c-Myc localization within the nucleus: evidence for association with the PML nuclear body

Definitive localization of c-Myc within the nucleus is important to fully understand the regulation and function of this oncoprotein. Studies of c-Myc distribution, however, have produced conflicting results. To overcome technical challenges inherent in c-Myc cytology, we use here three methods to visualize c-Myc and in addition examine the impact of proteasome inhibition. EYFP or HA-tagged Myc was reintroduced by stable transfection into myc null diploid rat fibroblasts, replacing endogenous Myc with tagged Myc expressed at or near normal levels. This tagged Myc is shown to functionally replace the endogenous Myc by restoration of normal cell morphology and growth rate. We were able to confirm key findings using antibodies to the endogenous c-Myc and/or its partner, Max. Contrary to some published reports, by all three methods the c-Myc protein in rat fibroblasts distributes predominantly throughout the nucleus in a dispersed granular pattern, avoiding the nucleolus. Importantly, however, several findings provide evidence for an unanticipated relationship between c-Myc and PML nuclear bodies, which is enhanced under conditions of proteasome inhibition. Evidence of Max concentration within PML bodies is shown both with and without proteasome inhibition, strengthening the relationship between PML bodies and Myc/Max. Some accumulation of Myc and Max in nucleoli upon proteasome inhibition is also observed, although co-localization of ubiquitin was only seen with PML bodies. This work provides a comprehensive study of c-Myc distribution and also presents the first evidence of a relationship between turnover of this oncoprotein and PML nuclear bodies, known to break down in certain cancers.     

靶向c-Myc的癌症治疗策略

c-Myc是一种转录因子,参与Myc/Max/Mxd信号调控网络。c-Myc不仅调节机体的正常发育,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中也发挥着十分重要的作用。目前的研究显示,超过70%肿瘤中存在c-Myc突变或表达量的变化。因此,c-Myc靶向抑制剂可能成为肿瘤治疗的新策略。目前,临床上尚无针对c-Myc的治疗方法,但是随着靶向c-Myc临床应用研究的不断深入,以Omomyc为代表的抑制剂研究取得了较大的进展,并且c-Myc在肿瘤中的直接抑制可能发展为可行的临床治疗手段。虽然靶向c-Myc在癌症治疗中具有广阔的前景,但c-Myc的直接抑制目前仍存在诸多的风险与挑战。本综述中,首先,对c-Myc在细胞中的调节网络及其生物学功能进行简要的总结;其次,讨论靶向c-Myc及其同系物在肿瘤治疗中的潜在意义;另外,总结c-Myc作为一个潜在的临床治疗靶点应用于临床所面临的诸多挑战。最后,对目前已经发现的一些c-Myc抑制剂,例如小分子抑制剂以及蛋白质和肽类抑制剂的优缺点进行对比与探讨,并就其所存在的问题作出展望,从而为癌症中以c-Myc为靶点的临床治疗提供理论依据。