太湖全新世沉积物有机碳同位素的分布及其古气候意义

通过太湖两个钻孔岩芯有机碳同位素（＾１３Ｃ／＾１２Ｃ）的分析,发现δ＾１３Ｃ的垂直分布与太湖地区１６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来古气候波动相关。根据δ＾１３Ｃ垂直分布曲线可推测,大约在１１０００－６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．,太湖地区处于温暖湿润期,气温高于现在平均温度,另一方面,根据太湖两岩芯沉积物的δ＾１３Ｃ值的对比发现,大约在１１０００－６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．,西太湖（Ｗ１Ｂ）岩芯沉积物的δ＾１３Ｃ平均值明显高于     

太湖沉积物中氨基酸及其有机质的垂直分布与古生态意义

本文报道了太湖沉积物中氨基酸及其有机质的垂直分布与古生态、古气候的研究结果。样品取自太湖东北,北纬３１°３＇２″,东经１２０°２６＇３０″。岩芯（Ｅ＿２Ｂ）长度为２．１７ｍ,最底部岩芯沉积物的￣（１４）Ｃ年龄为６４８０±３００年。通过分析,发现氨基酸、有机氮及其有机质的垂直分布与太湖的古生态、古气候相关。其显著标志是,氨基酸丰度越高,反映沉积物沉积时的生物生成量越大,气候可能相对较为温暖潮湿。     

11000年以来太湖地区的植被与气候变化

根据太湖盆地３个钻孔、约自１１０００年以来的孢粉分析结果将其划分为３个阶段：１）１１０００—９０００ａＢ．Ｐ,该段虽以Ｐｉｎｕｓ为主的针叶植物占有一定的优势,但起主导作用的仍以壳斗科为主的阔叶乔木种类,尤其是其间尚含有不少的亚热带成分,推测当时该区地带性植被已为亚热带落叶常绿阔叶林,鉴于植被中尚含有少量耐寒的Ａｂｉｅｓ和Ｐｉｃｅａ,推测当时气温可能较今略低;２）９０００—５０００（５４００）ａＢ．Ｐ,该段为常绿阔叶林大发展时期,气候温暖适宜,为全新世最佳期,气温约较今高１—２Ｃ;３）５０００？ａＢ．Ｐ．－现在,孢粉组合特征显示,阔叶木本植物就总的来说呈下降趋势,尤其是亚热带成分,与其相反,针叶和一些暖温带成分的含量则略有上升,表明该段气温较前一阶段有所下降,但该阶段的植被受人类活动的影响较大。     

根据孢粉资料推论长江三角洲地区1200年以来的环境变迁

根据长江三角洲地区全新世９个具代表性钻孔的孢粉分析结果讨论了本区约自１２０００年以来的环境变迁。孢粉序列表明：本区约在距今１２０００年前就已发育了亚热带性质的落叶常绿阔叶林,约在９０００—５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．常绿阔叶林获得大发展。孢粉序列良好地记录了古季风盛衰的历史,表现在：１２０００—１０８００ａＢ．Ｐ．较温湿,东南季风强度加强;１０８００（或１１０００－１００００（或１０３００）ａＢ．Ｐ．偏闵干,东南季风强度减弱,对应于新仙女木期;约自１００００ａ．Ｐ．起,气候好转,气温明显上升,东南季风强度再次增强,约在９０００—５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．温暖湿润,为东南季风强盛期。此外．还讨论了约在距今１１０００年前的海侵,全新世下限和哥德堡事件的年代问题,并确定哥德堡事件的年限为１１０００—１０００ａＢ。Ｐ。     

11000年以来太湖地区的植被气候变化

根据太湖盆地３个钻孔,约自１１０００年以来的孢粉分析结果将其划分为３个阶段;１）１１０００－９０００ａＢ．Ｐ．该段虽以Ｐｉｎｕｓ为主的针叶植物占有一定的优势,但起主导作用的仍以壳斗科为主的阔叶乔木种类,尤其是其间尚含有不少的亚热带成分,推测当时该区地带性植被已为亚热带落叶常绿阔叶林,鉴于植被中尚含有少量耐寒的Ａｂｉｅｓ和Ｐｉｃｅａ,推测当时气温可能较今略低;２）９０００－５０００（５４００）ａＢ．     

根据孢粉资料推论长江三角洲地区12000年以来的环境变迁

根据长江三角洲地区全新世９个具代表性钻孔的孢粉分析结果讨论了本区约自１２０００年以来的环境变迁。孢粉序列表明,本区约在距今１２０００年前就已发育了亚热带性质的落叶常绿阔叶林,约在９０００－５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．常绿阔叶林获得大发展,孢粉序列良好地记录了古季风盛衰的历史,表现在：１２０００－１０８００ａＢ．Ｐ．较温湿 ,东南季风强度加强,１０８００（或１１０００）－１００００（或１０３００）ａＢ．Ｐ．偏     

柯萨基B_3病毒对外周血单个核白细胞介素－2受体表达的影响

本文研究了柯萨基Ｂ３病毒（ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ３）对正常人ＰＢＭＣ白细胞介素一２受体（ｍＩＬ一２Ｒ）表达的影响,结果实验组为８９．８３±７．０３％,对照组为５２．５±６．１３％,表明ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ３能作用于ＰＢＭＣ,使其ｍＩＬ一２Ｒ表达明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）,由此影响ＩＬ－２发挥正常的生物学功能,如促使Ｔ细胞增殖,ＮＫ细胞活化等,本文认为ｍＩＬ－２表达减少可能是ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ组病毒所致心肌炎患者细胞免疫功能异常的原因之一。     

江苏句容宝华山全新世中晚期的花粉与环境

根据宝华山华山口和官塘头两个剖面的花粉、地层资料,结合植物大化石和＾１４Ｃ年代资料,提示该地区从＞６７００－５６００ａＢＰ为稳定的温暖湿润时期;自５６００－５１００ａＢＰ为全新世中期气候的转型时期,冷暖干湿变化较大,前期转凉,旱涝频繁,中期暖湿,后期转冷;大约从４４００－４０００ａＢＰ又变为稳定的暖湿气候。还根据自然保护区现代植被与花粉的关系和与植物大化石共生的沉积物花粉,阐明长江下游新石器时代以     

菠萝叶片的稳定碳同位素比与PEP羧化酶及PEP羧激酶活性

专性景天酸代谢（ＣＡＭ）植物菠萝（Ａｎａｎａｓｃｏｍ ｏｓｕｓ （Ｌ．） Ｍｅｒｒ．）的下数第５ 到第３５ 位叶为材料,研究稳定性碳素同位素（δ１３Ｃ）值,磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸（ＰＥＰ）羧化酶和ＰＥＰ羧激酶活性的变化。１１ 个不同叶位叶片的δ１３Ｃ值平均为－ １２．９４‰,最大变幅相差－ ２．０６‰。两个酶的活性呈单峰形变化,第８—１１ 位叶的活性最高,低位叶的酶活下降。本试验条件下,ＰＥＰ羧激酶平均活性比ＰＥＰ羧化酶高３．４ 倍。结果表明,ＣＡＭ 植物的暗下羧化与光下脱羧之间具有一定的协调性。老叶虽然酶活较低,但总的看来,ＣＡＭ 水平变化不大     

产谷氨酸棒杆菌B9和T6—13的原生质体融合

棒杆菌Ｂ９和Ｔ６—１３两菌株经ＵＶ变处理得到Ｂ９—２（ＳｍＲ）和Ｔ６—１３—３（ＲｉｆＲ）两菌株,以此两菌株做为出发菌株。将对数前期的培养细胞经青霉素予处理及酶解制备原生质体,用４０％ＰＥＧ６０００为助融剂,进行原生质体融合。用间接法检出具有Ｓｍ、Ｒｉｆ抗性的融合子。融合频率为６．５５×１０－６－１．６４×１０－５,融合子双抗性稳定,产谷氨酸,经摇瓶实验筛选出一株产谷氨酸明显高于亲本的融合子ｆｕ３６。     

太湖16000年来沉积环境的演变

通过对太湖钻孔岩芯岩性,结构,构造的剖析及粒度,磁化率的测试,发现冰后期东太湖形成于跑今６５００年前,在距今６５００－５８００年,为一水深约２－３ｍ的,经常受到流水作用影响的浅水湖泊,距今约５８００－５７００年,东太湖曾一度干枯或接近于干枯,距今５７００年以来湖泊变浅,平均水深只有１ｍ左右,由于湖泊变浅,湖底经常遭受波浪的扰动,形成波状层理或透镜状层理。西太湖局部洼地集水成湖的时间比东太湖早,并且     

东太湖全新世水下河道沉积特征及环境演变

在详细研究东太湖Ｅ２孔全新世沉积基础上,总结和归纳了水下河道的沉积特征和相组合规律。识别出高湖面型和低湖南型两种沉积层序,划分了东太湖晚更新世末以来环境演变阶段：１）１５８８５－６５７５ａＢ．Ｐ．冲积黄土基础上发育而成的古河道;２）６５７５－５８００ａＢ．Ｐ．高湖面时期水下河道沉积环境;３）５８００ａＢ．Ｐ．后,演化为低湖面型水下河道,并逐渐淤积形成开敞湖缘环境。结合西太湖Ｗ１孔沉积特征和层位对比     

Organic Matter Stable Isotope (δ13C, δ15N) Response to Historical Eutrophication of Lake Taihu, China

We explored the use of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) in sediment organic matter as proxy indicators of historical changes in the trophic state of Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake in China. Stable isotope signatures in four sediment cores spanning the 20th century were compared with instrumental records of lake-water trophic state. The comparative study shows that, between ∼ ∼1950 and 1990 AD, the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of sediment organic matter throughout Lake Taihu increased along the trophic gradient from oligotrophy to eutrophy due to biological isotopic fractionation. However, in the 1990s, the trophic state of Lake Taihu diverged into two different trophic systems, a hypereutrophic western Lake Taihu dominated by blue-green algae and a mesoeutrophic eastern Lake Taihu dominated by vascular aquatic plants. During the post-1990 AD shift from mesoeutrophic to hypereutrophic state in western Lake Taihu, organic matter δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N decreased sharply in response to pronounced shifts in the aquatic ecosystem. The results indicate that ¹³C-depleted phytoplankton replaced macrophytes in western Lake Taihu. δ¹⁵N values in western Lake Taihu also decreased because of N₂ fixation by cyanobacteria in this highly productive ecosystem. By contrast, in eastern Lake Taihu, organic matter δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values show a post-1990 AD trend towards slightly lower values, but they remain higher than the long-term average. This recent ¹³C–enrichment of organic matter indicates that periods of high productivity in the restricted eastern sub-basin of Lake Taihu limited aqueous CO₂ availability, causing a decrease in isotopic discrimination during photosynthesis. After ∼ ∼1990 AD, organic matter δ¹⁵N values for eastern Lake Taihu only dropped slightly, suggesting that the contribution of phytoplankton to the sediment organic matter increased slightly. Taken together, the results indicate that nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria probably played a much smaller role in primary productivity in this part of eastern Lake Taihu, compared with western Lake Taihu. Despite the complexity of carbon and nitrogen cycles in lakes, the agreement between the stable isotope signatures and instrumental records for Lake Taihu suggests that δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in sediment organic matter are capable of recording important shifts in the spatial and temporal evolution of lake-water trophic state.     

晚更新世以来呼伦湖地区孢粉植物群发展与环境变迁

呼伦湖是我国纬度最高的湖泊。晚更新世以来,由于气候冷暖干湿的多次波动,湖相及河流,风成为主的水上沉各佼替变化。通过对该区东露天煤矿沉积剖面１１３块样品进行系统孢粉百分比及浓度分析,划分出８个孢粉组合带。结合＾１４Ｃ测年数据,确定了该区２００００年以来的气候演变序列。     

Invasion biology of Ponto-Caspian onychopod cladocerans (Crustacea: Cladocera: Onychopoda)

Lake Taihu is characterized by its shallowness (mean depth = 1.9 m) and large surface area (2,338 km²). Runoff sources are mostly from the mountainous west and southwest, and outflows are located throughout East Taihu. This causes shorter retention times in the south. In contrast, urban pollutants discharge into northern Taihu and result in poor water quality. Non-point pollution from rural areas and sewage wastewater is the primary pollution source. Water current velocity ranges from 10–30 cm s⁻¹, and surface currents normally follow wind direction. Bottom currents appear to be a compensation flow. Most wave heights are less than 40 cm, and underwater irradiance correlates to seston in the water column. Lacustrine sediment is distributed in littoral zones, mostly along the western shoreline, with almost no accumulation in the lake center. Intensive aquaculture in East Taihu caused eutrophication and hampered water supply in surrounding areas. In addition, development of marshiness in the eastern littoral zones and East Taihu has occurred. The function of flood discharging of East Taihu has been limited by flourishing macrophytes. The problems facing in Lake Taihu will be alleviated by improving the management of nutrient sources into the lake. Guest editors: B. Qin, Z. Liu & K. Havens Eutrophication of shallow lakes with special reference to Lake Taihu, China     

Evaluation of biogenic and anthropogenic inputs of aliphatic hydrocarbons to Lake Taihu sediments using biomarkers

Surficial sediments from 13 sites throughout Lake Taihu, one of the largest urbanized freshwater lake systems in China, were analyzed for biomarkers (e.g., n-alkanes and hopanes) to track the origin of organic inputs (biogenic or anthropogenic), and, thus, to identify any ‘hot spots’ of hydrocarbon contamination. A distinct spatial distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments was observed in Lake Taihu. At the northern tip of the lake (i.e., Meiliang and Wuli Bays), the highest mean aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration, with a significant contribution of an unresolved complex mixture (UCM), was found, indicating possible anthropogenic petroleum contamination (mainly from untreated and partially treated industrial and domestic sewage from Wuxi, Changzhou and other cities). This was supported by the n-alkane indices (e.g., small Carbon Preference Index and odd-to-even values) and a high degree of maturity of the hopane biomarkers. However, hydrocarbons from East Taihu were mainly biogenic, with the lowest mean concentrations, negligible or no contribution of UCM, abundance of vascular plant C₂₃–C₃₃ n-alkanes with a high odd-to-even predominance, and the presence of biogenic hopanes (e.g., 17β(H), 21β(H)-hopanes and hopenes). In the other areas of the lake, however, the predominance of biogenic in combination with petrogenic hydrocarbons was indicated by the biomarkers.     

太湖五里湖富营养化的碳同位素记录

通过太湖五里湖表层沉积物柱样中总有机碳、总氮、总磷的变化,探讨了五里湖营养盐磷输入的历史记录,结合总有机碳碳同位素的分析,揭示了该湖富营养化和初级生产力的演化过程.总有机碳碳同位素值为-27.0‰～-26.3‰,平均-26,6‰,从底部向上波动变化,在深度12 cm处最大,然后向上逐渐减小,5 cm处降至最小,随之向上逐渐增大,反映了随着人为活动强度的加大,该湖水体富营养化程度逐渐加剧的特点,并且总有机碳碳同位素与有机碳、氮原子比值记录了湖泊水生植物群落由水草为主-草藻结合-藻类为主的演替过程.

Abstract：

Through the analysis of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus con-centrations in surface sediment cores from Wuli Bay of Taihu Lake, the historical record of phos-phate input in the Bay was studied, and in combining with the analysis of carbon isotope value of bulk sedimentary organic matter, the evolution process of the primary productivity and eutrophi-cation in the Bay was revealed. The carbon isotope value of the sediment total organic C was -26. 6‰ on average, with a variation between-27.0‰ and-26. 3‰. It was decreased with depth up to the lowest value at 5 cm, subsequently increased gradually up to the highest value at 12 cm, and then fluctuated downward with the depth, which suggested that the evolvement of eu-trophication, productivity, and primary producer was associated with the increasing phosphorus input from human activities. Moreover, the concentrations of total phosphorus and the C/N atom-ic ratios of total organic carbon to total nitrogen recorded the succession process of aquatic plant community from float grass to float grass + algae to algae.     

西太湖水生植物时空变化

水生植物在浅水湖泊生态系统中具有十分重要的作用。根据中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站1989年以来的常规监测资料,将西太湖（除东太湖以外的湖区）划分为9个区,采用点截法（point intercept method）,于2002～2005年对各区水生植物的种类、生物量和空间分布情况进行了6次调查。结果表明：西太湖现有水生植物16种,分属于11科12属;水生植物总面积约10220hm^2,其中沉水植物分布面积约占64．58％;挺水植物约占0．29％;漂浮植物约占38．16％。各个种之间生物量差异显著,马来眼子菜、荇菜、芦苇的生物量在所有水生植物中居前3位。多样性分析表明,水生植物种类4a来未发生明显变化,但种类和生物量季节性差异较大。水生植物呈环状分布在距湖岸5km以内的水域和部分岛屿周围,东岸和南岸为水生植物的主要集中分布区域,分布区连续性好,且水草种类齐全。挺水植物种类单一,仅有芦苇（Phragmites communis）一种,分布区域多限于水深小于1．6m的湖岸;沉水植物共有8种,为水生植物的主要组成部分,马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）的分布频度最高,在西山岛周围水域逐年扩张,成为该区域的先锋种;漂浮植物3种,主要以荇菜（Nymphoides peltata）为主,在七都水域有逐渐扩张的趋势。马来眼子菜、芦苇、荇菜表现出对水环境较强的适应能力,目前为西太湖的3个优势种。20世纪50年代以来,西太湖水生植物种类减少了50种,其中水质下降是导致水生植物种类不断减少甚至消失的一个重要原因。围网养殖和不合理的捕捞方式也对局部水域的植物造成极大的破坏。水生植物生存环境日益严峻,种群单一化趋势日益明显。     

珠江三角洲晚第四纪环境演变的微体生物记录

珠江三角洲是主要由西江、北江和东江在珠江口湾内堆积而成的复合三角洲,自晚更新世开始形成。微体生物是珠江河口三角洲晚第四纪沉积记录中的重要组分,是重建第四纪环境变化极为有效的指标。本文样品取自PD孔岩心,钻孔位于珠江三角洲中部(113°28′35″E, 22°53′41″N),孔深16．7 m。代表约25 100年以来的沉积。PD孔中见有孔虫6属10种,其中以Ammonia beccani为优势种。根据地层分布特征,可识别3个有孔虫层位。介形类共7属9种,丰度较低,以Sinocytheridea impressa和Neomonoceratina delicata为代表,在5个层位相对富集。根据微体生物分布特征,并结合有机碳、氮以及磁化率数据,PD孔晚第四纪沉积可划分为6个沉积环境阶段。A．三角洲前缘阶段(-16．7～-13．5 m;25 100～24 000 aB．P．):岩性为粗砂、砂至砂质粉砂。主要含Ammonia属的4个种(A．beccarii、A．sp．、A．tepida、A．annectens),丰度均较低,其中Ammonia beccarii为优势种。不见适应于正常浅海的Elphidium属。介形类以滨岸类型Sinocytheridea impressa为主。出现少量双壳类。代表河口附近水深10 m以内软泥底质、受河流影响大、水体动荡的半咸水环境。有机碳含量和磁化率较低,同样指示低海平面时期的沉积。B．河口湾阶段(-13．5～-10．6 m;24 000～22 400 aB．P．):岩性为粘土质粉砂至粘土。前一阶段出现的Ammonia 4个种的丰度比较高,且出现浅海底栖分子Elphidium advenum和E．hispidulum,以及浮游有孔虫分子Globigerinoides sp．。介形类出现Bicornucythere leizhouensis、B．bisanensis、Alocopocythere goujoni、Pistocythereis bradyformis等适应水深较大的分子,而滨岸浅水分子较少。有机碳含量和磁化率相对升高。代表海平面相对较高时期的沉积。C．三角洲平原阶段(-10．6～-9．2 m;22 400～21 700 aB．P．):底部为一薄层花斑状风化粘土,表明曾短期露出水面。向上变为富含有机质的深灰色粉沙质粘土。不含微体生物和双壳类,反映不稳定的环境条件。由于海平面降低,磁化率表现为持续低值。有机碳和C/N比值很高,表明有丰富的陆源有机质输入,海洋影响较小。D．陆地风化阶段(-9．2～-7．4 m;21 700～3 700 aB．P．):岩性为1．6 m厚的杂色粘土,不含任何生物化石,有机碳含量极低,是长期强烈风化作用的产物,对应于末次冰盛期。E．潮坪沉积阶段(-7．4～-2．5 m;3 700～2 600 aB．P．):互层状深灰色粉沙质粘土、灰色粉沙和细沙,含广盐性有孔虫Ammonia beccarii和Arenoparrella asiatica,以及少量介形类,如Sinocytheridea impressa。典型的半咸水双壳类Potamocorbula amurensis较为丰富,另外还见藤壶和虫管碎片,指示盐度频繁波动的潮间带环境。F．上三角洲平原阶段(2 600 aB．P．以来):未见任何有孔虫和双壳类,顶部见少量陆相介形类Cypria yanchengensis,磁化率变化频繁,C/N比值较高,表明陆相影响不断增强,且环境条件不稳定。研究区晚第四纪古环境的演化是由海平面升降变化控制的。上述沉积环境变化序列表现出两次海进一海退旋回,分别对应阶段A至阶段D和阶段E至阶段F,相应于晚更新世和全新世的两次海平面上升事件。