.40 +/- 1.61 micromol/min, n = 9, P < 0.01) and fractional excretion of sodium. We conclude that inhibition of MAO selectively increases RIF 5-HT. COMT appears to be more important than MAO in the metabolism of intrarenal DA. Physiological increases in intrarenal DA/5-HT induced by inhibition of their degrading enzymes are accompanied with significant alterations of renal function.     

Effect of polyphenols on shoot and root growth and on seed germination

The effect of high concentrations of the simplest polyphenols on extension growth of maize (Zea mays L.) shoot ooleoptile segments, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) roots, and on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination, was studied. Quinone formation in the process of plant incubation in polyphenol solutions was proved. The data obtained are presumably explained by the important part that is played by the quinoid products of phenol oxidation in the ability ofo- andp-biatomic phenols to inhibit growth.