淀粉合成受限的莱茵衣藻的甘油酯酰基的变化

【目的】基于突变藻株本身属性和意义出发,考察在两种常用培养方式下莱茵衣藻淀粉突变株(CC-4326)与野生型藻株(CC-137)在甘油酯中酰基随生长的变化差异,为进一步认识莱茵衣藻突变株提供参考信息。【方法】分别在柱状鼓泡式反应器和摇瓶中培养CC-4326和CC-137,比较两株藻在正常培养和氮胁迫培养状态下甘油酯中酰基相对含量和其在甘油三酯(TAG)含量的差异。【结果】正常培养状态下,CC-4326和CC-137中多不饱和酰基C16:4和C18:3相对含量占总酰基45%左右,CC-4326在两种培养方式下这两个酰基含量及变化无差别,而CC-137在摇瓶中培养二者相对含量增加幅度和含量均高于反应器。缺氮条件下两种藻株积累TAG,但程度不同,CC-4326在反应器中培养TAG含量达到CC-137的1.5倍,在摇瓶中培养含量与CC-137无显著差异,两株藻的甘油酯和TAG中C18:1含量显著增加,CC-4326在反应器中培养C18:1增加幅度大于摇瓶,比摇瓶培养更快速积累TAG。而CC-137在摇瓶中培养TAG含量与反应器接近,单不饱和酰基增加幅度却高于反应器,表明CC-137在摇瓶中培养比反应器更利于积累TAG。最终,CC-4326在光生物反应器中缺氮培养实现了TAG 12倍的增加。【结论】通过对淀粉合成抑制,与CC-137相比,缺氮光生物反应器培养条件下,CC-4326能够实现TAG的高效积累。     

莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)nfr基因的显隐性突变性质及其与叶绿体psbA基因之间的相互作用分析

通过对莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)nfrl Nfr杂合二倍体的表型分析证明,nfr基因是隐性突变基因,Nfr-4和Nfr-5突变株对达草灭的抗性是由nfr-1和nfr-2两个不同核基因的隐性突变所导致。psbA基因突变株品系与野生型品系CC-124和nfr基因突变株进行杂交并对其后代进行的四分子分析结果表明：在光养条件下,叶绿体psbA基因突变株品系对达草灭的敏感性是psbA突变等位基因的多效效应;而在混合营养条件下,叶绿体基因组对达草灭抗性性状也产生一定影响。达草灭抗性突变株品系对抗菌素类的交叉抗性性质进行的检测实验结果中发现,Nfr-3对红霉素和链霉素具有一定的交叉抗性,预测,对八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶的抑制剂的抗性性状的决定对叶绿体蛋白质的形成可能起作用。     

野生型莱茵衣藻及其不同突变株的抗NaCl能力检测

检测莱茵衣藻的2种野生型CC-124、CC-125和15个不同突变株对NaCl抗性的结果表明,野生型品系CC-124和CC-125对NaCl的抗性达到260 mmo1·L-1,其中叶绿素b缺失的cbn1-48mt 和cbn1-48mt-基因突变株品系对NaCl最为敏感(即对100mmo1·L-1以上浓度的NaC1表现敏感).用紫外线照射诱变法,对野生型品系CC-124进行诱导,初步筛选出对150mmol·L-1NaCl敏感的突变株6个,对350mmol·L-1NaCl有抗性的突变株2个.     

一个番茄EMS叶色黄化突变体的叶绿素含量及光合作用

本试验以测序番茄品种‘Heinz 1706’的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变所获得的叶色黄化突变体(Y55)为试材,分析了突变体的植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量及光合参数.结果表明: Y55的株高、茎粗、鲜质量均显著降低;叶绿素 a、叶绿素 b 、类胡萝卜素、总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素 a/b均显著降低,Y55叶绿素合成的前体物质含量均显著低于野生型,尤其是粪卟啉原Ⅲ及其后前体物质;且Y55叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度均显著低于野生型,最大光合速率、CO₂饱和点与补偿点、光饱和点与补偿点也显著下降;Y55的PSII最大量子效率显著降低,F_o显著升高,PSII与PSI的光合电子产量和电子传递速率显著降低;Y55处于基态的捕光色素分子、捕光色素分子处于最低激发态的平均寿命均显著降低.表明粪卟啉原Ⅲ的合成受阻可能是黄化突变体Y55叶绿素含量下降的主要原因,黄化突变降低了叶片捕光色素分子数量,影响了叶片的光合作用,进而抑制了植株的生长发育.     

发光二级管不同光质对姜黄光合特性和姜黄素含量的影响

以发光二级管(LED)为光源研究不同光质对姜黄生理特性的影响。结果表明:红光、蓝光和红蓝组合光处理均提高了姜黄素含量;红光有利于提高叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量,蓝光有利于提高类胡萝卜素含量、SOD和POD活性、蛋白质含量,绿光有利于提高类胡萝卜素含量和蛋白质含量,黄光有利于提高蛋白质含量。红光/蓝光=7:3时姜黄的总叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、SOD活性、Fv/Fo和姜黄素含量分别比对照显著提高14.23%、23.60%、18.18%、22.60%和66.65%;说明红光/蓝光=7∶3时最适合于姜黄的生长和姜黄素的生成。     

水稻幼苗条纹突变体yss1的转录组分析

利用60Co辐射诱变籼稻品种"Ⅱ-32B",筛选得到一个水稻幼苗条纹突变体yss1,该突变体在水稻五叶期前表现出明显的条纹叶表型;色素分析表明yss1叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量明显低于野生型,五叶期后突变体和野生型无显著差异。利用转录组分析水稻三叶期野生型和突变体yss1中的基因表达,表明与野生型相比,yss1中表达差异显著的基因432个,其中274个表达上调,158个表达下调。GO分析显示叶绿素合成途径中多数基因表达上调,类胡萝卜素合成过程中的相关基因受到不同程度地调控。因此,推测YSS1基因通过调节叶绿素和类胡萝卜素合成过程中的基因表达,进而调控光合色素的合成。     

黄瓜矮生突变体C1056的茎解剖结构及其生理特性分析

该研究以黄瓜矮生突变体C1056和野生型CCMC为材料,对其主要生理特性、叶绿体超微结构以及茎显微结构进行了观察、测定和比较分析,以探讨黄瓜株高调控机理并挖掘新的矮化种质,为黄瓜的矮化育种提供依据。结果显示:(1)突变体C1056的株高较野生型极显著变矮,且叶色加深、叶脉加粗、叶尖内卷、叶片皱缩,但茎粗、节间数与野生型无显著差异,而节间长度极显著低于野生型。(2)茎横切显微结构显示,突变体的维管束数量与野生型无显著差异,但导管直径缩小;纵切结果显示,突变体茎节间细胞长度变短,细胞变小,细胞数目略有补偿。(3)与野生型相比,突变体的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶绿素/类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a/b的比值明显增高。(4)突变体叶绿素荧光各参数与野生型相比无明显变化;突变体的净光合速率较野生型降低8%,气孔导度、蒸腾速率较野生型分别提高15%和10%,但差异均不显著,而胞间CO2浓度显著高于野生型。(5)透射电镜观察结果发现,与野生型相比,突变体的叶肉细胞比较小,叶绿体所占细胞面积明增大,且叶绿体形状为半圆形和纺锤形,部分非正常结构的叶绿体的大部分基质、基粒片层未完全分化且不清晰,垛叠不整齐。研究表明,黄瓜矮生突变体C1056的矮化主要因其节间长度缩短以及细胞变小所致,且突变体的叶绿体结构受到一定程度的影响,但并未明显影响其光合能力。     

枫香秋季变色期叶色变化及其生理基础

为探究秋季枫叶呈色的关键生理因素,该文以转色期叶色为绿色、黄色和红色的枫香单株为试材,研究了L^*、a^*、b^*值变化与叶片色素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量变化的相关性。结果表明:(1)在变色期,3种色彩枫香叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素均大量降解,花色素苷不同程度积累。(2)绿色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素始终保持较高含量,花色素苷含量上升4.2倍,叶片内色素含量比值始终保持稳定; 黄色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最低,花色素苷含量上升4.4倍,b^*值与叶绿素含量极显著负相关,与类胡萝卜素含量显著负相关,与花色素苷/类胡萝卜素含量比值极显著正相关; 红色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量略高于黄色叶单株,花色素苷含量上升27.2倍,a^*值与叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量极显著负相关,与花色素苷含量显著正相关,与色素含量比值无显著相关性。(3)红色叶单株具有较高的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量。因此,在枫香叶片变色期,保持较高的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,维持色素含量比值稳定使叶片呈现绿色; 叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的大量降解,以及花色素苷/类胡萝卜素含量比值的升高使叶片呈现黄色; 叶绿素的降解和花色素苷的大量合成使叶片呈现红色。     

干旱胁迫对转BnDREB1-5基因烟草光合特性的影响

检测了干旱胁迫对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)叶片光合特性、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量的影响.结果显示,干旱胁迫后转基因烟草的初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)增加幅度明显低于野生型烟草;其它荧光参数降低幅度明显小于野生型烟草;虽然干旱胁迫后两个烟草样品的光合参数、叶绿素含量都有所降低,但转基因烟草的降低幅度明显小于野生型烟草;干旱胁迫后,转基因烟草可溶性糖含量明显高于野生型烟草.表明BnDREB1-5转录因子具有抗干旱胁迫的作用.     

高粱浅绿叶突变体sll1的农艺性状和生理生化特性

通过EMS诱变野生型高粱BTx623种子获得浅绿叶突变体sll1(Sorghum Light-green Leaf 1)。以野生型BTx623为对照,进行成熟期农艺性状调查和苗期生理生化指标测定。结果表明,突变体sll1茎粗和穗柄长与BTx623相比没有显著差异,而株高、穗长、粒数和千粒重均低于BTx623,存在极显著差异,且抽穗期延迟15~20 d。苗期叶片叶绿素测定结果显示,突变体sll1叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均极显著低于BTx623,其中叶绿素b含量只有野生型的1/10,推测该突变体是叶绿素b减少型突变体。突变体sll1蛋白总量显著低于BTx623,但脯氨酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性均极显著高于BTx623,说明突变体sll1具有较强的渗透调节能力和清除活性氧的能力以维持自身正常生长。     

Acclimation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus to Growth Irradiance in a Mutant Strain of Synechococcus Lacking Iron Superoxide Dismutase

The acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to growth irradiance in a mutant strain of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 lacking detectable iron superoxide dismutase activity was studied. The growth of the mutant was inhibited at concentrations of methyl viologen 4 orders of magnitude smaller than those required to inhibit the growth of the wild-type strain. An increased sensitivity of photosynthetic electron transport near photosystem I (PSI) toward photooxidative stress was also observed in the mutant strain. In the absence of methyl viologen, the mutant exhibited similar growth rates compared with those of the wild type, even at high growth irradiance (350 [mu]E m-2 s-1) where chronic inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) was observed in both strains. Under high growth irradiance, the ratios of PSII to PSI and of [alpha]-phycocyanin to chlorophyll a were less than one-third of the values for the wild type. In both strains, cellular contents of chlorophyll a, [alpha]-phycocyanin, and [beta]-carotene, as well as the length of the phycobilisome rods, declined with increasing growth irradiance. Only the cellular content of the carotenoid zeaxanthin seemed to be independent of growth irradiance. These results suggest an altered acclimation to growth irradiance in the sodB mutant in which the stoichiometry between PSI and PSII is adjusted to compensate for the loss of PSI efficiency occurring under high growth irradiance. Similar shortening of the phycobilisome rods in the sodB mutant and wild-type strain suggest that phycobilisome rod length is regulated independently of photosystem stoichiometry.     

Effect of aVirido-Xantha mutation in barley on the content of individual plastid pigments

Summary A virido-xantha (vx) barley mutant with reduced chlorophyll content when grown at 15°C was investigated to determine quantitative and qualitative changes in the plastid pigments. Both chlorophyll and the capacity to produce protochlorophyllide from exogeneously supplied δ-aminolevulinic acid are reduced in the mutant. The total carotenoid content is also reduced in the mutant, but individual carotenoids are not reduced coordinately. Antheraxanthin actually accumulates in the mutant, and zeaxanthin was found in significant amounts in mutant seedlings but could not be detected in normal barley seedlings. Included in the methods is a procedure for the preliminary identification of zeaxanthin employing spectrophotometric analysis of fractions eluted from a sucrose column. The presence of recessive suppressors of thevx mutant results in increased contents of the chlorophyll pigments accompanied by a partial reversal of the changes in carotenoid indicated above. The changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents are also partially reversed when mutant seedlings are grown at 21°C. Research supported under contract AT(11-1)-332 with the United States Atomic Energy Commission.     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮主要色素含量变化的影响

测定了红肉脐橙果实发育期间果皮叶绿素和总类胡萝卜素含量的变化动态,并在果实转色前用不同浓度的外源ABA和GA₃处理后测定果皮色素含量的变化动态。结果表明,红肉脐橙果皮叶绿素总量于9月20日出现最大值(0.1469mg/gfw),总类胡萝卜素含量于12月20日达到最大值(0.0321mg/gfw);转色前用ABA处理后加速果皮叶绿素的降解,但抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的积累;转色前用GA₃处理后延缓果皮叶绿素的降解,并同样抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,严重阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成。     

Changes in the carotenoid composition of chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii double mutants with alterations of various sites in photosystem II

The variable fluorescence and polypeptide and carotenoid compositions of the chlorophyll b-deficient mutant C-48 of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its double mutants without chlorophyll b and with inactive photosystem II were compared with those of the wild-type algal cells. Studying variable fluorescence demonstrated the alterations at the donor side (AC-121), the acceptor side (AC-234) or immediately in the photosystem II reaction centre (AC-184, AC-864). Gel electrophoresis showed that the absence of chlorophyll b in all mutants was due to the lack of 26, 28 and 31 kDa polypeptides in the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex II (LHC II). As a result of the second mutation, the chlorophyll a-protein complex of photosystem II did not form in chloroplast membranes. The disassembly of this complex in the mutants AC-121, AC-234 and AC-864 was related to the deficiency of both polypeptides of the reaction centre (30 and 32 kDa) and polypeptides of the water-oxidizing system (18, 23 and 34 kDa). Besides the loss of these polypeptides, the contents of polypeptides with molecular masses of 47 and 51 kDa decreased in the double mutant AC-184. Substantial changes were revealed in the carotenoid composition of the double mutants. We observed the considerable accumulation of carotenes that accompanied alterations in the donor (mutant AC-121) or acceptor (mutant AC-234) sides of PS II. In the first case, beta-carotene predominantly accumulated (87%); in the second case, it was alpha-carotene (52%). Alterations in the PS II reaction centre (mutants AC-184, AC-864) caused accumulation of xanthophylls, mainly lutein (38-41%). We suppose that alterations in different parts of the PS II chloroplast membrane lead to substantial changes in the carotenoid composition.     

Plastid development in albescent maize

Plastid development in albescent (al/al) and wild-type (+/al) strains of Zea mays has been studied in the electron microscope. Etiolated seedlings of the mutant are severely deficient in colored carotenoid pigments and accumulate carotenoid precursors tentatively identified as phytoene and phytofluene. The fine structure of proplastids in etiolated wild-type and mutant leaves is similar with 1 notable exception. Osmiophilic bodies found in the wild-type were lacking in all sections of albescent proplastids examined suggesting that these structures may be storage centers for carotenoid pigments. Plastid pigments are destroyed, chlorophyll synthesizing potential is lost, and the ultrastructure of plastids is irreversibly altered when mutant seedlings are placed directly in high intensity light. However, synthesis of plastid pigments and development of the photosynthetic apparatus as seen in the electron microscope is normal, and indistinguishable from that in the wild-type, in seedlings of the albescent mutant preilluminated with low intensity light prior to high intensity illumination. During treatment in low intensity light carotenogenesis is initiated in the mutant and proceeds normally thereafter.     

金叶连翘叶片色素含量和解剖结构研究

金叶连翘不同冠层的成熟叶片呈现为不同颜色。以朝鲜连翘深绿色叶为对照,观察金叶连翘冠层上、中、下位叶色,测定其叶片大小和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,同时观察分析叶片横切面解剖结构,旨在阐明叶片色素含量和解剖结构对叶色的影响。研究表明:上层黄色、中层黄绿色、下层浅绿色,黄、黄绿、浅绿色叶总叶绿素含量分别是对照组的0.51%、4.44%和66.47%,均极显著低于对照(P <0.01),但黄绿叶的叶绿素a/b比值显著升高(P <0.05),黄、黄绿叶的总叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值极显著降低(P <0.01)。黄、黄绿叶的叶绿体发育停滞于单片层时期,类囊体分化程度低,浅绿叶类囊基粒片层肿胀;黄叶细胞器降解,栅栏组织细胞形状难以辨别,黄绿叶上表皮细胞凸起。金叶连翘属于总叶绿素及叶绿素b合成减少型突变体,表现为叶绿素严重缺失,类胡萝卜素相对含量升高;其叶绿体发育停滞,类囊体结构异常,是金叶连翘叶片呈现不同颜色的主要因素,与其叶片解剖显微结构无关。     

航天搭载对武夷名丛相关生理及生长特性的影响

以神舟八号飞船搭载的6种武夷名丛种子SP₁代株系为材料, 探讨航天搭载对武夷名丛SP₁代株系叶片形态、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量以及茶叶品质成分含量的影响, 分析航天搭载后武夷名丛生长和生理特性的变化, 从中筛选优良突变株。结果表明, 航天搭载后6个武夷名丛SP₁代植株的叶长、叶宽、节间长度和叶面积均发生变化, 其中, 雀舌、肉桂和奇丹的叶面积显著增加; 航天搭载显著提高雀舌、奇丹、肉桂和金毛猴的叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量, 瞬时叶绿素荧光(F_t)和光量子效率(Qy)也有所增加, 这有利于提高光合效率; 武夷名丛航天搭载后表现出可溶性糖含量增加而蛋白质含量减少, 氨基酸和茶多酚含量下降, 儿茶素和咖啡碱含量上升。综合各项指标, 航天搭载后6个武夷名丛中雀舌可以作为有益变异株系加以选育。