黑脸琵鹭在澳门的越冬分布和人为干扰影响

澳门路凼连贯公路西侧的湿地保护区是黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)重要的越冬地之一,每年的越冬数量稳定增长。2007～2009年度2个冬季的调查结果显示,黑脸琵鹭每年11月初至次年4月底在澳门越冬,12月至翌年2月份种群数量达到最大,超过50只。其中人工湿地是黑脸琵鹭主要的休息场所,沿岸滩涂是其重要觅食地。黑脸琵鹭昼间栖息行为以休息为主,其次是护理行为。栖息地周边主要人为干扰为噪声污染,但噪声水平较低,经噪声预测模型计算出传播至黑脸琵鹭停歇处的噪声水平为45.4dB(A)及46.5dB(A),低于鸟类耐受阈值,警觉受惊行为多数由大型牵引车和直升飞机引起。随着保护区周边地区的开发,车流量将进一步增加,建议加强保护区的科学管理,控制周边交通干线的车流量,并调整直升飞机飞行路线,尽量绕行保护区上空,以减少对黑脸琵鹭栖息的干扰。     

福建兴化湾黑脸琵鹭觅食生境的鱼类和虾类组成

黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)的食物主要由鱼类和虾类组成,对其觅食生境中潜在食物的分析有助于对该濒危物种的保护。福建兴化湾是我国大陆黑脸琵鹭最重要的越冬地之一,对湾内越冬黑脸琵鹭的观察发现,黑脸琵鹭白天在养殖塘休息,黄昏则飞到离养殖塘约8km处的滩涂觅食至黎明返回。在黑脸琵鹭觅食的滩涂共采集到42种鱼类和6种虾类。根据对体长、生活习性和数量状况的分析,认为其中的19种鱼类和6种虾类为黑脸琵鹭的潜在食物,以鲻科鱼类最为重要。建议对黑脸琵鹭的保护应重视其觅食滩涂生境中鱼类和虾类资源的保护。     

广东海丰鸟类自然保护区黑脸琵鹭越冬种群现状

黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)是全球性濒危鸟类,广东海丰鸟类自然保护区作为新发现的重要越冬地,具有全球保护意义.2004~2007年对保护区内黑脸琵鹭越冬种群的调查结果表明,该越冬种群数量逐年增加(27~72只),占全球总数比例也相应增加(2.2%~4.1%).其主要分布在红树林、沿海滩涂和人工养殖塘3种生境,其中,沿海滩涂累计记录到的个体数最多,达217只;人工养殖塘记录剑最大集群,为52只.需积极采取有效措施保护该越冬种群及其生境.     

福建省兴化湾滨海养殖塘冬季水鸟的栖息地利用

20D7年12月至2008年3月对福建省兴化湾东北部江镜华侨农场(25°29′～25°33′N,119°23′～119°26′E)滨海养殖塘水鸟的栖息地利用进行了研究.选取了6个养殖塘作为样地,总面积360 hm2,共记录到水鸟6目8科25种.潮汐变化是影响养殖塘内越冬水鸟栖息的重要因素.高、中、低3种不同潮位下养殖塘水鸟群落特征差异较大.水鸟的种数和数量随潮水的涨高而显著增加,优势种则减少;多样性指数和均匀性指数随潮水的涨高而降低,优势度则增大.养殖塘的水深是影响水鸟栖息的另一个重要因素.4个不同水深区域水鸟群落的种类组成及密度差异显著,鸻鹬类、鸥类、鹭类等鸟类在中等水位区和浅水区栖息,鸭类主要栖息在深水区,而无水区仅有少数鹭类活动.在潮汛期间,滨海养殖塘是水鸟良好的临时栖息地,科学管理可使养殖塘人工湿地与潮间带滩涂共同满足越冬水鸟的栖息需求.     

福建省黑脸琵鹭的分布及栖息地现状

2003年3月~2006年4月,对福建省海岸湿地的黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)及其栖息地进行了研究。在福建省越冬的黑脸琵鹭约60~90只,每年迁徙停歇的种群数量在80只以上,黑脸琵鹭主要选择河口的滩涂湿地作为越冬和迁徙停歇地。栖息地的丧失和破坏是其面临的最大生存威胁。实施湿地保护和可持续利用工程,并帮助当地政府和民众寻找到发挥湿地更高经济效益的产业是保护黑脸琵鹭栖息地的重要途径。     

海南黑脸琵鹭的越冬行为分析

黑脸琵鹭(Plataleaminor)是全球濒危鸟类之一。海南北黎湾是继我国香港和台湾之后发现的黑脸琵鹭第三个重要的越冬地。为了深入了解黑脸琵鹭在该地的保护状况,以及影响其种群越冬的致危因素,作者于2004年1–3月,采用瞬时扫描和焦点动物观察法对北黎湾黑脸琵鹭的越冬行为进行了观察。结果表明:(1)在黑脸琵鹭的各种行为中,休息行为所占的比例最大,为69.72%;其次是站立行为,为10.42%;护理行为位居第3,占10.36%;位移、取食和社会行为在白天所占的比例相对较低。(2)白天黑脸琵鹭休息行为有明显的高峰和低谷,8:00–17:00主要以休息为主,而在17:00以后,休息行为明显减少,护理、取食和站立行为有所增加。位移和社会行为发生率较低,呈间歇性变化。黑脸琵鹭各种行为之间在持续时间上有显著差异,其中以休息行为持续时间最长,其次是取食行为,而行走行为持续时间最短。(3)黑脸琵鹭的取食频次在各时间段也有显著的差异,在16:00以后取食的频次较高。(4)黑脸琵鹭的取食行为受潮汐的影响,过高和过低的水位都将影响其取食活动。最后针对性地提出了黑脸琵鹭及其越冬地的保护和管理计划。     

深圳湾湿地的黑脸琵鹭及其保护

深圳湾湿地是世界濒危鸟类-黑脸琵鹭最重要的越冬栖息地之一。1999-2000年在此越冬的黑脸琵鹭数量178只,约占世界总数量的25%。近十年来深圳湾湿地黑脸琵鹭的数量逐年增加,主要原因可能是由于其它湿地环境恶化而使黑脸琵鹭集中到深圳湾,这种情况对黑脸琵鹭的生存和发展是不利的。深圳湾湿地生态环境存在诸多问题,使该湿地生态系统环境质量不断下降,因此,提出了保护深圳湾湿地生态环境的若干建议。     

海南北黎湾和后水湾湿地水鸟的季节动态、物种丰富度和种间相关性

2004年11月至2005年11月, 采用逐月定点统计的方法, 对海南北黎湾和后水湾两个湿地黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)的越冬种群和水鸟的季节动态进行了调查。共记录到水鸟50种, 隶属于5目10科, 首次发现海南新记录种半蹼鹬(Limnodromus semipalmatus)。两地水鸟种类和数量的最高峰均发生在11月, 最低谷在次年6月, 与湿地水鸟的全年变化相关。黑脸琵鹭的越冬种群最早到达海南为9月, 离开时间为次年4月, 数量最高峰在北黎湾为12月(75只), 在后水湾为1月和2月(9只)。北黎湾水鸟的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和最大多样性值均大于后水湾, 湿地面积大小及其生境的多样性是两地水鸟丰富度差异的主要原因, 而人为干扰强度可能是影响黑脸琵鹭对两地越冬地利用的重要因素。研究表明, 北黎湾和后水湾是许多水鸟, 尤其是黑脸琵鹭在海南的重要越冬地, 需进一步加强监测和保护。     

我国重要分布地大天鹅越冬种群动态调查

对我国大天鹅Cygnus cygnus重要的停歇地和越冬地的种群数量及其分布进行了调查,调查地点分别位于青海湖、山西平陆黄河湿地、山东荣成天鹅湖及陕西榆林。结果表明,青海湖的越冬大天鹅数量最多,每年越冬期都有2000只以上的大天鹅越冬;山西平陆黄河湿地越冬数量1806只,山东荣成越冬数量1511只,陕西榆林停歇地记录到大天鹅5006只。调查过程中发现,山西平陆黄河湿地、山东荣成天鹅湖、陕西榆林无定河湿地的栖息环境均遭到一定程度的破坏,如无定河上游建坝、山西平陆围垦、山东荣成渔船作业等等,建议有关部门给予高度重视。     

崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地冬季水鸟的夜间行为

2006年11月中旬至2007年2月中旬,以崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地(鱼蟹塘)为主要研究区域,对8种水鸟越冬期夜间行为进行了连续观察。结果发现,斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)、绿头鸭(A.platyrhynchos)、银鸥(Larus argentatus)及白鹭(Egretta garzetta)等白天在塘内栖息和取食的水鸟,黄昏时飞离并栖息于堤外海滩或堤内农田和防护林,次日清晨飞回。夜间停留在鱼蟹塘的水鸟活动差异性显著。其中,夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)白天栖息于堤内防护林,夜间17:00～17:30时后飞入鱼蟹塘,分散于塘内光滩及芦苇附近活动,在约23:30时后其行为以觅食为主,达70%以上。黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)和骨顶鸡(Fulica atra)活动频繁,主要分布于芦苇丛和周边水域,21:30～次日2:30时其觅食行为达到高峰,数量占60%～90%,2:30～3:30时后转为以休息为主。而白天活动频繁的小(Tachybaptus ruficollis)夜间停留在塘内,主要休息于水位较深区域。结果表明,越冬水鸟夜间行为具多样性,可能与昼间活动模式有关。     

A population size estimate of the finless porpoise,Neophocaena phocaenoides, from aerial sighting surveys in Ariake Sound and Tachibana Bay, Japan

We estimated the population size of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Ariake Sound and Tachibana Bay of western Kyushu, southwestern Japan, from aerial sighting surveys using line transect methods. All 12 surveys were conducted from May 1993 to May 1994 (8 in Ariake Sound and 4 in Tachibana Bay). In addition to these, 14 surveys were also carried out to obtain information on porpoise occurrence in Tachibana Bay (5 surveys) and in neighboring Sumo Nada (5) and Yatsushiro Sound (4). In Ariake Sound, 225 porpoise groups (369 animals) were detected during all flights totalling 1,694.4 km. In Tachibana Bay, a total of 997.8 km was surveyed and 55 groups (290 animals) were sighted. However, no sightings were recorded in Sumo Nada (distance searched = 148.7 km) and Yatsushiro Sound (208.4 km). In Ariake Sound, few sightings were recorded from waters shallower than 5 m in depth. In Tachibana Bay all animals were detected from waters of less than 50 m depth. The population size was estimated as 1,983 animals in Ariake Sound (95% CI = 1,382-2,847), 1,110 in Tachibana Bay (95% CI = 642-1,920), and 3,093 in the 2 waters (1.3 individuals/km², 95% CI = 2,278-4,201).     

春夏季闽江口和兴化湾虾类数量特征

本文利用2008年4月和9月闽江口和兴化湾海域渔业资源调查资料,研究这两个不同类型海域虾类密度的时空分布,优势种特征、地形地貌、海流和水文等因素对分布的影响。结果表明,4月闽江口虾类生物量(22.05kg/km₂)低于兴化湾生物量(23.33kg/km₂), 而尾数密度(12.34?10₃ ind./ km₂)高于兴化湾尾数密度(8.42?103 ind./ km₂),9月也是如此,闽江口虾类生物量(205.54kg/km₂)低于同期兴化湾生物量(329.60kg/km₂),但尾数密度(131.25?10₃ ind./ km₂)大于兴化湾尾数密度(95.79?10₃ ind./ km₂)。这一现象的产生,与闽江口和兴化湾虾类资源种类规格特征有一定的关系：依据优势性分析,在兴化湾,优势种以广盐性大规格的哈氏仿对虾为主,其它主要优势种优势性不明显,对总生物量变化的贡献不大。反观闽江口的优势种,除了广盐性的哈氏仿对虾,还有个体数量巨大的半咸水小规格中国毛虾,其中,中国毛虾尾数密度的百分比占了虾类的大部分。不同盐度环境,种类对不同盐度环境盐度适应是形成闽江口和兴化湾优势种不同格局的主要原因。在闽江口,南部渔场是当地的主要渔场,9月是主要的渔汛,与闽江径流量的季节变化和闽江口地形地貌特征有关。在兴化湾,湾口是虾类的主要产卵场和索饵场,湾外则是虾类越冬场,与构成资源主要种类哈氏仿对虾暖水性和兴化湾水团特征有关。不同季节比较,在9月,兴化湾和闽江口虾类资源品种呈现多样化的趋势,兴化湾和闽江口比较,闽江口虾类资源品种呈现更加多样化的特征。     

Genus Alexandrium Halim, 1960 (Dinophyta) from the Pacific coast of Russia: Species composition, distribution, and dynamics

At present 8 species of Alexandrium genus have been found in seas and adjacent waters of Russia: A. acatenella, A. catenella, A. insuetum, A. margalefii, A. ostenfeldii, A. pseudogonyaulax, A. tamarense, and A. tamutum. The distribution and population density of Alexandrium species varied within the surveyed area of the Pacific: in the Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk, 7 species were recorded; 3 species were recorded along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka; and 2 species were found in the Bering Sea. A. tamarense was the most widespread and abundant species over the area. A. insuetum was recorded only in the Sea of Japan, and A. catenella, in the Sea of Okhotsk (Terpeniya Bay). The highest concentration of Alexandrium spp. (2–7 million cells/l) was recorded along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and in the Bering Sea; in the Sea of Okhotsk, a rather high concentration (51000 cells/l) was registered in Aniva Bay; in the Sea of Japan, the highest concentration was recorded in Peter the Great Bay (6000 cells/l). The distribution of cysts (spores) in surface sediments of the Pacific coast of Russia as a whole reflected the pattern of distribution of vegetative cells of Alexandrium. Cysts of Alexandrium cf. tamarense prevailed all over the area, with the maximum concentration along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka. Beyond that type of cysts, insignificant numbers of cysts of Alexandrium cf. minutum were recorded in Peter the Great Bay and Aniva Bay. Analysis of seasonal dynamics revealed that cells of Alexandrium spp. occurred in Peter the Great Bay from June up to September, and along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka from April to October. In the first region, the maximum density was recorded in August; it was provided by A. pseudogonyaulax (59% of the total density of Alexandrium), A. tamarense (35%), and A. insuetum (6%). In the second region, it was recorded in July, thanks only to development of A. tamarense.     

Distribution,biomass and production of Gracilaria in Lüderitz Bay,Namibia

The extent and biomass of the Gracilaria beds in the Lüderitz Bay area, Namibia were surveyed in winter and summer. The beds covered most of the suitable sediments available (grain size 106–212 μm) and did not occur in water shallower than 1 m or deeper than 11 m. Total surface area, most of which occurred in the Bay system, changed very little from winter to summer but biomass increased by 3.5 fold. In winter, total Gracilaria biomass was 200 t and 650 t and in summer, 150 t and 2850 t respectively in the Lagoon and Bay. Maximum biomass occurred at 3–4 m in the Lagoon and 5–6 m in the Bay in both winter and summer. Gracilaria beach cast data from 1987 to 1991 for the area were analysed for seasonality and, depending on the specific site, correlated with swell, southerly wind velocity and sea temperature. Beach cast in the Lagoon system is a more continuous process than in the Bay, where beach casts at most sites follow an annual pattern. Wind driven currents and chop were the most important causative parameters of beach cast in the Lagoon whereas the depth at which the plants were growing and swell were more important in the Bay system. The two systems viz. Lagoon and Bay are independent of one another with very little or no exchange of Gracilaria between them. This was evidenced by the similar percentage each contributes to the total beach cast and the similar pattern of beach cast from year to year. The decrease in total beach cast from 1989 to the end of the study period was attributed to a trend towards increasing swell height and low sea temperatures in 1991.     

Environmental change and the cost of philopatry: an example in the lesser snow goose

The consequences of philopatric and dispersal behaviours under changing environmental conditions were examined using data from the colony of Lesser Snow Geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) breeding at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba, Canada. In response to increased population size and decreased food abundance over time, increasing numbers of family groups have been dispersing from the traditional feeding areas. Goslings from dispersed broods were significantly heavier (7.3%), and had longer culmens (3.1%), head lengths (2.6%) and marginally longer tarsi (1.9%) on average than goslings that remained within La Pérouse Bay itself. These differences were consistent in each of 5 years. There was no evidence that the larger size of dispersed goslings was due to either a tendency for larger adults to disperse to alternative sites, or increased mortality of smaller goslings among dispersed broods. The most likely cause for the larger size of goslings from dispersed broods was the significantly greater per capita availability of the preferred salt-marsh forage species at non-traditional brood-rearing areas. The larger goslings in non-traditional feeding areas showed significantly higher firstyear survival, suggesting that the use of deteriorating traditional feeding areas may currently be maladaptive in this population.     

福建兴化湾溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷时空变化及营养状态评价

根据2007年3月至12月福建省兴化湾海域的水质监测结果,重点分析了该海域溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)的分布特征及其影响因素,并采用有机污染指数和富营养化指数对兴化湾海域的富营化水平进行了评价。结果表明:兴化湾海域富营养化主要污染物是DIN、DIP,其含量主要受径流排放和海洋浮游植物生长等因素的影响。春夏季节浮游植物生长繁殖旺盛,但雨水增多,最终导致了DIP、DIN含量的升高。秋季水温下降,浮游植物生长繁殖逐渐减弱,DIP、DIN的含量也逐渐升高。兴化湾富营养化水平加重,2007年的富营养化指数是2000年的5.7倍,主要体现在DIN、DIP等指标的升高。     

福建省主要海湾潮下带大型底栖无脊椎动物组成与分布特征

根据2010年8月对福建省12个主要海湾潮下带大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查资料,分析了大型底栖无脊椎动物的种类组成、生物多样性和群落结构分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 12个海湾共采集到大型底栖动物382种,包括环节动物170种、甲壳动物75种、软体动物78种、棘皮动物19种,以及其他类群40种.物种数、丰度、生物量和生物多样性指数空间差异较大: 罗源湾物种数最高,为92种,旧镇湾最低,为25种,所有海湾平均(55±21)种;所有海湾在物种组成上均为多毛类占优势,其平均物种数百分比为(51.8±5.5)%;诏安湾平均丰度最高,为(1330±1094) ind·m^-2,其次为福清湾、厦门湾、湄洲湾,泉州湾最低;兴化湾平均生物量最高,为(821.2±2387.7) g·m^-2,其次为福清湾、厦门湾,深沪湾最低;丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数在罗源湾、湄洲湾、深沪湾、厦门湾和东山湾呈现较高值,而在福清湾和旧镇湾呈现较低值,两者的全域均值分别为(0.80±0.09)和(2.73±0.64).以相似度20%为界,可将研究区域的大型底栖无脊椎动物划分为14个群组,其中罗源湾内各站位间群落相似度最高,湾内差异最小,其次为三沙湾、福清湾、深沪湾和诏安湾,而其他海湾不同站位的群落组成差异较大.物种数、多样性指数和环境因子间的相关性分析和主成分分析显示,造成研究区大型底栖动物群落结构组成和分布差异的主要环境因子依次为沉积物铜、水深和底层水体活性磷酸盐.     

Population structure of the South American Estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulatus (Brachyura: Varunidae) near the southern limit of its geographical distribution: comparison with northern populations

Crabs are among the most conspicuous and ecologically important invertebrates of the large intertidal zones that characterize estuarine and protected coastal areas in temperate regions. The habitat, population structure and breeding cycle of Chasmagnathus granulatus (Brachyura: Varunidae), a semiterrestrial burrowing crab endemic to the warm temperate coasts of the Southwestern Atlantic, were studied in San Antonio Bay (Argentina), near the southern limit of its range. San Antonio Bay has no freshwater input, winter is relatively colder, and summer warmer, than northern habitats of this species. Crabs lived both in vegetated and unvegetated zones, but density and sex ratio varied among dates and zones. The maximum observed density was 136 crabs/m² , the maximum carapace width (CW) was 32 mm (males) and 29.8 mm (females), ovigerous females were found only in November and January, and the smallest ovigerous female measured 17 mm CW. The population structure, spatial distribution, and recruitment pattern of C. granulatusdid not differ between San Antonio Bay and northern habitats. The higher density, smaller maximum size and shorter reproductive cycle observed in San Antonio cannot be atributed to changes associated with a latitudinal cline and other factors, such as thermal amplitude and food availability, need to be studied.     

Fouling community of the red king crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralithodes camtschaticus</Emphasis> (Tilesius 1815), in a subarctic fjord of the Barents sea

We examined the species composition of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) fouling communities in Dolgaya Bay, a small fjord of the Barents Sea, in August 2005 and 2006. In total, there were 13 species observed on 301 crabs collected from water depths of 5–90 m. Barnacles (Balanus crenatus; prevalence 42.9%) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis; 11.6%) were the most common epibionts, while amphipods (Ischyrocerus commensalis) were the most common symbionts (28.6%). Infestation rates in Dolgaya Bay were different from those in an “open” area of the Barents Sea (Dalnezelenetskaya Bay), probably due to differences in hydrodynamic conditions. Differences in infestation prevalence and intensity were detected neither between male and female crabs nor between crabs collected at 5–35 m versus 90 m depths. Prevalence of common fouling species increased with host size. Amphipods I. commensalis colonized the carapace and limbs in Dolgaya Bay less frequently than in Dalnezelenetskaya Bay, probably due to interspecific competition with barnacles occupying the dorsal parts of the host. Juvenile barnacles and mussels dominated the fouling communities on the crabs. The age of barnacles did not exceed 2–4 months. However, the presence of 4-year-old mussels suggests that these older mollusks have been directly transferred from mussel beds to the hosts. Our results indicate that colonization by epibionts and symbionts is generally not disadvantageous for the crab hosts, except for some possible negative impacts of amphipods occupying the gills.