三种同源基因的辨析

同源基因分为直向同源基因、横向同源基因和异源同源基因。该文对这三种同源基因进行辨析,并对直向同源基因和横向同源基因的进一步分类进行了简单介绍。     

纯系间数量性状主基因差异的遗传分析

将Ｅｌｓｔｏｎ模型应用于存在主基因差异的系间杂交的分离世代分析,提出利用似然函数分析数量性状的尺度效应、主基因分离比例以及主基因效应和微基因效应的方法,并应用于水稻遗传实验,结果表明,半矮秆籼稻品种南京１１号带有的隐性矮秆主基因,效应大约为４０－５６ｃｍ,微基因效应以加性为主,且主、微型基因存在显著互作,但互作和微基因效应均远小于基因效应。     

基因系统生态及其应用

运用基因生态系统观点,探讨了基因的行为生态,提出了基因具有整体性、联系性、有序性和平衡性等特性．还讨论了基因生态的应用及其发展前景．     

利用标记基因检测转Bt基因棉种子纯度的研究

安徽农业大学植保系李长福、吴振廷、王学林等研究人员根据转Bt基因棉国抗 1号转入的外源基因中整合有GUS基因和NPTⅡ基因 ,建立了 3种种子纯度检测方法 ,即GUS组织化学染色法、NPTⅡ培养法和NPTⅡ叶片涂抹法 ,准确率达到 98% ,在检测转Bt基因棉原始群系 2 0 - 1时 ,与生物测定比较准确率同样在 98%。为此 ,这 3种方法可用转Bt基因棉扩大规模制种过程中和推广应用良种纯度的检测 ,相应方法同样适用于基因组中整合有GUS基因和NPTⅡ基因的其他转Bt基因棉的品种。不仅如此 ,还适用于携带同一Bt杀虫蛋白基因的所有转Bt基因植物。同时…     

真核基因-它们的结构、活动与调节

本书从基因调节、染色体的组织方式,实验手段、特异基因的表达和植物基因等五个方面来叙述真核基因的结构、活动和调节,所举实例多数是高等动物基因,从这些材料揭示的基因活动规律,都具有广泛.的代表性,故本书是一本比较全面反映真核生物基     

现代生物学基因研究进展——从遗传因子到超级基因（1）

基因是贯穿近现代生物学发展的一根主线,基因的概念一直处在不断的变化和发展中。伴随着生物学的发展,人们对于基因的认识由表及里、由浅入深,逐步深入到本质。按照时间的脉络追溯基因的发现及人们对基因认识不断深入的大致过程。     

花的调节基因的开放和关闭

在动物和植物的生长过程中,调节基因决定细胞的最终发展方向。目前,许多调节基因的表达方式已经在时间和空间上被确定下来,比如在研究花的结构基因时所涉及到的花的调节基因。现在已经明确的花的结构基因有ＬＦＹ基因（ＬＥＡＦＹ基因）、ＡＰ１基因（ＡＰＥＴＡＬＡ１基因）和ＡＧ基因（ＡＧＡＭＯＵＳ基因）。其中,ＬＦＹ基因和ＡＰ１基因决定花的分生组织;ＡＧ基因负责控制雄蕊和心皮。那么,这些结构基因是如何受调节基因的控制？环境因素（比如日照时间）又是如何影响花的结构基因和调节基因的表达？目前已有两项研究对以上问题提…     

浅谈基因符号的使用

现代遗传学以孟德尔定律重被发现和证实为纪元。开头的10年间,不仅提出基因的名称,而且建立了基因型和表型等概念。从而有了特定基因和个体基因型的表征性符号。见基因符号标志着相应的个体性状孟德尔的研究是从豌豆的相对性状入手的,他用大写字母A、B等代表显性性状,如圆粒、黄子叶;相应的小写字母a、o代表相对的隐性性状皱粒和绿子叶,如此等等。从其用这些符号代表的杂交结果来看,正是在形式上代表着基因。此后,在遗传分析中,例如用棋盘式作配子随机交配分析,一直沿用大写字母代表显性基因,小写字母代表隐性基因。不过,由于…     

谱系特有基因研究进展

谱系特有基因(Lineage-specific genes,LSGs)是指在一个谱系中特有并与其他物种谱系所有基因没有明显序列相似性的基因,约为物种基因组全部基因数量的10%~20%,于1996年首次在完成全基因组测序的酵母基因组中大量发现。大规模测序技术的发展使谱系特有基因研究成为比较基因组学的研究热点,已在微生物、海洋低等生物、植物(如拟南芥、水稻、杨树)、昆虫及高等灵长类动物等多个物种或类群中展开,其生物功能对于阐明物种进化历程和生物适应性具有重要意义。文章介绍了谱系特有基因的研究背景和现状,从谱系特有基因获取、基因结构分析、进化起源、生物功能、表达特性分析等方面阐述谱系特有基因的研究进展,分析了存在的问题和后续研究方向,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

植物——病原互作系统中基因对基因识别研究

从自然植物种群对Ｒ基因的选择和淘汰、对属和种的专化性、抗病基因的复杂性、抗病基因的分子专化性、信号传导中基因的相互作用,以及Ｒ基因的开发利用与持久抗性战略等方面总结评述了当前在植物－病原互作系统中基因对基因识别研究领域的新进展,并且提出了需进一步研究的问题。     

Identifying cancer genes from cancer mutation profiles by cancer functions

It is of great importance to identify new cancer genes from the data of large scale genome screenings of gene mutations in cancers. Considering the alternations of some essential functions are indispensable for oncogenesis, we define them as cancer functions and select, as their approximations, a group of detailed functions in GO (Gene Ontology) highly enriched with known cancer genes. To evaluate the efficiency of using cancer functions as features to identify cancer genes, we define, in the screened genes, the known protein kinase cancer genes as gold standard positives and the other kinase genes as gold standard negatives. The results show that cancer associated functions are more efficient in identifying cancer genes than the selection pressure feature. Furthermore, combining cancer functions with the number of non-silent mutations can generate more reliable positive predictions. Finally, with precision 0.42, we suggest a list of 46 kinase genes as candidate cancer genes which are annotated to cancer functions and carry at least 3 non-silent mutations.     

根据在癌突变谱中的共突变基因对识别癌基因

癌是一种涉及多基因变异的遗传异质性疾病,涉及多种生物学功能通路中不同基因的遗传变异。因此,识别癌基因是一项富有挑战性的工作。提出通过寻找在癌样本中突变显著共发生的基因筛选候选癌基因的方法。应用该方法,通过分析蛋白激酶基因在癌组织中的突变谱数据,发现了167个显著共发生突变的基因对,包含85个基因。分析这167个基因对发现:(1)发生共突变的基因富集已知的癌基因;(2)共突变基因对倾向于共扰动与癌症相关的通路对。以上结果提示,在癌样本中显著共发生突变的基因倾向于候选癌基因;在癌发生过程中起重要作用的基因倾向于协同扰动不同的癌相关细胞生物学过程。     

Netrin-1受体UNC5C和DCC抑癌作用的研究进展

大肠癌是一种常见的消化道恶性肿瘤。在西方发达国家,其发病率居恶性肿瘤的第二位,在世界范围内居第三位,在我国其发病率呈上升趋势。大肠肿瘤的发生发展是多基因参与、多步骤、多阶段的复杂过程,在这个过程中,抑癌基因具有重要的作用。神经生长因子1（Netrin-1）受体UNC5C和DCC是近年来在大肠癌中发现的可能的抑癌基因,靶向作用Netrin信号通路不仅对晚期大肠癌有治疗可能,而且对早期癌甚至晚期腺瘤都有治疗可能。     

Integrated analysis of recurrent properties of cancer genes to identify novel drivers

The heterogeneity of cancer genomes in terms of acquired mutations complicates the identification of genes whose modification may exert a driver role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we present a novel method that integrates expression profiles, mutation effects, and systemic properties of mutated genes to identify novel cancer drivers. We applied our method to ovarian cancer samples and were able to identify putative drivers in the majority of carcinomas without mutations in known cancer genes, thus suggesting that it can be used as a complementary approach to find rare driver mutations that cannot be detected using frequency-based approaches.     

Gene therapy in cancer

Gene therapy, recently frequently investigated, is an alternative treatment method that introduces therapeutic genes into a cancer cell or tissue to cause cell death or slow down the growth of the cancer. This treatment has various strategies such as therapeutic gene activation or silencing of unwanted or defective genes; therefore a wide variety of genes and viral or nonviral vectors are being used in studies. Gene therapy strategies in cancer can be classified as inhibition of oncogene activation, activation of tumor suppressor gene, immunotherapy, suicide gene therapy and antiangiogenic gene therapy. In this review, we explain gene therapy, gene therapy strategies in cancer, approved gene medicines for cancer treatment and future of gene therapy in cancer. Today gene therapy has not yet reached the level of replacing conventional therapies. However, with a better understanding of the mechanism of cancer to determine the right treatment and target, in the future gene therapy, used as monotherapy or in combination with another existing treatment options, is likely to be used as a new medical procedure that will make cancer a controllable disease.     

肺癌转移抑制相关基因研究进展

肺癌是发病率和死亡率增长最快、对人类健康威胁最大的恶性肿瘤之一。侵袭转移是肺癌患者死亡的首要原因。研究表明,在肺癌中发挥转移抑制作用的相关基因主要有nm23、KAI1、TIMP、Cadherin以及MRP-1等。本文对近年来这些基因的研究进展及其对肺癌侵袭转移的抑制作用作一综述     

癌症相关microRNA与靶基因的生物信息学分析

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长度约为22nt的内源性非编码RNA,通过与靶基因转录本互补结合调控基因的表达。近年来,研究发现miRNA与癌症发生密切相关,miRNA可以直接充当癌基因或者抑癌基因而影响肿瘤的发生和生长。为更进一步揭示癌症相关miRNA的特征及靶基因的功能,文章通过数据库搜索及文献检索,在人类基因组中发现了475个癌症相关miRNA,系统地比较了癌症相关miRNA与非癌症miRNA以及基因内和基因间区癌症相关miRNA在保守性、SNP位点分布、癌谱及转录调控等特性。研究发现,癌症相关miRNA比非癌症miRNA保守性要强,发生SNP概率比较低,同时发现miRNA所涉及癌症数目与保守性成正相关。基因组定位分析发现,癌症相关miRNA比非癌症miRNA更倾向于成簇存在。进一步对宿主基因、癌症相关miRNA及作用的靶基因与癌症发生进行关联分析,发现一些非癌症miRNA的宿主基因倾向于被癌症miRNA作用。本研究结果为深入理解miRNA与癌症之间的关系,以及进一步为miRNA作为癌症诊断指示物提供理论依据。     

Tumor microenvironment as the “regulator” and “target” for gene therapy

In this review, we focus on strategies for designing functional nano gene carriers, as well as choosing therapeutic genes targeting the tumor microenvironment. Gene mutations have a great impact on the occurrence of cancer. Thus, gene therapy plays a major role in cancer therapy and has the potential to cure cancer. Well‐designed gene therapy largely relies on effective gene carriers, which can be divided into viral carriers and non‐viral carriers. A gene carrier delivers functional genes to their intracellular target and avoids nucleic acids being degraded by nucleases in the serum. Most conventional cancer gene therapies only target cancer cells and do not appear to be sufficintly efficient to pass clinical trials. Accumulating evidence has shown that extending the therapeutic strategies to the tumor microenvironment, rather than the tumor cell itself, can allow more options for achieving robust anti‐cancer efficiency. In addition, unusual features between tumor microenvironment and normal tissues, such as a lower pH, higher glutathione and reactive oxygen species concentrations, and overexpression of some enzymes, facilitate the design of smart stimuli‐responsive gene carriers regulated by the tumor microenvironment. These carriers interact with nucleic acids and then form stable nanoparticles under physiological conditions. By regulation of the tumor microenvironment, stimuli‐responsive gene carriers are able to change their properties and achieve high gene delivery efficiency. Considering the tumor microenvironment as the “regulator” and “target” when designing gene carriers and choosing therapeutic genes shows significant benefit with respect to improving the accuracy and efficiency of cancer gene therapy.     

Therapeutic genes for cancer gene therapy

Cancer still represents a disease of high incidence and is therefore one major target for gene therapy approaches. Gene therapy for cancer implies that ideally selective tumor cell killing or inhibition of tumor cell growth can be achieved using nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) as the therapeutic agent. Therefore, the majority of cancer gene therapy strategies introduce foreign genes into tumor cells which aim at the immunological recognition and destruction, the direct killing of the target cells or the interference with tumor growth. To achieve this goal for gene therapy of cancer, a broad variety of therapeutic genes are currently under investigation in preclinical and in clinical studies. These genes are of very different origin and of different mechanisms of action, such as human cytokine genes, genes coding for immunstimulatory molecules/antigens, genes encoding bacterial or viral prodrug-activating enzymes (suicide genes), tumor suppressor genes, or multidrug resistance genes.     

运用生物信息学方法快速获取与肿瘤基因同源的EST及其新基因克隆的策略

如何更多更快地克隆肿瘤基因,探索肿瘤发病机制是研究工作者努力的方向。利用人类基因组研究的现存数据,从ＥＳＴ即ｃＤＮＡ的部分序列入手,通过同源筛选,直接搜寻新基因不失为一种在“基因抢夺战”中获胜的捷径。本文通过实例综述了怎样动用生物信息资源进行ＥＳＴ筛选及其新基因克隆的策略。