冻干高活力纳豆芽胞杆菌菌粉保护剂的筛选和优化

【目的】对冻干高活力纳豆芽胞杆菌菌粉保护剂进行筛选和优化研究,提高菌粉活菌存活率。【方法】采用单因素实验和正交实验设计,通过测定活菌存活率,筛选出最佳保护剂的配方;并研究采用优化后冻干保护剂制备的菌粉在20°C、4°C、25°C下的保存稳定性。【结果】纳豆芽胞杆菌的有效保护剂是:脱脂乳粉、甘露醇、L-抗坏血酸钠。最佳冷冻干燥保护剂配方是:脱脂乳粉10%+甘露醇4%+L-抗坏血酸钠1%,存活率达到91.63%。菌粉在20°C、4°C、25°C下保存12个月后,存活率分别为:88.79%、70.16%和10.52%,说明菌粉在20°C和4°C下保存稳定性较好,25°C下稳定性比较差。【结论】对纳豆芽胞杆菌冻干菌粉保护剂的优化,对纳豆芽胞杆菌的应用、活菌产品的质量稳定及新产品的研发均有一定的指导意义。     

保护剂对混合甲烷氧化菌剂中菌群结构的影响

[目的]明晰混合甲烷氧化菌剂制备工艺及保护剂对菌群结构的影响。[方法]通过正交实验优化保护剂配方,并结合高通量测序分析菌剂制备前后菌群结构及甲烷降解能力变化。[结果]当保护剂配比为葡萄糖浓度(单位为g/mL菌液) 2. 5%、甘油15%、脱脂乳粉10%时,菌群存活率高达112. 7%;菌群结构由冻干前的优势菌Methylocystaceae(甲基孢囊菌属)、Acidovorax(食酸菌属)等演替为Ralstonia(罗尔斯顿菌属)、Stenotrophomonas(寡养单胞菌)等,其中对甲烷降解作用的Methylocystaceae(甲基孢囊菌属)冻前丰度71. 70%降为冻后的4. 26%;甲烷降解率由冻前的76. 21%降为冻后的74. 23%。[结论]混合菌剂制备过程中保护剂作为新碳源及能源影响了菌群结构,甲烷降解率下降2. 6%。菌群对外界因素的响应灵敏,但群体行为之间的关系和机理还有待探析。     

冻干保护剂对假单胞菌菌粉存活率的影响

保护剂的添加对提高假单胞菌冷冻干燥菌粉的存活率和贮藏稳定性有显著效果。设计实验对冻干保护剂进行筛选和优化研究,通过单因素实验和正交实验筛选出了最佳保护剂组合:脱脂乳粉10%,山梨醇3%,甘油1%,L-抗坏血酸钠2%,假单胞菌冻干后的存活率可达90%,菌粉25℃存放6个月,存活率为50.2%。     

长双歧杆菌DD98冻干保护剂优化及菌粉保存稳定性研究

以长双歧杆菌DD98为研究对象,通过对冻干保护剂配方的优化,冻干菌粉的存活率提高到90%以上。通过进一步稳定性研究,采用保护剂优化配方制备的冻干菌粉在4℃保存24个月后,活菌数仍在1.0×10^10 CFU/g以上,在25℃条件下可以保存12个月,双歧杆菌的存活率在1.0×10^6CFU/g以上,符合FAO/WHO建议食品益生菌活菌数应在1.0×10^6 CFU/g^1.0×10^7CFU/g的标准。     

植物乳杆菌发酵、冻干工艺及其益生特性的研究

目的以Lactobacillus plantarum SQ-2506为目标,研究该菌株的发酵、冻干工艺及其益生特性。方法通过对培养基中C源、N源和刺激因子的浓度改变考察对活菌数的影响,从而确定培养基的最佳配方;在确定最佳培养基后做出该菌的生长曲线以确定最佳发酵时间点;同时考察冻干保护剂的配方和预冷时间对菌粉活菌数的影响;此外,对植物乳杆菌进行产酸、产H_2O_2、生物膜形成能力、抑菌特性以及抗氧化能力的检测。结果最佳MRS培养基中葡萄糖浓度为0.8%、酪蛋白胨为0.4%、牛肉粉为0.6%、吐温为0.06%;植物乳杆菌的生长曲线在5h时达到稳定期,此时发酵液活菌数为3.16×10~9 CFU/mL,发酵液的pH为4.45。最佳冻干保护剂的配方:脱脂乳100g/L,蔗糖120g/L,抗坏血酸20g/L,谷氨酸钠30g/L;冻干前对上机液预冻时间为2h,此时菌粉冻干存活率为70.21%。该菌株具有产酸、产H_2O_2能力,并对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色假丝酵母均有一定的抑制作用,形成膜能力较强,且具有一定的抗氧化能力。结论通过培养基成分、发酵条件和冻干工艺的优化以及对其益生特性的研究,为下一步新药开发和规模化生产奠定基础。     

冷风干燥制备高活菌的恶臭假单胞菌菌粉

【目的】获得高活菌恶臭假单胞菌菌粉,提高菌体干燥及保藏存活率。【方法】选用冷风干燥法制备活菌粉,并优化吸附载体与保护剂。【结果】冷风干燥制备恶臭假单胞菌菌粉干燥存活率普遍达到65%以上,显著优于喷雾干燥(24%);对载体与保护剂进行正交试验优化,确定了载体为混合的硅藻土和碱处理玉米芯粉,混合比为1:2,保护剂(质量比)为甘露醇7%、谷氨酸钠5%、甘油1%,制得菌粉活菌数为1.03×1011 CFU/g,室温保藏30 d和4 °C保藏60 d存活率分别达到40.54%和71.67%。【结论】冷风干燥温度相对较低(10?40 °C),对菌体损伤小,碱处理玉米芯粉、甘露醇和谷氨酸钠是提高菌粉保藏存活率的重要因子,此法克服了革兰氏阴性菌菌粉不易制备和不耐保藏的瓶颈。     

一株高效苯酚降解真菌的分离鉴定及其菌剂的制备

【背景】含酚废水是普遍存在的有毒、难降解的有机污染物之一,生物法处理含酚废水因成本低、无二次污染而具有广阔的应用前景。可降解苯酚的微生物中,真菌比细菌对恶劣环境的适应性更好。针对液态菌液保存时间较短和运输困难的瓶颈,制备固体菌剂可以提高菌体存活率和储藏稳定性。【目的】筛选一株能够高效降解苯酚的真菌,优化其降酚性能并选择合适的载体制备菌剂。【方法】通过逐级驯化和纯化分离降酚菌,筛选得到降酚性能较强的真菌并通过ITS r DNA基因测序进行种属鉴定,通过参数优化进一步提高菌株降解苯酚的性能;以不同材料为载体制备菌剂,通过稀释平板计数法和苯酚降解实验探究菌剂在不同温度下的保存效果。【结果】分离筛选得到一株高效降解苯酚真菌QWD1,通过鉴定证明其属于Magnusiomyces capitatus,其最适降解条件:(NH_4)_2SO_4为氮源,接种量为15%,pH为7.0,温度为35°C,氮源浓度为14 mmol/L。在此条件下,28 d内对1 600 mg/L苯酚去除率可以达到97.15%;制备菌剂最合适载体为谷糠,适宜保存温度为4°C,保存时间可达到90 d甚至更长,活菌数高达2.5×10~8 CFU/g左右,降解苯酚效果良好。【结论】筛选得到了一株高效降解苯酚真菌,优化其降解性能并将其制备成菌剂,为处理含酚废水提供了新菌种和理论支持。     

木质素降解菌BYL-7的筛选及降解条件优化

【背景】微生物降解木质素因其具有降解效率高和环保等特点而备受关注。【目的】筛选高效木质素降解真菌,并对其降解条件进行优化。【方法】通过愈创木酚-马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)和苯胺蓝平板法筛选高效木质素降解菌株,利用单因素筛选及响应面试验对培养条件进行优化。【结果】筛选到一株高效木质素降解菌BYL-7,经形态和多序列分析初步确定为Trametes versicolor。单因素试验证明初始pH、温度和接种量为降解木质素显著影响因子,响应面试验确定降解木质素最优条件为：初始pH 6.7,温度25 °C,接种量8%。在此条件下,碱性木质素降解率为36.5%,比未优化前提高54.0%;水稻秸秆木质素、半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别为32.8%、21.5%、13.2%,其中木质素降解率比未优化前提高36.1%;漆酶活性在第6天达到峰值120.0 U/L,比未优化前提高25.0%;木质素过氧化物酶活性在第6天达到峰值1 343.8 U/L,比未优化前提高36.0%;锰过氧化物酶活性在第5天达到峰值463.8 U/L,比未优化前提高31.7%。【结论】研究结果为木质素的降解提供了良好的菌种资源,同时也为后续木质素的研究积累了相关数据。     

芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉的制备及稳定性研究

目的:利用喷雾干燥工艺制备芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉,并研究菌粉的活性及稳定性。方法:以脱脂乳、海藻糖、β-环糊精和谷氨酸钠为保护剂,采用喷雾干燥(条件为:进口温度100℃,出口温度50～60℃,进样速度2～4mL/min)制备芽孢杆菌菌粉,以喷干存活率和菌粉活菌数为指标,选择最佳制备条件。结果:获得喷干保护剂配方为脱脂乳10.0%、海藻糖6.0%、β-环糊精13.0%、谷氨酸钠15.0%,喷干存活率为65.9%,菌粉活菌数为1.38×109CFU/g,存放180 d后菌粉活菌数为1.03×10~9CFU/g。结论:喷雾干燥工艺可以用于芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉的制备,获得的菌粉稳定性较好。     

远海50个站位沉积物中潜在木质素降解菌的分离与鉴定

【背景】微生物在海洋木质素的降解过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,然而来源海洋环境的木质素降解菌的相关研究报道却很少。【目的】从远海沉积物环境分离潜在的木质素降解菌,为木质素的可再生化学物质转化提供菌种资源。【方法】利用以木质素为唯一碳源的培养基,对50个远海沉积物样品中的木质素降解菌进行富集培养与纯化,并利用含苯胺蓝的脱色培养基筛选潜在木质素降解菌,继而通过16S rRNA基因测序与序列比对初步确定潜在木质素降解菌的分类地位。【结果】从50个沉积物样品中共分离获得菌株283株,其中潜在木质素降解菌263株,它们隶属于α-变形杆菌纲(Alphapreobacteria)、γ-变形杆菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、放线杆菌纲(Actinobacteria)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)中的32个属。【结论】远海沉积物环境中蕴含着丰富的木质素降解菌,为海洋生物资源的开发利用提供了新的参考。     

The influence of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free beverages on lipid levels and lipid peroxides in serum of rats

It is an established fact that moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages leads to some positive biochemical changes in blood that are widely regarded as indicators of improved prevention of atherosclerosis. However, at present, there are different opinions regarding the biologically active compounds of alcoholic beverages that bring about these changes. This experiment was conducted on 60 male Wistar rats, which were divided into five groups, each of which contained 12 rats: four experimental groups (EG1, EG2, EG3, EG4) and one control group (CG). During 4 weeks, all groups of rats were fed basal diet (BD) supplemented with dry red wine (EG1), beer (EG2), lyophilized dry red wine (EG3), or lyophilized beer (EG4). The rats of the CG were fed BD only. The rats of EG1 and EG2 were fed BD supplemented daily with 2.0 mL of wine and 6.0 mL of beer, respectively. The rats of EG3 and EG4 were fed BD supplemented daily with lyophilized wine and lyophilized beer at a concentration corresponding to an intake of 2.0 mL of original wine and 6.0 mL of original beer, respectively. Before and after completion of the trial, a wide range of laboratory tests including lipids and lipid peroxides were performed. The results of this investigation reveal that both original and lyophilized wine and beer exercise statistically significant beneficial lipidemic and antioxidant effects by reducing total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipid peroxides (P < 0.05 for all) and by elevating the high density lipoprotein cholesterol:TC ratio. There were no statistically significant differences in the results between groups fed BD supplemented with original wine and beer versus groups fed BD supplemented with lyophilized wine and beer. Therefore, it can be concluded that the biologically active compound of these beverages is their dry matter containing inter alia polyphenols in relatively high concentrations.     

Biodegradation of high concentrations of formaldehyde by lyophilized cells of Methylobacterium sp. FD1

In the present study, Methylobacterium sp. FD1 utilizing formaldehyde was isolated from soil. The resting cells of FD1 degraded high concentrations of formaldehyde (~2.7 M) and produced formic acid and methanol that were molar equivalents of one-half of the degraded formaldehyde. This result suggests that formaldehyde degradation by FD1 is caused by formaldehyde dismutase. The optimal temperature and pH for formaldehyde degradation by the resting cells of FD1 were 40 °C and 5–7, respectively. The lyophilized cells of FD1 also degraded high concentrations of formaldehyde. The formaldehyde degradation activity of the lyophilized cells was maintained as the initial activity at 25 °C for 287 days. These results suggest that the lyophilized cells of FD1 are useful as formaldehyde degradation materials.     

抗绿脓杆菌鸡卵黄色免疫蛋白的冷冻干燥研究

介绍了冷冻干燥技术的原理、抗绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,简称PA)鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin of Yolk,IgY)的冷冻干燥工艺过程及其参数.通过实验,获得了抗-PA IgY的冻干曲线;经间接血球凝集实验检测,抗-PAIgY的冻干品的活性为1128;在4℃和25℃下,抗-PAIgY的冻干品保存6个月,其活性不变.     

Quantification of melittin and apamin in bee venom lyophilized powder from Apis mellifera by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of melittin and apamin in crude bee venom lyophilized powder (CBVLP) as the traditional Chinese medicine possessing specific biological activity. Melittin and apamin were extracted with pure water from CBVLP samples followed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis. The method was validated to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), intraday precision, interday precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. The assay was linear over the concentration ranges of 1-100 and 0.2-25 μg/ml with limit of quantifications (LOQs) of 1.0 and 0.3 μg/ml for melittin and apamin, respectively. The precision results were expressed as coefficients of variation (CVs), ranging from 2.2% to 11.4% for intraday repeatability and from 3.2% to 13.1% for interday intermediary precision. The concentrations of endogenous melittin and apamin in CBVLP samples ranged from 46% to 53% and from 2.2% to 3.7% of dry weight, respectively. This rapid, simple, precise, and sensitive method allowed the simultaneous determination of melittin and apamin to evaluate authenticity and quality of CBVLP samples.     

Reconstruction of a rabbit corneal epithelium on a lyophilized amniotic membrane using tilting air-liquid interface culture followed by tilting submerged culture

Herein, we reconstructed a rabbit corneal epithelium on a lyophilized amniotic membrane (LAM) using a modified version of two Teflon rings (the Ahn’s supporter). We compared the corneal epithelial cells we had differentiated in vitro using air-liquid interface (6 days, 12 days) and submerged (6 days, 12 days) cultures and followed a six-day tilting dynamic air-liquid interface culture with a six-day tilting submerged culture. We characterized the reconstructed corneal epithelium using digital photography, histological imaging, and transmission electron microscopy. The reconstructed corneal epithelium created under air-liquid interface culture exhibited a healthier basal corneal epithelial layer than that created under submerged culture. The reconstructed corneal epithelium on the LAM that was produced using the tilting dymanic culture exhibited a healthy basal layer. We therefore proposed that tilting submerged culture not only supplied nutrients from the medium to the corneal epithelial cells on the LAM, but it also removed the horny layer in the upper part of the reconstructed corneal epithelium, presumably by mimicking the effects of blinking. This study demonstrated that corneal epithelium reconstruction on a LAM using a tilting submerged culture after a tilting air-liquid interface culture may be useful not only for allogeneic or autologous transplantation, but also for in vitro toxicological test kits.     

Covalent cross-linking of proteins without chemical reagents

A facile method for the formation of zero-length covalent cross-links between protein molecules in the lyophilized state without the use of chemical reagents has been developed. The cross-linking process is performed by simply sealing lyophilized protein under vacuum in a glass vessel and heating at 85 degrees C for 24 h. Under these conditions, approximately one-third of the total protein present becomes cross-linked, and dimer is the major product. Chemical and mass spectroscopic evidence obtained shows that zero-length cross-links are formed as a result of the condensation of interacting ammonium and carboxylate groups to form amide bonds between adjacent molecules. For the protein examined in the most detail, RNase A, the cross-linked dimer has only one amide cross-link and retains the enzymatic activity of the monomer. The in vacuo cross-linking procedure appears to be general in its applicability because five different proteins tested gave substantial cross-linking, and co-lyophilization of lysozyme and RNase A also gave a heterogeneous covalently cross-linked dimer.     

Design and characterization of multifaceted lyophilized liposomal wafers with promising wound healing potential

Various dressings are available to heal chronic wounds which many times fail to achieve the expected results. To overcome some of their drawbacks, formulation of a novel dressing; lyophilized liposomal wafers having better wound healing potential has been proposed in the present study. The drug incorporated in the formulation is gatifloxacin (GTX) which is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic having in vitro activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The formulation was designed in three stages where at first liposomes were prepared, the liposomes were converted to gel using chitosan and lastly this gel was lyophilized to form liposomal wafers. Liposomes were prepared by varying the concentration of lipid and cholesterol and evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, in vitro cumulative release, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Liposomes were converted to liposomal gel using chitosan and evaluated for texture, clarity, viscosity, spreadibility and in vitro drug release. Finally, this liposomal batch was subjected to lyophilization to convert it to liposomal wafers and subjected to SEM, differential scanning calorimetric, X-ray diffraction and drug release studies. The in vivo studies were carried out on Wistar rats where wound healing potential of the wafers was confirmed by histopathological evaluation.     

Enterococcus faecalis inhibits Klebsiella pneumoniae growth in polymicrobial biofilms in a glucose-enriched medium

Abstract

Catheter-related urinary tract infections are one of the most common biofilm-associated diseases. Within biofilms, bacteria cooperate, compete, or have neutral interactions. This study aimed to investigate the interactions in polymicrobial biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis, two of the most common uropathogens. Although K. pneumoniae was the most adherent strain, it could not maintain dominance in the polymicrobial biofilm due to the lactic acid produced by E. faecalis in a glucose-enriched medium. This result was supported by the use of E. faecalis V583 ldh-1/ldh-2 double mutant (non-producer of lactic acid), which did not inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae. Lyophilized cell-free supernatants obtained from E. faecalis biofilms also showed antimicrobial/anti-biofilm activity against K. pneumoniae. Conversely, there were no significant differences in planktonic polymicrobial cultures. In summary, E. faecalis modifies the pH by lactic acid production in polymicrobial biofilms, which impairs the growth of K. pneumoniae.     

On protein solubility in organic solvent

Solubility of a model protein, hen egg-white lysozyme, was investigated in a wide range of neat nonaqueous solvents and binary mixtures thereof. All solvents that are protic, very hydrophilic, and polar readily dissolve more than 10 mg/mL of lysozyme (lyophilized from aqueous solution of pH 6.0). Only a marginal correlation was found between the lysozyme solubility in a non-aqueous solvent and the letter's dielectric constant or Hildebrand solubility parameter, and no correlation was observed with the dipole moment. Lysozyme dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could be precipitated by adding protein nondissolving co-solvents, although the enzyme had a tendency to form supersaturated solutions in such mixtures. The solubility of lysozyme, both in an individual solvent (1,5-pentanediol) and in binary solvent mixtures (DMSO/acetonitrile), markedly increased when the pH of the enzyme aqueous solution prior to lyophilization was moved away from the proteins's isoelectric point. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.