中国红菇属种类及其分布

通过系统的文献收集,汇总了中国红菇属(Russula Pers.)真菌的179个名称记录,并对其生境、用途及分布或分类进行了简述。文献调查表明,红菇属种类广泛分布于中国30个省区。在已报道的红菇属名称记录中,有效名称有159个,包括148种、9变种和2变型,其中新名称1个、新拟汉名8个,无效或不合格名称10个,错拼名称8个,存疑种3个,中国特有种13种,一些种类具有显著的经济价值。     

冬虫夏草无性型研究概况

文献调查结果表明与冬虫夏草有关的无性型菌种已报道有22个学名,涉及13个属。针对些命名称上存在的命名问题本文展开了讨论,并评述了不同名称与冬虫夏草的关系及其有关菌种的研究进展。在已报道的分离菌种中,作为新种正式描述的名称有8个,其中6个为合格发表,其余2个未能满足名称合格发表的条件;还有4个名称在文献中作为新种提到,但没有合格发表的出处,也有一例只提到名称而无其他要素;另有5个名称则只有属名,尚未鉴定到种的水平。中国被毛孢为多个独立的研究证明为冬虫夏草的无性型,还有3个无性型名称已被证明不可能是冬虫夏草的无性型。其他无性型名称与冬虫夏草的关系有待进一步验证。文中对与冬虫夏草有关的菌种定名、无性型分离和验证方法、复无性型现象,以及有关学名问题作了讨论。     

冬虫夏草无性型研究概况*

文献调查结果表明与冬虫夏草有关的无性型菌种已报道有22个学名,涉及13个属。针对这些名称上存在的命名问题本文展开了讨论,并评述了不同名称与冬虫夏草的关系及其有关菌种的研究进展。在已报道的分离菌种中,作为新种正式描述的名称有8个,其中6个为合格发表,其余2个未能满足名称合格发表的条件;还有4个名称在文献中作为新种提到,但没有合格发表的出处,也有一例只提到名称而无其他要素;另有5个名称则只有属名,尚未鉴定到种的水平。中国被毛孢为多个独立的研究证明为冬虫夏草的无性型,还有3个无性型名称已被证明不可能是冬虫夏草的无性型。其他无性型名称与冬虫夏草的关系有待进一步验证。文中对与冬虫夏草有关的菌种定名、无性型分离和验证方法、复无性型现象,以及有关学名问题作了讨论。     

中国虫草属已知种类及其分布

对中国虫草属(Cordyceps(Fr．)Link)真菌进行了整理、修订,对有关分类学问题进行了简要讨论。文献记载我国该属有139个名称,分布于29个省区。其中,有效名称130个(包括125种、3变种和2变型),无效或不合格名称3种,错拼名称2种,存疑种4种,有无性型报道的种类38种,中国特有种46个。     

中国食用菌名录

作者系统地考证了我国食用菌的名称,排除了过去报道中的187个名称,同时新增了82个名称,本文共收录中国食用菌966个分类单元,包括936种、23变种、3亚种和4变型。对每个名称按新近的研究成果和最新命名法规(维也纳法规)进行了订正,将曾报道的、但应作为其他种的同物异名者列在其正名之后,所有名称定名人的缩写全部按国际植物命名法规的要求加以规范化。     

中国丝盖伞属Inocybe(Fr.)Fr.名录(英文)

我国记载的丝盖伞属Inocybe(Fr.)Fr.共有98个分类单位,包括90种5变种3变型。根据CABI数据库和《国际植物命名法规》(维也纳法规)订正了文献中的部分拉丁学名,将曾经报道的、但应作为属内异名的名称列在其正名之后,错误拼写和错误引用均在相应名称后有所说明;已组合到其他属和不合格发表的名称补充于名录之后。在以往报道的名称中有16个为属内异名,1个已被组合到其他属,5个拉丁学名存在错误拼写,1个为错误引用,4个为不合格发表名称。订正后的名录含丝盖伞属88个名称,包括78种7变种3变型,并记载了各分类群的地理分布。     

云南竹亚科一些属种的增订

报道了云南竹亚科新名称１个,新组合１个,新异名１个,发现１个不合格名称,１个属在云南分布的新记录和１个种在我国分布的新记录。同时讨论了单枝竹属和空竹属的地理分布。     

三种蕨类植物的新命名

本文报道鳞毛蕨属的一个新名称和瘤蕨属的两个新组合名称。     

北京维管植物三十年之变化

植物名称是人类对植物研究与利用等活动的基础。植物名称的变化可能成为不同行业之间交流的障碍, 错误或含混的植物名称可能会造成不便甚至损失。北京作为中国的首都, 在生物多样性保护与生态文明建设的背景下, 对于植物多样性信息变化的管理水平和能力要求更高。及时并准确地更新植物名称的变化及其过程, 对于植物学工作者、园林工作者和与植物相关产业从业者都十分重要。本文基于过去30年间(1992‒2021年)北京各类维管植物的名称信息, 记录了自1993年《北京植物志》(1992年修订版)以来的维管植物名称的变化过程: 包括34个新类群、175个新记录、509个新异名, 49个错误鉴定, 以及50个存疑类群。过去30年间, 北京的维管植物发生了很大的变化。本文结果可作为北京维管植物多样性监测和保护的重要参考。     

世界及中国菌物新命名发表概况(2020年)

菌物是全球生物多样性最丰富的生物类群之一, 每年有大量新物种被描述和发现, 统计和分析菌物新名称发表数据, 可实时展示菌物分类学的研究热点, 并为学科的未来发展提供参考数据。根据世界菌物名称信息库Fungal Names、Index Fungorum和MycoBank所收录的数据, 2020年全球共发表了4,996个菌物新名称, 包括652个新高阶分类单元、2,905个新种及种下单元、1,342个新组合和97个其他名称, 是历史上发表菌物新名称数量最多的一年。这些新名称隶属于12门44纲173目469科1,386属, 盘菌、小型子囊菌、地衣和伞菌是本年度最受关注的类群。来自全球的1,978位学者将上述菌物新名称发表在133个期刊的885篇论文和9部专著中, 其中669位作者是首次参与新名称发表, 是历年来新作者最多的一年。本年度发表的菌物新物种的模式标本来自世界103个国家和地区, 东亚和东南亚是新物种发现的最热点地区, 而中国是发现新物种最多的国家, 共发现663种, 占全球的23%, 是排名第二位的泰国的2.28倍。西南地区是我国新物种发现的热点地区, 云南、贵州、西藏三省区本年度发现的新物种数量占全国的44.80%。除了新物种来源, 中国学者在本年度的菌物分类学研究中取得了令人瞩目的成果, 333位中国学者参与发表了1,271个菌物新名称, 占全球新名称总数的1/4。这些菌物新名称隶属于8门24纲87目209科440属, 发表在45个期刊的258篇研究论文和1部专著中。通过上述研究发现, 全球菌物新物种发现的速度仍在加快, 命名作者和新名称发表数量在逐步增加, 研究类群规模在逐渐扩大。但菌物物种描述率仍处于较低水平, 持续、高效地发现菌物新物种将是菌物学者的重点研究方向之一。     

Validations and new combinations in Cortinarius, with special emphasis on infrageneric taxa of subgenus Phlegmacium (Agaricales)

Part of the "Cortinarius, Flora Photographica, vol. I" in which six new combinations and thirty infrageneric names published for taxa in the genus Cortinarius are validated, including 7 sections and 21 subsections in the subgenus Phlegmacium.     

Typification of Radlkofer's infrageneric names in Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae)

Ancillary to my revision ofPaullinia, the necessary lectotypifications for Radlkofer's infrageneric names are proposed. Those sectional names requiring lectotypification areNeurotoechus, Diphtherotoechus, Pleurotoechus, Pachytoechus, Xyloptilon, Neuroptilon, Anisoptilon, Isoptilon, Caloptilon, andPhygoptilon. SectionCryptoptilon, monotypic at the time of publication, is typified automatically byP. verrucosa Radlk. The generic namesEnourea andCastanella, reduced by Radlkofer to sectional status, retain their types.     

Nomenclature in the dock. Overclassification leads to instability: a case study in the horticulturally important genus Cyclamen (Myrsinaceae)

Nine different classifications have been produced in the last 70 years for the horticulturally valuable genus Cyclamen , a small genus with fewer than 30 species. These classifications, generated by intuitive methods and cladistic analyses, incorporated a total of four infrageneric ranks above that of species and were based on data from morphology, cytology and DNA sequencing. Our results, based on cladistic analyses of three independent data sources − nrDNA ITS, cpDNA trn L intron and morphological data − reveal good resolution only in nrDNA sequence data. However, when these three data sources are combined they provide stronger resolution and support for three major clades, only one of which, subgenus Psilanthum , has been consistently supported in previous classifications. The differing infrageneric classifications produced in Cyclamen result from varying taxon sampling, differing interpretation of morphological data, changes in the sources and analysis of data, and inconsistent application of names. Extensive subdivision of small genera in the absence of adequate data that could provide evidence for consistent patterns of relationship is premature and leads to a proliferation of names.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 146 , 339–349.     

The infrageneric nomenclature of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tulipa</Emphasis> (Liliaceae)

Zonneveld (Pl Syst Evol 281:217–245, 2009) proposed an infrageneric classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae) based on the nuclear content determined by flow cytometry and available morphological data. The nomenclatural consequences of this are discussed here, involving the typification of generic and infrageneric names. Additional notes on some species are given. Four subgenera are distinguished, of which two are new; ten sections are proposed, four new; three new combinations are made, and seven lectotypes are designated. Tulipa praecox Ten. is a later homonym of T. praecox Cav. (Descripcíon de las plantas. 2: 448, 625, 1803); its correct name is Tulipa agenensis DC. Tulipa lemmersii Zonn., A. Peterse, J. de Groot is validated here by giving the type citation.     

Generic and infrageneric nomenclature of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria

The 26 generic and 63 infrageneric names which have been applied to the approximately 47 species belonging to the Vulpia–Desmazeria group of annual Poaceae: Poeae are listed, together with their bibliographic, nomenclatural and typological details. A synopsis of the classification of this group adopted by the author, involving twelve genera and five extra sections, follows, and includes a new combination at the sectional level: Vulpia sect. Apalochloa (Dumort.) Stace. Although not closely related to this group of grasses, the genus Sclerochloa is included as it has been very widely confused taxonomically, nomenclaturally and typographically with Scleropoa.     

Substrate switches,phenotypic innovations and allopatric speciation formed taxonomic diversity within the lichen genus Blastenia

Blastenia is a widely distributed lichen genus in Teloschistaceae. We reconstructed its phylogeny in order to test species delimitation and to find evolutionary drivers forming recent Blastenia diversity. The origin of Blastenia is dated to the early Tertiary period, but later diversification events are distinctly younger. We recognized 24 species (plus 2 subspecies) within 6 infrageneric groups. Each species strongly prefers a single type of substrate (17 species occur on organic substrates, 7 on siliceous rock), and most infrageneric groups also show a clear substrate preference. All infrageneric groups tend to have the Mediterranean and Macaronesian distribution, but some epiphytic species have much larger geographic ranges and some evolved after a long‐distance dispersal outside the region. Chlorinated and nonchlorinated anthraquinone chemosyndromes co‐occur in apothecia of most species, but the chemotype has been secondarily reduced in some lineages. One infrageneric group has a marked reduction in apothecial size, associated with a substrate shift to twigs. Only seven species have vegetative diaspores; they also produce apothecia but have smaller ascospores. Genome sizes (22‐35 Mb in Blastenia) are significantly higher in epilithic species. Within‐species genetic variation is low in widely distributed species but high in some epilithic species with small geographical ranges. New taxa are: B. afroalpina, B. anatolica, B. caucasica, B. gennargentuae, B. herbidella subsp. acidophila, B. lauri, B. monticola, B. palmae, B. psychrophila, B. purpurea, B. relicta, B. remota, B. xerothermica, and B. xerothermica subsp. macaronesica. New combinations are: B. festivella and B. subathallina; both names and B. catalinae are lectotypified.     

麻黄属种子表面纹饰的多样性及其系统学意义

麻黄属(Ephedra)的分子系统学研究结果明显不同于基于雌球果成熟苞片质地的传统分类,指出麻黄属的形态特征和分子特征存在冲突。对麻黄属53种植物的种子表面微形态特征进行了研究,结果表明麻黄属的种子表面纹饰包括3种主要类型,即横向片层型(T型)、乳突型(P型)和扁平型(S型)。麻黄属的种子表面纹饰特征既与宏观形态特征不相关,也与分子系统学的研究结果不相关,表明该属微形态特征、宏观形态特征和分子特征之间的更多冲突。在欧洲和东亚发现的与买麻藤类有关的几个大化石带有T型种子表面纹饰,暗示具有T型纹饰的麻黄类植物在早白垩纪就十分多样。     

Morphology and affinities of an Early Cretaceous Ephedra (Ephedraceae) from China

Detailed investigations on Lower Cretaceous Ephedra L. fossils (Gnetopsida) reveal morphological characters similar to those of extant Ephedra rhytidosperma Pachomova, including articulate branches with many fine longitudinal striations, a dichasial branching pattern, uni- or bi-ovulate cones with paired bracts, cones terminal on branchlets, and seeds with a short, straight micropylar tubes, covered by numerous regular and prominent transverse laminar protuberances. Fossils are similar to extant E. rhytidosperma reproductive organs but differ in some vegetative structures and are described and discussed here as Ephedra archaeorhytidosperma Y. Yang et al. Because E. rhytidosperma is currently considered one of the most specialized members in Ephedra L. section Pseudobaccatae Stapf, the occurrence of E. archaeorhytidosperma in the Yixian Formation suggests that Ephedra L. was perhaps a more diverse genus in the Lower Cretaceous. Perhaps the evolution and diversity of Ephedra L. was already in place by the Lower Cretaceous and certainly before the end of the Mesozoic.     

Estimation of the age of extant Ephedra using chloroplast rbcL sequence data

The distinctive gymnosperm genus Ephedra is sometimes considered to have originated over 200 million years (Myr) ago on the basis of "ephedroid" fossil pollen. In this article we estimate the age of extant Ephedra using chloroplast rbcL gene sequences. Relative rate tests fail to reject the null hypothesis of equal rates of nucleotide substitution of the rbcL sequences among three landmark lineages (Gnetales, Pinaceae, and Ginkgo). The most divergent sequences we have found in Ephedra differ by only 7 bp for an 1,110 bp region of rbcL sequence, whereas the differences among genera range from 92 to 107 bp in Gnetales and from 35 to 92 bp in Pinaceae. Using three landmark events, the age of extant Ephedra is estimated to be approximately 8-32 Myr. Our result is consistent with the current distribution of many Ephedra species in geologically recent habitats and points out difficulties in the identification of older ephedroid pollen fossils with the modern genus Ephedra.     

How many species of Araucarioxylon?

Fossil wood, similar to that of modern Araucariaceae, has been known for a long time, and is usually called Araucarioxylon. More than 400 morphospecies have been described, whereas this wood type displays few characteristic features. This taxonomical profusion is compounded by nomenclatural problems, Araucarioxylon being an illegitimate name. The status of the wood morphogenus, the infrageneric structure and the names that apply to the taxa designated for fossil woods of the Araucarioxylon-type are discussed. A database with 428 morphospecies designated for Araucarioxylon-type of wood is analyzed. The name Agathoxylon Hartig seems to be the most appropriate for the corresponding morphogenus. Albeit theoretically several hundred morphospecies could be recognized within this group, it is at least as probable that only one should be retained.