黄土高原半干旱区农田水肥条件对作物生态位适宜度和产量的影响

将生态位理论引进作物生长系统研究中,探讨了作物生态位适宜度的内涵,建立了其数学模型;并依据大田水肥控制实验,对作物生态位适宜度值进行了定量分析。结果表明：在水分梯度上随着土壤水分含量的增加,作物生态位适度值呈上升趋势;适量施肥和播种后地膜覆盖均有增加叶面积指数,提高适宜度值和增加产量的效果。其中水平条件下施低肥、中肥和高肥,比不施肥样区的叶面积指数最大值分别增加了43.5％、80.7％和88.8％;适宜度值分别提高了6.4％、17.9％和23.0％;籽粒产量分别增加了25.0％、69.9％和90.9％。地膜覆盖30d和50d,作物适宜度值上升了13.9％和17.7％,作物产量增加了55.3％和70.3％。作物产量与其适宜度值之间呈现显著的线性相关关系。     

西北旱作区苹果水分适宜性——以天水为例

利用甘肃省天水农业气象试验站2003—2009年苹果物候观测资料、麦积国家基本气象站1971—2009年气象资料及天水市1991—2009年苹果产量资料,建立苹果水分适宜度及满足度模型,对苹果各生育阶段的需水量及水分适宜度进行了计算,评价了该地区苹果栽培的水分适宜性,并分析了苹果产量与水分适宜度的相关关系。结果表明:天水市苹果年平均水分适宜度为0.52,满足度为0.61。生长期水分条件比较优越,全生育期苹果水分适宜度随时间呈下降趋势;旺盛生育阶段水分适宜性较差,其次为初始生育阶段,后期生育阶段水分适宜度较好;初始生育阶段水分适宜度逐年代下降,后期生育阶段水分适宜度逐年代上升,旺盛生育阶段水分适宜度变化不大;旺盛生育阶段及初始生育阶段水分适宜度与苹果产量相关性较显著,后期生育阶段水分适宜度与苹果产量相关性不显著。利用该模型可对西北旱作区苹果的水分适宜性进行评价,为苹果的种植区划及科学灌溉提供依据。     

贵州石漠化区布依族传统村落人居环境适宜度

为了解传统村落人居环境对石漠化及地形地貌的适应性,采用德尔菲法、综合权重法确定了石漠化区布依族传统村落人居环境适宜度评价指标体系及权重,并收集指标数据和确定人居环境适宜度值与阈值,综合分析了人居环境适宜度.结果表明: 10%的布依族传统村落位于强度与极强度石漠化区,且有择优环境的传统;人居环境适宜度指标体系由经济、历史文化、生态、社会、建筑环境适宜度5个一级指标及26个二级指标组成,该指标体系对喀斯特区村落均适宜;总体上,综合环境适宜度值(2.81～3.77)与经济(0.77～1.17)、历史文化(0.39～0.50)、生态(0.83～1.07)、社会环境(0.38～0.53)适宜度值随石漠化强度递增而递减,而建筑(0.43～0.51)则无显著变化,石漠化对经济、历史文化、生态和社会环境影响深远且有协同关系;人居环境适宜度阈值下限为2.93,低于2.93可考虑搬迁或采取措施提高其值;山地半坡传统村落人居环境适宜度值(3.56)高于洼地(3.42)和谷地(3.16);石漠化区传统村落人居环境适宜度比普通村落高,但低于常态地貌,其主因是经济与生态的差异;石漠化区传统村落人居环境提升应加强石漠化综合治理及政策支撑,发展生态经济与旅游及保护历史文化或生态移民.本研究可为喀斯特区村落人居环境保护规划、建设等提供理论依据.     

东北地区春玉米气候适宜度模型

农作物生长是一个连续的动态过程,因而作物生长的最适宜气象指标也是连续变化的.据此,本文提出作物生长日可利用降水量的推算方法和气象指标时间插值算法,构建了日尺度气候适宜度模型,利用东北地区农业气象站的多年玉米观测资料进行检验.结果表明： 模型计算的气候适宜度与株高、百粒重存在显著正相关;在春玉米营养生长期间,气候适宜度与株高的相关系数(R²)在0.58以上;春玉米生殖生长期间,气候适宜度与春玉米百粒重的R²在0.45以上.本文建立的日尺度气候适宜度模型能客观地反映营养生长阶段及生殖生长阶段作物与气候条件的相互作用关系.
     

黑龙江省小麦产量数学模型的建立及应用分析

本文根据在黑龙江省31个县、市进行的多年小麦农业生态联合试验,并运用双重组合设计〔1〕原理进行模型挂接,建立了黑龙江省小麦区域性农业生产数学模型,初步揭示了降水、土壤肥力及农肥、化肥对小麦产量的影响程度及相互间的变化规律,并应用模型对小麦产量形成过程进行了模拟和预测．     

冬小麦单产的光谱数据估测模型研究

 本文在分析冬小麦群体经济产量与叶面积系数关系的基础上,以地面实测冬小麦反射光谱数据为依据,提出了一种新的动态VI-产量模型,即LAD-产量模型。该模型具有冬小麦生育后期(抽穗一灌浆末期)光合面积和光合时间等信息,其冬小麦单位面积产量(简称单产)估测精度为98%。另外,本文根据常用的某一特定生育期VI-产量模型,用冬小麦各生育期的VI值分别估测小麦单产,确定山东省禹城市冬小麦的灌浆中期为最佳估产时间。此时期．小麦单产估测精度为96%。     

基于核密度估计的动物生境适宜度制图方法

生境适宜度制图能提供动物适宜生境的空间分布信息,对野生动物种群管理、保护地规划等非常重要。生境适宜度制图的关键是构建生境适宜度模型(habitat suitability model, HSM),只基于动物出现位置数据构建HSM的方法在实践中得到了非常广泛的应用。然而现有的只基于动物出现位置数据构建HSM的方法还不能很好地直接表达动物生境适宜度和环境因子之间具有生态学意义的数量关系,因此也就不能很好地体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用。 本文提出了一种基于核密度估计构建HSM的方法,在地理信息系统技术支持下,通过运用核密度估计从代表性的动物出现位置数据中估计出动物出现对各个环境因子的概率密度函数来直接表达生境适宜度与各个环境因子之间的数量关系,以体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,在此基础上对生境适宜度与各个环境因子之间的数量关系进行综合构建了具有明确生态学意义的HSM用于动物生境适宜度制图。以美国Voyageures国家公园的白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)生境适宜度制图为例,基于365个出现位置点位数据并结合积雪深度、地表覆被类型、森林边界长度和坡度等环境因子数据,开展了该方法的案例研究。通过交叉验证计算连续Boyce指数对制图结果进行评价,结果表明：基于核密度估计方法构建的HSM预测能力强,所得出的生境适宜度图经10次交叉验证,连续Boyce指数平均值为0.75,标准差为0.11,达到了较高精度。此外,由于基于核密度估计的方法能以“生境适宜度和环境因子之间具有生态学意义的数量关系”的形式来直接体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,就模型的可解释性而言,该方法要优于现有的其他构建HSM的方法。     

小麦目标产量设计及适宜品种选择的动态知识模型

运用知识工程和系统建模方法,在综合考虑决策点光温生产潜力、历史平均产量水平、土壤肥力、肥水管理水平和生产技术水平等诸多因子对增产系数影响的基础上,通过定量计算动态增产系数,建立了具有时空适应性的小麦目标产量设计知识模型;通过定量计算小麦品种特征值与环境因子和生产需求之间的符合度,建立了适宜品种选择的量化知识模型．利用南京、郑州、泰安、保定和太原5个不同生态点的不同年型每日气象资料以及不同历史平均产量水平、土壤肥力和肥水管理水平,对目标产量设计模型进行了实例分析;利用广州、南京、泰安、北京、哈尔滨5个不同生态点常年气象资料以及15个不同品种资料,对品种选择知识模型进行了实例分析．结果表明,所建知识模型具有较好的决策性和广泛适应性．     

基于生态位和模糊数学的冬小麦适宜性评价

为定量评价气象、土壤等要素对作物生长的影响,利用江苏省及周边40个气象站1980—2010年日气象资料,选取影响冬小麦品种生长发育的主要气象(如气温、降水、日照时数等)和土壤(如土壤厚度、有机质和p H值等)生态因子,基于生态位理论和模糊数学的方法,依据冬小麦生长对生态各因子的响应关系建立各生态因子适宜度模型,借助GIS空间插值和空间分析,计算江苏省冬小麦品种的种植适宜度并进行等级划分。结果表明:从单要素看,研究区气温适宜度和日照时数适宜度都由北往南逐渐降低,降水适宜度由南往北逐渐降低;大部分地区土壤厚度和土壤有机质适宜,但大部分地区的p H值适宜度较低;从气候适宜度看,江苏省气候适宜度的范围为0.68—0.81,中北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.73,全省的气候适宜度均适合种植冬小麦,大体上呈现由北往南逐渐减小的变化;从土壤适宜度看,全省中部、南部与西北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.70,适合种植冬小麦。从综合适宜度看,全省大部分地区适宜度为0.50—0.86,适宜于冬小麦生长。综合考虑农业气候资源和土壤资源对江苏省冬小麦品种种植的综合适宜性进行评价,评价结果为充分利用江苏省农业生态资源、指导及科学制定冬小麦品种区域种植规划提供科学依据;按作物品种分生育期多角度的精细化研究方法和建立的各因子的适宜度模型可为今后作物区域适宜性评价提供一种新的思路,对同类研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

冬小麦高产高效栽培投资风险预测模拟

在产量形成规律及投入产出效益规律基础上,建立了冬小麦高产高效栽培投资风险预测模拟模型.并以Window XP为平台,采用VB(Visual Basic)语言编程,建立了相应的可视化模拟系统。通过模拟,生产者可以预测在当时的市场价格下小麦生产的投资风险大小,并预测生产的最大利润及小麦产量.模拟系统还可以用于决策部门对市场价格的宏观调控,如果希望增加农民收入,鼓励农民生产粮食,决策部门可以先定单位面积小麦生产利润值,通过模拟得适宜的肥粮价比,用来调控市场价格,     

Estimation of the chlorophyll content and yield of grain crops via their chlorophyll potential

The results of the assessment of the relationship between the chlorophyll content, crop yield and chlorophyll potential of crops of wheat, barley, and oat are presented. The results of a ground-based remotesensing technique and laboratory data were used to accomplish this assessment. The spectral reflectance data of agricultural crops obtained using a ground-based remote-sensing technique in the Krasnoyarsk region were used to calculate the chlorophyll potential. Long-standing experiments have been carried out in different seasons, under various lighting conditions. Spectral measurements were performed using a double-beam spectroradiometer, which was installed on a mobile work platform at a height from 5 to 18 m. A good correlation between the chlorophyll content, grain yield, and chlorophyll potential of different cultivars of wheat, barley, and oat has been shown. It was also shown that the values of chlorophyll potential are different for wheat, barley, and oat cultivars in the growing season.     

供肥对小麦间作蚕豆群体产量及根系的调控

利用田间,池栽,盆栽等方法,对不同N,P水平下小麦间作蚕豆群体根系的时空分布及产量效应进行了研究。结果表明,供P对小麦-蚕豆间作系统有明显的增产作用,与不供P相比,田间试验中供P处理间作小麦和蚕豆分别提高了48.39%和16.69%,池栽试验中群体产量增产幅度为20.07%-43.14%。间作蚕豆经济产量增幅为58.46%-78.78%,小麦间作蚕豆多作系统2种作物根密度生长高峰期交错出现,小麦的峰值出现早于蚕豆,其中,小麦和蚕豆根干重最大值分别出现在抽穗期和成熟期,而根长的最大值分别出现在拔节期和成熟期,这在一定程度上减轻了共生期2种作物对水肥的竞争,也是此群体增产增效的原因之一,施P处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施P处理提高54.33%,48.88%和47.00%;施N处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施N的增加15.25%,11.61%和11.46%。间作小麦根重的57.61%和蚕豆的69.20%分布在0-30cm土层,随施P水平的提高,总根干重及根密度都趋于增加,且深层土壤中根系增加明显。     

基于WOFOST作物生长模型的冬小麦干旱影响评估技术

为了反映作物与干旱的相互关系,人为再现干旱灾害对作物产量的影响程度,选择华北地区冬小麦干旱灾害为研究对象,对作物生长模型WOFOST在区域上进行适应性进行分析、检验的基础上,然后利用区域作物模型实现干旱灾害对作物影响定量分析和动态评估。以减产率和气象条件作为灾害严重程度划分的标准,利用数值模拟试验,确定导致减产的主要气象因子及其量值,对研究区干旱灾害进行影响评估,包括典型灾害年份影响评估和年代际灾害影响评估,并给出了评估结果。     

Seasonal mycorrhizal colonization of winter wheat and its effect on wheat growth under dryland field conditions

 A field experiment was conducted to determine the seasonal patterns of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system and to determine wheat growth and P uptake responses to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus. Broadcast-incorporated treatments included (1) no inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus, with and without P fertilizer, and (2) mycorrhizal fungal inoculation at a rate of 5000 spores of Glomus intraradices (Schenck and Smith), per 30 cm in each row, with and without fertilizer P. Winter wheat was seeded within a day after treatments were imposed, and roots were sampled at five growth stages to quantify AM. Shoot samples were also taken for determination of dry matter, grain yield and yield components, and N and P uptake. No AM infection was evident during the fall months following seeding, which was characterized by low soil temperature, while during the spring, the AM increased gradually. Increases in wheat grain yields by enhanced AM were of similar magnitude to the response obtained from P fertilization. However, responses differed at intermediate growth stages. At the tillering stage, P uptake was mainly increased by P fertilization but not by fungal inoculation. At harvest, enhanced AM increased P uptake regardless of whether or not fertilizer P was added. The AM symbiosis increased with rising soil temperatures in the spring, in time to enhance late-season P accumulation and grain production. Accepted: 15 July 1998     

旱地小麦理想株型与生长冗余

自1968年Donald提出作物理想株型(ideotype)以来,众多学者在如何减少生长冗余、塑造理想株型方面做了大量努力,在旱地小麦育种策略和栽培管理模式创新方面取得了一定进展。而该方面的进展有限,不同领域的研究者对理想株型和生长冗余的认识存在严重分歧。综述了近年来旱地小麦理想株型研究进展,以过去20年黄土高原雨养农业区的观测数据为主进行了集成分析,将产量分别与根系生物量、地上生物量和株高等指标进行回归分析,勾画了旱地小麦在根系、茎秆和分蘖等器官中生长冗余的演变趋势,对生长冗余产生的生态学机制展开了分析,并对理想株型与生长冗余的互作关系进行了讨论。已有的研究进展表明,旱地小麦理想株型演变是一个不断消减生长冗余,但又无法完全消除冗余的复杂过程,一定程度的冗余存在是理想株型发生的物质基础。旱地小麦理想株型育种必须以基因型和环境互作关系为基础,通过减少个体间的竞争强度和个体大小不整齐性,促进物质和能量更多地向籽粒迁移,最终提高种群产量。综上所述,旱地小麦理想株型选择需建立在生长冗余理论基础上,根据生态学基本原理对基因型和表现型进行耦合分析与选择权衡。     

气候变化背景下东北三省主要粮食作物产量潜力及资源利用效率比较

以东北地区喜温作物和喜凉作物的潜在种植区为研究区域,基于研究区域内65个气象台站1961—2010年地面气象观测数据,结合作物生育期资料,应用作物产量潜力逐级订正法,分析不同作物各级产量潜力时空分布特征,明确作物各级产量潜力受气候资源限制程度,比较气候资源利用效率差异.结果表明： 1961—2010年,东北三省6种作物（玉米、水稻、春小麦、高粱、谷子和大豆）的光温产量潜力呈明显的西高东低的空间分布特征,作物气候产量潜力除春小麦外其他作物均呈现南高北低的空间分布规律.6种作物受温度限制的产量潜力损失率呈东高西低的空间分布特征,大豆受温度限制引起的产量潜力损失率最高,平均为51%,其他作物为33%～41%;因降水制约引起的潜力损失率分布有明显的区域性差异,在松嫩平原和长白山区各有一个高值区,春小麦因降水亏缺引起的产量潜力损失率最高,平均为50%,其他4种雨养作物集中在8%～10%.东北三省各作物生长季内光能利用效率在0.9%～2.7%,其中玉米>高粱>水稻>谷子>春小麦>大豆;雨养条件下,玉米、高粱、春小麦、谷子和大豆各作物的降水利用效率在8～35 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,其中玉米>高粱>春小麦>谷子>大豆.在光能利用效率和降水利用效率均较低的长白山区和小兴安岭南部地区,可采取合理密植、选择适宜品种、适时施肥、蓄水保墒耕作以及优化作物布局等措施提高资源利用效率.     

EFFECTS OF PREVIOUS WHEAT CROPS, SEED-RATE AND NITROGEN ON EYESPOT, TAKE-ALL, WEEDS AND YIELDS OF TWO VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT: FIELD EXPERIMENT 1954-56

In a replicated field experiment mean yields of wheat from plots that, in the preceding 2 years, had carried oats, beans or potatoes were 39.2 and 42.6 cwt. per acre in 1954 for Holdfast and Cappelle, respectively; 42.8 and 55.8 in 1955 and 34.9 and 49.6 in 1956. Previous wheat crops had more effect than any other treatment in increasing the incidence of eyespot, take-all and weeds and in decreasing the number of ears per unit area and the yield of grain. In 1956 on plots carrying the first, second and third successive wheat crops the percentages of straws with eyespot were respectively 12, 54 and 42 and with take-all 0.1, 1 and 16. Cappelle was less severely infected by eyespot than Holdfast. The second and third successive wheat crops yielded an average of 23.3 cwt./acre less than the first wheat crop. Cappelle consistently yielded more than Holdfast, the mean difference being 13.8 cwt./acre after potatoes but only 3.8 cwt./acre after two wheat crops. The higher seed-rate gave an average increase in grain yield of 3.3 cwt./acre; but where eyespot and take-all were both severe the lower seed-rate yielded as much total and more dressed grain than the higher. Wheat given a spring top dressing of 6 cwt./acre Nitro-Chalk yielded an average of 4 cwt./acre more grain than wheat given 3 cwt./acre.     

原油的土壤污染对小麦、荞麦生长的影响

本文研究了被原油污染的土壤上春小麦、荞麦萌发和生长所受的影响。原油浓度从０－３０％不等。随着污染程度的提高,作物的萌发率和产量大大降低,生长受到严重抑制。荞麦对原油污染的敏感性高于小麦。原油的植物毒性经一段时间降解后会降低。生长分析表明含油１％土壤中荞麦后期ＲＧＲ和ＮＡＲ高于对照,表现出一个推迟的生长高峰。植物生长受抑是由于油对空气的排斥,植物—土壤—水相互关系的干扰以及土壤中硝态氮等减少造成的营养缺乏。     

Grain yield and incidence of take-all (Ophiobolus graminis Sacc.) in wheat grown in different crop sequences

The yield of wheat and the incidence of take-all were measured in crops grown in six different 4-year sequences, repeated in 3 successive years. The first crop of winter wheat grown after oats or beans yielded 13–23 cwt/acre (1632–2887 kg/ha) more grain than wheat after wheat or barley. Spring wheat after oats yielded 2–5 cwt/acre (250–625 kg/ha) more than spring wheat after wheat. The smaller yields of wheat after wheat or barley were caused mostly by greater prevalence of take-all. Regression analysis indicates that each 1 % increase in straws with take-all decreased yield of winter wheat by 0·6%. Take-all was more prevalent in the second and third successive wheat crops after oats than in the fourth crop.     

Effect of previous crops on the incidence of eyespot on winter wheat

Surveys of winter wheat from 1939 to 1946 show that eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.) occurs throughout Britain and that its incidence depends largely on previous cropping and on weather. Examination of 551 crops on land whose cropping for the previous 4 years was known showed that the incidence rose steadily with increasing numbers of preceding wheat and barley crops: where neither crop had been taken for 4 years the proportion of crops with more than 70% infected straws was 2%, rising to 45% where three or four such crops had been taken and the average straws infected rose from 6 to 55%.
The percentage infection to be expected in various groups of crops was calculated from previous cropping; it was compared with the actual infection and so used to assess the importance of other factors in determining the incidence of eyespot. High spring rainfall, early sowing and a dense plant increased incidence and low spring rainfall, late sowing and a thin plant reduced it.
Eyespot was not usually severe on newly ploughed grassland until the third or fourth crop of wheat, but under very wet conditions it was sometimes severe in the second crop.
Oats is much less susceptible than wheat or barley, but some crops were found with a third of their straws infected.
A brief survey of winter wheat in Holland suggested possible causes for the rise and fall of eyespot in recent years and for its present lower incidence there as compared with East Anglia.