基于植被指数的海南岛霸王岭热带森林地上生物量空间分布模拟

热带森林在全球碳循环方面扮演着重要的角色, 预测其生物量分布可以加深对碳循环过程的理解。然而目前基于植被指数模拟技术进行热带森林生物量分布的研究报道较少。该文以海南岛霸王岭林区热带森林为研究对象, 在基于遥感影像和135个公里网格样地调查的基础上, 分别选取归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、短红外湿度植被指数(MVI5)、中红外湿度植被指数(MVI7)和比值植被指数(RVI)与总物种生物量、顶极种生物量和先锋种生物量做相关分析, 并利用逐步线性回归分析分别构建了基于植被指数的生物量回归模型; 利用残差图对模型的有效性进行检验。结果表明, MVI7和MVI5与总物种和顶极种生物量关系显著, 而NDVI和RVI对先锋种生物量具有较好的指示作用; 总物种、顶极种和先锋种生物量预测精度较高的区域分别占总面积的69.24%、73.98%和88.08%, 表明3个生物量模型均具有较好的拟合精度; 模拟结果表明总物种和顶极种生物量主要集中于研究区中部、北部和西南部区域, 而先锋种生物量无明显的分布规律, 是不均衡地散布于整个研究区域, 反映了群落组成结构、干扰历史、地形及气候因素等的影响。     

石灰岩特有植物海南凤仙花潜在适宜生境分布模拟

模拟物种的潜在分布区是保护管理受威胁物种的重要手段。该研究对海南岛石灰岩特有种、濒危植物——海南凤仙花(Impatiens hainanensis)的潜在适宜生境分布进行预测, 旨在为海南凤仙花的有效保护及重引入工作提供基础的科学依据。研究基于海南凤仙花8个种群分布点和12个环境变量, 利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和GIS技术构建海南凤仙花适宜生境预测模型, 模拟了当前时期海南凤仙花在海南岛的潜在分布区; 同时基于5个实际分布数据和5个不存在数据, 采用受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC)、Kappa系数、真实技巧统计值(TSS)及总体精度4个评估指标综合评价模型的预测精度。研究结果表明: 4个评估指标值均在0.9以上, 说明MaxEnt模型能够很好地预测海南凤仙花潜在适宜生境的分布。限制其分布的主要环境因子为坡度、最干季降水量、降水量季节性变异系数。当前, 海南凤仙花的最适宜生境占海南岛总面积的1.8%, 主要分布于白沙西部与南部、昌江中部和南部、东方东部、乐东东北部。海南凤仙花潜在适宜生境分布狭窄, 且破碎化严重, 迫切需要保护。因此建议: 收集海南凤仙花各种群种子, 建立种质资源库; 将东方天安乡、江边乡及乐东东北部(佳西保护区)等可能存在最适宜生境的地区, 作为今后野外深入调查的首选区域和重引入的重点区域。     

Modeling the potential suitable habitat of Impatiens hainanensis,a limestone-endemic plant

模拟物种的潜在分布区是保护管理受威胁物种的重要手段。该研究对海南岛石灰岩特有种、濒危植物——海南凤仙花(Impatiens hainanensis)的潜在适宜生境分布进行预测, 旨在为海南凤仙花的有效保护及重引入工作提供基础的科学依据。研究基于海南凤仙花8个种群分布点和12个环境变量, 利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和GIS技术构建海南凤仙花适宜生境预测模型, 模拟了当前时期海南凤仙花在海南岛的潜在分布区; 同时基于5个实际分布数据和5个不存在数据, 采用受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC)、Kappa系数、真实技巧统计值(TSS)及总体精度4个评估指标综合评价模型的预测精度。研究结果表明: 4个评估指标值均在0.9以上, 说明MaxEnt模型能够很好地预测海南凤仙花潜在适宜生境的分布。限制其分布的主要环境因子为坡度、最干季降水量、降水量季节性变异系数。当前, 海南凤仙花的最适宜生境占海南岛总面积的1.8%, 主要分布于白沙西部与南部、昌江中部和南部、东方东部、乐东东北部。海南凤仙花潜在适宜生境分布狭窄, 且破碎化严重, 迫切需要保护。因此建议: 收集海南凤仙花各种群种子, 建立种质资源库; 将东方天安乡、江边乡及乐东东北部(佳西保护区)等可能存在最适宜生境的地区, 作为今后野外深入调查的首选区域和重引入的重点区域。     

山西文峪河上游河岸林群落稳定性评价

稳定性是植物群落结构与功能的综合特征。该文运用模糊综合评判理论评价了山西文峪河上游13种河岸林群落的稳定性。基于群落整体稳定性和结构稳定性的考虑, 选取乔木层优势树种更新潜力、物种多样性、Godron指数、立地质量和保护程度等5项特征指标, 通过计算各群落5项指标隶属度的平均值来评价群落稳定性。研究结果表明, 多数群落的稳定性隶属度介于0.40-0.60, 属于低山森林演替系列的青杨辽东栎(Populus cathayana + Quercus wutaishanica)混交林和油松白桦(Pinus tabulaeformis + Betula platyphylla)混交林的稳定性居中; 中高山森林演替系列中, 群落稳定性随着演替的进展而增加, 青杨(Populus cathayana)林结构简单, 稳定性最低, 青杄(Picea wilsonii)林接近演替顶极, 稳定性最高; 但并非只有近演替顶极的群落是稳定的, 客观存在的各种林冠干扰和河岸生境的高度异质性也使得白杄杨桦(Picea meyeri + Populus cathayana + Betula platyphylla)混交林、落叶松白杄(Larix principis-rupprechtii + Picea meyeri)混交林和落叶松青杄(Larix principis- rupprechtii + Picea wilsonii)混交林有较高的稳定性。     

小流域治理20年后的千烟洲植物多样性

研究了小流域治理20年后千烟洲植物α多样性和β多样性,结果如下:1)优势度:所有人工林乔、灌、草3层均以乔木层优势度最大,且乔木层优势度均大于天然次生林和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)林,而所有天然次生林及枫香林均以乔木层优势度最小。12种类型群落灌木层优势度都较小,均值仅0.17。草本层,白茅(Imperata cylindrica var. major)草丛和檵木(Loropetalum chinense)-疏花雀麦(Bromus remotiflorus)灌丛优势度较大,分别为0.53和0.51。2)多样性:从乔、灌、草3层比较,枫香林、天然马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以乔木层最大,其它群落以灌木层最大,而所有人工林以乔木层最低。乔木层中枫香林最高(2.61);灌木层和草本层多样性存在相似之处:马尾松 + 湿地松(Pinus elliottii)林最高,除马尾松+山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba)林、板栗(Castanea mollissima)+枫香林外,其它人工林多样性均高于天然次生林和枫香林。3)丰富度:各群落均以灌木层最大;枫香林乔木层和灌木层种类丰富度均很高,但草本层很低;天然次生林乔木层丰富度指数大于人工林。4)均匀度:从灌、草层比较,除檵木-疏花雀麦灌丛和白茅草丛外,其它群落草本层均匀度均大于灌木层。乔木层,板栗+枫香林和马尾松+山鸡椒林均匀度指数很大,大于0.76,其它人工林均匀度小于天然次生林和枫香林。灌木层,除板栗+枫香林外,其它人工林均匀度都大于天然次生林和枫香林。5)β多样性与α多样性相互补充,很好地反映了不同群落类型之间的差异。β多样性将12种类型群落分成3大类,草丛、灌丛、具乔木层的群落,其中草丛与其它类型群落相异性最大。枫香林是位于人工林与天然次生林之间的过渡类型。     

尖峰岭自然保护区扩大区域植物多样性研究

尖峰岭自然保护区2002年由省级上升为国家级自然保护区, 面积由原来的7,762 hm²增加至20,170 hm²。为建立一个比较完善的国家级自然保护区管理体系, 海南大学于2003年10月通过路线调查与标准样方相结合的方法对保护区扩大区域展开了植被资源调查工作。本次调查共记录到43种尖峰岭地区新记录种, 其中黄毛马兜铃(Aristolochia fulvicoma)、海南地不容(Stephania hainanensis)、卵叶石笔木(Tutcheria ovalifolia)、蜜茱萸(Melicope patulinervia)和南烛(Lyonia ovalifolia)等5种为海南特有种。在本次调查的9,600 m²天然林标准样方中共记录到高1.5 m以上的立木3,466株398种, 隶属于69科161属。在扩大区域内共有国家级珍稀濒危和保护植物41种, 其中国家I级保护植物4种, 新记录到的尖峰岭地区国家级濒危植物2种, 即毛茶(Antirhea chinensis)和琼棕(Chuniophoenix hainanensis), 并基本确定了这些植物的垂直分布状况。扩大区域热带低地雨林、热带山地雨林、热带山顶矮林3种群落类型的物种多样性指数均较高, 且Simpson指数(D)及Shannon-Wiener指数(H＇)均是热带山地雨林>热带低地雨林>热带山顶矮林; 均匀度则是热带山地雨林>热带山顶矮林>热带低地雨林。表明经过多年封山育林及实施天然林保护工程, 扩大区域内曾经受过强烈干扰的热带低地雨林和山地雨林已经得到了很好的恢复。     

海南岛霸王岭国家重点保护植物的生态位研究

为进一步了解国家重点野生保护植物的生存群落及不同种群利用资源和占据生态空间的能力, 为制定国家重点保护植物种群的保护措施提供依据, 2009-2011年, 对霸王岭有国家重点保护植物分布的70个样地进行群落调查, 研究了霸王岭保护区内12种国家重点保护植物的生态位宽度以及物种间的生态位重叠。结果表明: (1)生态位宽度值从大到小依次为: 土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)、海南韶子(Nephelium topengii)、普洱茶(Camellia sinensis var. assamica)、油丹(Alseodaphne hainanensis)、海南油杉(Keteleeria hainanensis)、鸡毛松(Podocarpus imbricatus)、海南梧桐(Firmiana hainanensis)、乐东拟单性木兰(Parakmeria lotungensis)、海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)、香子含笑(Michelia hedyosperma)、粘木(Ixonanthes reticulata)和陆均松(Dacrydium pierrei); (2)物种生态位宽度值的大小与其自身的地理分布范围密切相关, 如: 陆均松、乐东拟单性木兰等生态位宽度较小的原因与其分布的海拔范围狭窄有关。生态位宽度较大的种群对资源的利用能力较强, 与其他物种的生态位重叠一般较大, 如: 生态位宽度较大的普洱茶与海南油杉的生态位重叠值最大, 为0.872, 而一些生态位宽度较小的物种生态位重叠值较高, 如: 香子含笑的生态位宽度较小, 但与海南梧桐的生态位重叠较大, 为0.693。因此, 种群间的生态位重叠值与它们对环境资源利用的相似程度以及物种自身的生物学特性密切相关; (3)香子含笑、粘木等的生态位宽度较小, 而且个体数量较少, 适宜其生存的群落和生境极少, 应该给予更多的关注和优先保护; (4)未来对濒危植物的保护不仅要考虑各物种自身的生物学特性, 还应从植物群落的角度考虑。只有保护好这些濒危植物的生存群落, 如山地雨林等, 才能实现对濒危植物的有效保护。     

海南苏铁种群结构与森林群落郁闭度的关系

海南苏铁(Cycas hainanensis)是古老的苏铁属植物, 为国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物, 也是IUCN红色名录的濒危物种。为研究海南苏铁在海南昌江保梅岭省级自然保护区的种群结构与森林郁闭度的关系, 本文通过样方法对海南苏铁种群及其所在群落进行调查, 分析了其群落结构和物种多样性, 以及其种群密度、年龄结构、存活曲线、空间分布格局与森林郁闭度的关系。结果表明: 海南苏铁所在群落垂直结构分为乔木上下2层、灌木层和草本层。海南苏铁所在群落物种多样性指数偏高, 群落内物种组成丰富; 各样方内海南苏铁数量分布不均, 经常群生于海拔500 m左右的林下、林缘间。海南苏铁种群结构属于增长型, 种群更新力强, 种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-II型, 死亡率随着龄级增加而增加, 说明海南苏铁种群处于相对稳定的状态, 随着种群个体的生长发育, 其生存力逐渐下降; 海南苏铁种群空间分布格局呈聚集型, 聚集程度指标随着林分郁闭度变大而增加。曲线估计结果显示, 海南苏铁幼苗幼树在透光率36.11%-58.33%显著增加。综上所述, 昌江保梅岭地区的海南苏铁种群处于较为稳定的增长状态, 喜生长于海拔500 m左右、郁闭度为35%-60%的森林环境中。     

海南土白蚁生物学特性的进一步研究

水文进一步报道了海南土白蚁Odontotermes hainanensis(Light)的取食活动、巢系结构及其对堤坝的危害和用灭蚁诱饵条的防治效果.     

利用最大熵模型和规则集遗传算法模型预测孑遗植物裸果木的潜在地理分布及格局

利用野外调查的16个居群分布点和7个环境因子图层, 选择最大熵模型(MAXENT)和规则集遗传算法模型(GARP), 在地理和环境空间上模拟了第三纪孑遗植物裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)在中国西北地区的潜在分布。结果表明: (1)裸果木的潜在适生区全部集中在西北荒漠区, 其中最佳适生区主要集中在3个区域, 一是河西走廊中部和玉门以西、宁夏北部及内蒙古乌拉特后旗; 二是塔里木盆地西北缘; 三是柴达木盆地西北缘两片极小的高度适生区。裸果木的生态位被确定在一个较广的干旱环境空间: 适生区极端最高气温基本上在29.2-36.8 ℃之间, 极端最低气温在-18.3至-13.4 ℃之间; 年平均降水量40-200 mm; 潜在蒸发率在3-15之间。(2) MAXENT和GARP模型都较好地预测了裸果木的潜在分布, 但GARP产生了相对较大、较连续的潜在分布区, 部分过预测了破碎化生境; 而MAXENT预测到的潜在分布区, 在不同区域具有不同的环境适生性指数, 而且成功地排除了不合理的破碎化分布, 从而更直观地展示了裸果木的潜在分布格局和生态位要求。     

Variation in tropical forest growth rates: combined effects of functional group composition and resource availability

Rates of tree growth in tropical forests reflect variation in life history strategies, contribute to the determination of species' distributional limits, set limits to timber harvesting and control the carbon balance of the stands. Here, we review the resources that limit tree growth at different temporal and spatial scales, and the different growth rates and responses of functional groups defined on the basis of regeneration strategy, maximum size, and species' associations with particular edaphic and climatic conditions.Variation in soil water availability determines intra- and inter-annual patterns of growth within seasonal forests, whereas irradiance may have a more important role in aseasonal forests. Nutrient supply limits growth rates in montane forests and may determine spatial variation in growth of individual species in lowland forests. However, its role in determining spatial variation in stand-level growth rates is unclear. In terms of growth rate, we propose a functional classification of tropical tree species which contrasts inherently fast-growing, responsive species (pioneer, large-statured species), from slow-growing species that are less responsive to increasing resource availability (shade-bearers, small-statured species). In a semi-deciduous forest in Ghana, pioneers associated with high-rainfall forests with less fertile soils, had significantly lower growth rates than pioneers that are more abundant in low-rainfall forests with more fertile soils. These results match patterns found in seedling trials and suggest for pioneers that species' associations with particular environmental conditions are useful indicators of maximum growth rate.The effects of variation in resource availability and of inherent differences between species on stand-level patterns of growth will not be independent if the functional group composition of tropical forests varies along resource gradients. We find that there is increasing evidence of such spatial shifts at both small and large scales in tropical forests. Quantifying these gradients is important for understanding spatial patterns in forest growth rates.     

On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests

The species richness of tropical rain forests creates difficulties for ecological analysis. It may usefully be simplified by defining ecological species groups whose members share characteristics of importance for determining forest structure and composition. Many such classifications have been published, but few are properly explained. The terminology is confused from lack of precise definitions. We propose a simple division of tree species into two groups or guilds, pioneer and non-pioneer (or climax), based on seed germination and seedling establishment. Within each guild there is continuous variation and we recommend arbitrary subdivision by height at maturity. We believe this classification to be applicable in all tropical rain forests.Abbreviations TRF = tropical rain forest(s) - LHW = light hardwood species - HHW = heavy hardwood species     

Pleistocene fragmentation of Amazon species' ranges

Historical patterns of connection and isolation of the impressive biological diversity of the Amazon Basin have been the subject of extensive debate, based on evidence drawn from distributional patterns of endemic species, vegetation histories from palynological studies, and geological studies. We develop species-specific ecological niche models based on current occurrence patterns of 17 species of birds and woody plants, which we project onto modelled Pleistocene (Last Glacial Maximum) climatic patterns to reconstruct past potential distributions of each species. Forest species' distributions showed fragmentation at Last Glacial Maximum and these fragments were coincident spatially, whereas savanna species showed no clear trends. Our results suggest that past climate changes fragmented forest species' ranges within a matrix of uncertain composition.     

海南石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积与物种多样性研究

石梅湾海岸青皮(Vatica hainanensis)林是海南独特的雨林群落之一。本文选用8种“种-面积渐近线”对该群落的最小取样面积进行了拟合研究。结果表明,其中5条曲线的R^2大于0．97,拟合状况很好,但所得出的最小取样面积各不相同。进一步经过“重要值-面积曲线”的群落特征分析,确认群落的最小取样面积只有800m^2。石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积比海南其他类型雨林、滇南热带雨林、东南亚热带雨林以及非洲雨林都要小。通过对1000m^2样地的物种多样性分析,结果表明：在垂直结构上,石梅湾青皮林B层乔木的Gleason指数大于A层乔木,和海南山地雨林的情况不同。海岸青皮林为物种多样性不高的单优林,群落的物种多样性、均匀度远小于海南其他类型的山地雨林与混合青皮林;在海岸青皮林群落内,青皮的相对密度、相对优势度、重要值大大高于其他物种。此研究表明：海南热带雨林同样存在物种多样性不高、单优特征显著的顶极群落;海南海岸青皮林是迄今为止热带雨林取样面积最小的森林类型。     

Transferability and model evaluation in ecological niche modeling: a comparison of GARP and Maxent

We compared predictive success in two common algorithms for modeling species' ecological niches, GARP and Maxent, in a situation that challenged the algorithms to be general – that is, to be able to predict the species' distributions in broad unsampled regions, here termed transferability. The results were strikingly different between the two algorithms – Maxent models reconstructed the overall distributions of the species at low thresholds, but higher predictive levels of Maxent predictions reflected overfitting to the input data; GARP models, on the other hand, succeeded in anticipating most of the species' distributional potential, at the cost of increased (apparent, at least) commission error. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) tests were weak in discerning models able to predict into broad unsampled areas from those that were not. Such transferability is clearly a novel challenge for modeling algorithms, and requires different qualities than does predicting within densely sampled landscapes – in this case, Maxent was transferable only at very low thresholds, and biases and gaps in input data may frequently affect results based on higher Maxent thresholds, requiring careful interpretation of model results.     

广西大青山南亚热带次生林演替过程的种群动态

该文研究了广西大青山南亚热带次生林群落经过26年的自然演替其间的种群结构变化规律。通过对主要种群类型、重要值、生态位宽度和分布格局的测定,分析了演替过程中各种群内部的消长与分布变化趋势,研究发现阳生性优势种由高集群分布变为随机分布,其生态位宽度减小,中生及阴生性树种则由随机分布逐渐变为高集群分布,生态位宽度增大。树种由32种增加到65种,35种中生及阴生树种为后期侵入种,物种多样性比较丰富;通过对现存种群的种间联结与生态位重叠进行分析,揭示了天然次生演替过程中种间关系的相互适应变化规律。原来阳生性的优势树种,如大叶栎(Castannopsis fleuryi)、大叶山楝(Aphanamixis grandifolia)等,与其它种群的生态位重叠值普遍下降,中生性种群生态位重叠值稍有增加,如柃木(Eurya nitida)、血胶树(Eberhardtia aurata)、广西拟肉豆蔻(Knema guangxiensis)等,中生偏阴生性种群生态位重叠值明显增大,其中一些种,如厚叶琼楠(Beilschmiedia percoriacea)、杨桐(Adinandra millettii)、毛黄肉楠(Actinodaphne pilosa)等,成为群落的建群种和优势种。次生群落种群之间的联结程度加强,一些种从零联结变为高度正联结或负联结,正、负联结性均变得更加紧密,高度正联结的种对占较大比例。种间联结与生态位分析结果基本一致,高度正联结的种群之间生态位重叠值较大,也反映出这些种对生境要求的一致性。次生群落由前期阳生性大叶栎群落演替为中后期中生性厚叶琼楠群落,群落接近较稳定的中生性气候顶极阶段。     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

The Potential of Tree Rings for the Study of Forest Succession in Southern Mexico

Studies of tropical secondary forest succession face strong limitations due to the slow pace of succession and the time-consuming task of monitoring processes. The occurrence of tree rings in secondary forest trees may help expand our knowledge on succession in these systems and may be useful for fallow dating in chronosequence studies. We examine here the potential of tree rings to study forest succession by sampling 70 species along chronosequences of dry and wet forests in southern Mexico. Based on wood anatomical features, we estimated that about 37 percent of the species presented distinct growth rings useful for ring studies. Overall, maximum number of rings matched well the interview-based fallow ages but, at some sites, trees had consistently higher numbers of rings, probably due to errors in fallow ages derived from interviews. Best fallow age estimations were obtained by examining rings in both pioneer and nonpioneer species. Reconstruction of species' establishment dates revealed that pioneer and nonpioneer species establish early during succession, and that species of both groups continue to recruit after many years. Our study clearly shows that tree ring analysis is a promising tool for studies on secondary forest succession in the tropics.     

Foliage-canopy structure and height distribution of woody species in climax forests

The correlation between foliage-canopy structure and vertical woody species distribution was examined in seven climax forests ranging from alpine tree limit to tropical rain forest. Foliage density was measured by two-dimensional canopy tomography using photographs. Both foliage density and the vertical species density (the number of woody species having a maximum height within a vertical 1 m) were high in the upper canopy of warm-temperate and subtropical forests, but they were high at lower stratums in the tropical rain forest. Two variables correlated significantly despite the differences in foliage-canopy structures. In contrast to evergreen broad-leaved forests, a clear correlation could not be detected in northern cool-temperate and sub-alpine forests. A possible reason for species convergence in the foliage dense stratum is that species with maximum height in that stratum may be able to survive in the stratum due to symmetrical crown-to-crown interaction. If the maximum height of dwarf species is less than the foliage dense stratum, it may be difficult to survive in the community. The lack of correlation in northern forests may be due to poor canopy tree flora and a mixture of different life forms (non-sprouting trees and sprouting shrubs).