湖南烟区烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)硼含量与土壤有效硼含量的关系

分析湖南烟区烤烟硼含量与土壤有效硼含量的关系,结果表明：（1）湖南烟叶硼含量偏低,平均为（21.72±12.98）mg/kg,变幅为9.22-89.04mg/kg,有88.89%的烟叶样本硼含量落在10.00-40.00mg/kg范围内;（2）湖南植烟土壤有效硼含量较低,平均为（0.25±0.23）mg/kg,变幅较大（0.07-1.28mg/kg）;有93.40%的土壤样本在不同程度上缺硼（≤0.40mg/kg）,另有4.51%的土样有效硼含量充足（〉1.0mg/kg）,满足优质烟叶生长发育正常的土样仅占2.09%;（3）烟叶硼含量与土壤有效硼含量呈极显著正相关（相关系数为0.745）,288个样品的烟叶硼含量（y^）与土壤有效硼含量（x）建立的回归方程为y^=11.47＋41.71x;（4）在土壤有效硼含量分组后,采用方差分析方法研究了烟叶化学成分的组间差异,表明烟碱、氮/碱、糖/碱的组间差异均达到1%的极显著水平,而总氮、总糖含量的组间差异不显著。     

湖南不同烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的生态原因

于2007年在湖南省3个典型植烟生态区代表地(湘西北桑植县、湘中浏阳市、湘南永州市)分别同时进行大田本土栽培、客土与本土单独盆栽试验,检测烤烟K326收获期各处理中部烟叶杀青样品的烟碱含量,研究湖南不同烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的主要生态原因.结果表明:湖南不同烟区大田本土正常栽培烤烟的平均烟碱含量存在显著差异,其中以桑植烟区所产烟叶烟碱含量最高,其次是浏阳烟区,永州烟区最低.盆栽试验结果表明,气候对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量有显著影响,土壤及其与气候的互作对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量的影响有限.气候、土壤及两者互作对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量变异的贡献率依次为60.0%、12.8%和27.2%.与湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量关联度较大的主要亚生态因子依次为:成熟期的云量和伸根期的相对湿度、日照时数、昼夜温差、降雨量以及旺长期的平均气温.综合分析表明,气候是导致湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的主要生态因素.     

铜山烟区生态因素和烟叶质量特点

分析了河南省铜山烟区适宜种植烤烟的基本条件、气候因素、土壤养分状况及所产烟叶的质量特点,结果表明:(1)该烟区具有无霜期长、大于10℃积温高、日均气温大于20℃的时间长等突出特点,地貌类型为浅山丘陵,土壤为黄褐土,多呈中性微酸反应,土壤含氯量较低,多项指标均达到了烤烟适宜或最适宜类型生长发育所要求的环境条件。(2)铜山烟区较强的太阳辐射、较长的日照时数、较适宜的降雨量可能是该区域烟叶香气质好、香气量足、吃味醇厚的主要生态学外因。(3)铜山烟区土壤养分含量存在较大的变异。一般土壤有机质含量较丰富,总体供氮水平较高,速效磷含量丰缺各半,大面积土壤钾含量中等偏低,多数中微量元素含量丰富,但钙镁比、钾钙比不合理,影响了烟株对镁和钾的吸收利用,且有效钼、有效硼含量普遍偏低,应注意追施钼肥和硼肥。(4)铜山烟区烟叶颜色桔黄,外观品质佳;各化学成分含量较适宜,组成比例协调;浓香型风格突出,配伍性强,感官评吸质量较好。     

气候暖干化对甘肃省谷子产量的影响及对策

基于甘肃省甘州（河西温和干旱绿洲灌溉区）、安定（陇中温和半干旱旱作区）、西峰（陇东温和半湿润旱作区）气温、降水和谷子产量资料,计算出各区域谷子生育期内≥0 ℃、≥5 ℃、≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃活动积温以及生育关键期平均气温和降水量,用正交多项式拟合分离出谷子气候产量,并采用线性倾向、累积距平、Mann-Kendall法分析研究区气候和谷子气候产量的变化特征,以及气候变化对谷子产量的影响.结果表明：气候暖干化是甘肃各区域现代气候变化的主要特征,各地气温从20世纪90年代初开始呈显著上升趋势,降水从20世纪80年代后期开始显著减少;该区谷子产量与温度、降水量呈显著相关关系,旱作区谷子产量随生育关键期内气温增高、降水量增多而提高,河西走廊绿洲灌区谷子产量随气温增高而提高;气候暖干化严重影响谷子产量,西峰、安定、甘州谷子产量的气象波动指数分别占实际产量变异系数的73%、72%和54%,变暖后（1993-2008年）较变暖前（1985-1992年）所占百分率明显增大;气候变暖有利于谷子产量增加,与气候变暖前相比,气候变暖后西峰、安定、甘州谷子年均气候产量的增加量分别为30.6、43.1和121.1 kg·hm^-2.针对甘肃省未来气候继续暖干化的趋势,应进一步扩大谷子种植面积、调整谷子种植结构,同时,要根据不同气候类型区域、不同气候年型选种不同特性的品种,采取不同的种植措施.     

气候和土壤及其互作对湖南烤烟还原糖、烟碱和总氮含量的影响

在湖南3大烟区的永州市、浏阳市、桑植县进行盆栽试验,探讨气候、土壤及其互作对湖南烟叶还原糖、烟碱和总氮含量的影响。结果表明:①烟叶还原糖、烟碱和总氮3种化学成分的变异强度中等,且其变异强弱按该顺序递减。②气候、土壤及其互作对烟叶还原糖、烟碱和总氮3种化学成分的影响程度不同,气候对它们均具有强影响效应,土壤对它们无明显影响;气候与土壤的互作对它们的影响效应年际间有差异。气候对还原糖、烟碱和总氮3种化学成分含量变异总的贡献率为51.42%,土壤为19.78%,气候与土壤互作为28.79%。气候是影响这3种烟叶化学成分的主要生态因素。③烟株大田发育不同时期的不同气候因子与烟叶化学成分的相关性不同,其中伸根期的日照时数、昼夜温差与蒸发量,旺长期的相对湿度、平均气温与云量,成熟期的平均气温、昼夜温差与日照时数分别是各时期与烟叶化学成分相关性较大的前3个气候因子。整个大田期以平均气温、相对湿度和昼夜温差3个气候因子与烟叶化学成分的相关性较大。     

湖南烟区烤烟硫含量与土壤有效硫含量的分布特点

采用野外调查、田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,分析了湖南烟区烤烟硫含量与土壤有效硫含量的分布特点及相互关系.结果表明湖南烟叶硫含量较高,平均为(0.81±0.26)%,变幅为0.34%～1.49%,有39.29%的烟叶硫含量小于0.70%;不同等级烟叶硫含量的变化规律为上橘二(B2F)＞中橘三(C3F)＞下橘二(X2F).湖南种植烤烟土壤有效硫含量较丰富且变异范围大,平均为(37.16±27.59)mg·kg-1,变幅为2.20～217.60 mg·kg-1;有22.58%的土壤在不同程度上缺硫(≤16.0 mg·kg-1),有26.08%的土壤有效硫含量偏高(＞50.0 mg·kg-1),满足优质烟叶生长发育的正常土壤占51.34%;不同土壤类型有效硫含量的变化规律为鸭屎泥＞黄泥田＞红黄泥＞青泥田＞沙泥田＞黄灰土＞黄壤土.相关分析表明,烟叶硫含量与土壤有效硫含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.469, P＜0.01).     

土壤与烤烟中微量元素含量的相关性

通过分析四川省会理烟区土壤及红花大金元烟叶各30份样品中微量元素含量,研究了会理烟区植烟土壤与烟叶中中微量元素含量之间的定量关系。结果表明:会理烟区大部分土壤中微量元素含量在较适宜的范围内,但部分土壤水溶性硼、有效锌含量较低,烟叶中铜元素、镁元素含量较缺乏;利用多元线性逐步回归分析得到土壤与烟叶中微量元素的回归方程,其中烟叶中的锰、锌含量均受到土壤中5个中微量元素的综合影响,而钙含量仅受到土壤中有效锰和交换性钙的影响;偏相关和通径分析结果表明,烟叶中微量元素与其对应的土壤内中微量元素呈极显著正相关,且直接作用系数最大。土壤中的中微量元素之间存在着广泛的协同或拮抗效应,其中土壤有效锰的含量对烟叶所有中微量元素含量的影响最大,而烟叶锌含量受土壤中其他中微量元素的影响最大。     

沙生药用植物锁阳产地适宜性的定量评价

通过实地取样、标本查阅和文献研究获得131个锁阳（Cynomorium songaricum）采样点数据,并运用ArcGIS技术平台,从气候、土壤、地形数据库中提取了各采样点的生态因子,得出锁阳适宜生态因子范围。以此为据,利用中药材产地适宜性分析系统（TCMGIS）对锁阳在中国的产地适宜性进行多因子的空间分析。结果表明,锁阳适生区域主要位于西北干旱地区,包括内蒙古、新疆、宁夏、甘肃、青海等省（区）。研究结果对我国西北地区防沙固沙、荒漠生态保护和恢复具有重要的社会效应和生态价值。     

湖北烟区烤烟气候适生性评价及与国外烟区的相似性分析

分析了湖北烟区不同移栽期条件下的气候状况,通过定量估算气候适生性指数(CFI),合理评价了烤烟种植的气候适生性,并对各植烟县(市)建议移栽期下的气候条件与国外优质烟区进行了相似性分析,结果表明:(1)当气温稳定通过15℃、18℃、20℃和22℃分别进行移栽时,CFI值依次为0.863±0.06、0.848±0.06、0.855±0.07和0.890±0.05,表明移栽期是影响烟叶品质形成的重要因素.(2)确定了24个植烟县(市)的烤烟建议移栽期,即利川、五峰、老河口、兴山、郧西、房县、竹山和长阳等8个植烟县(市)适宜于当气温稳定通过18℃时移栽;宣恩适宜于气温稳定通过20℃时移栽;其余15个植烟县(市)适宜于低温移栽(气温稳定通过15℃移栽).(3)湖北烟区在烤烟建议移栽期的气候条件与巴西、津巴布韦的相似程度较美国高,相似性分析为充分利用湖北烟区自然资源提供了参考依据.     

湖南烤烟硫含量的区域特征及其对烟叶评吸质量的影响

采集湖南主产烟区B2F、C3F、X2F3个等级烟叶样本559份,通过测定烟叶硫含量,研究了湖南烤烟硫含量的区域特征及烟叶硫含量与烟叶评吸质量评价指标间的量化关系．结果表明：湖南主产烟区烤烟硫含量范围为0．100％～2．106％,均值为0．884％,其中含量大于0．7％的样本占71．6％;在区域差异方面,烤烟硫含量由湘中高值区域逐渐向湘南和湘西北降低．随着烟叶硫含量的增加,烤烟的香气质、余味、燃烧性和灰色变差,杂气和刺激性增加,香味、吃味和评吸总分分值降低．受大量施用硫酸钾和大气硫沉降的影响,湖南部分烟区烟叶硫含量偏高,对烟叶品质产生负面影响,已成为目前影响烟叶质量提高的关键因素之一,在生产中应引起足够的重视．     

Effects of soil, climate, and their interaction on some neutral volatile aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves from high quality tobacco planting regions of Hunan Province

A pot experiment with the soils from Yongzhou, Liuyang, and Sangzhi, the high-quality tobacco planting regions of Hunan Province, was conducted to study the effects of climate, soil, and their interaction on some neutral volatile aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves. The contents of test neutral volatile aroma components in the flue-cured tobacco leaves were of medium variation, and the variation intensity was decreased in the order of dihydroactinolide, damascenone, furfural, total megastigmatrienone, and beta-ionone. Climate, soil, and their interaction affected the neutral volatile aroma components in different degrees. The furfural content was most affected by climate, the damascenone content was most affected by climate and by soil, the total megastigmatrienone and beta-ionone contents were most affected by the interaction of soil and climate, while the dihydroactinolide content was less affected by soil, climate, and their interaction. The contribution of climate, soil, and their interaction to the contents of the five aroma components was 40.82%, 20.67%, and 38.51%, respectively. During different growth periods of tobacco, different climate factors had different effects on the neutral volatile aroma components. The rainfall, cloudiness, and mean air temperature at rooting stage, the diurnal temperature amplitude, sunshine time, and evaporation at vigorous growth stage, and the rainfall, evaporation, and mean air temperature at maturing stage were the top three climate factors affecting the contents of the neutral volatile aroma components in flue-tobacco leaves. For the soil factors, the available potassium, available phosphorus, and pH were the top three factors affecting the contents of the five components.     

烤烟硝酸盐含量与土壤养分的关系

采用多元统计分析方法研究了湖南烤烟叶片硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量与土壤养分之间的关系,结果表明：（1）典型相关分析证实烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量与土壤主要含氮养分（土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮）及有机质含量的关系密切,与土壤其他养分含量的相关性较小,反映出在一定范围内,随着土壤含氮养分及有机质含量的增加,烟叶（亚）硝酸盐含量呈现增加的趋势,且土壤含氮养分及有机质含量与烟叶硝酸盐含量关系的密切程度高于与亚硝酸盐含量的相关;（2）根据烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量及其相应的植烟土壤养分（有机质、全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮）含量的大小,通过聚类分析把同一等级的烟叶样品分为高、中、低3类,不同类别相比较,有机质含量越高的土壤,其土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮含量以及相应的烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量也越高,说明土壤有机质的高低,直接影响了土壤氮素的供应状况,进而影响了烟叶硝态氮含量的积累;（3）根据聚类分析结果建立了不同等级烟叶硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量高低的判别函数,可作为烟叶硝态氮含量在不同土壤肥力条件下判别归类的参考依据。     

Investigation of ecological factors controlling quality of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) using classification methods

The growth and quality of tobacco are associated with ecological conditions, such as soil, climate or weather, and geographical attributes. Tobacco, especially flue-cured tobacco, is an important cash crop and widely cultivated in southwestern China. However, knowledge about critical ecological indicators affecting quality of flue-cured tobacco is limited in this region. In the current study, two well-known clustering algorithms, i.e., k-means and classification and regression trees (CART), were applied to investigate the critical ecological indicators controlling quality of flue-cured tobacco. On the basis of six quality indices and Davis–Bouldin index, a total of 142 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples were classified into three groups with low, medium, and high quality using k-means algorithm. The results obtained by CART model showed that geographical attributes (altitude, latitude, and longitude) and weather indicators had high effects on the quality of flue-cured tobacco followed by soil properties and varieties. Flue-cured tobacco plants with high quality preferred to be grown in areas with low values of altitude, rainfall and relative humidity, high values of latitude, longitude, sunshine hours, and temperature-related indices (mean, maximum and minimum temperatures and their difference), and low concentrations of soil nutrients in this study area. Nevertheless, further study should be conducted to understand the interaction among the ecological variables.     

湖南烟区土壤交换性钙、镁含量及对烤烟品质的影响

分析了湖南烟区主要土壤类型交换性钙、镁元素含量状况及其对烟叶品质的影响,结果表明:(1)土壤交换性钙、镁含量在不同土壤类型间存在显著性差异,交换性钙含量平均为8.87cmol/kg,以红壤含量最高;交换性镁含量平均为1.16cmol/kg,以黄棕壤含量最高;交换性钙镁比值大小依次为:红壤(11.74)>水稻土(10.25)>黄壤(6.84)>黄棕壤(6.14),在烟叶实际生产中,应重视镁肥在红壤和水稻土中的施用;(2)烟叶钙含量偏高(21.93g/kg±4.37g/kg),烟叶镁含量偏低(2.52g/kg±1.26g/kg),两者均存在广泛的变异性;(3)整体来看,烟叶钙含量随土壤中交换性钙含量的升高和镁含量的降低而显著升高;烟叶镁含量随土壤交换性镁含量的升高而升高,与土壤交换性钙含量的相关性不显著;(4)典型相关分析表明,土壤中交换性镁含量的降低可能引起烟叶钾含量的提高,从而使得烟叶钾素和镁素含量达到较好的平衡;(5)土壤交换性钙、镁含量与烟叶其它化学成分指标的相关分析表明,土壤交换性钙有利于烟株对硼和氯素的吸收,对氮、锌和锰素的吸收则有显著的抑制作用;而土壤交换性镁有利于烟叶总糖、硼素和锰素的积累,对氮、磷、铁和锌素的吸收具有显著的抑制作用。     

轮作模式对植烟土壤酶活性及真菌群落的影响

种植模式显著影响土壤理化生物学性质,并与作物土传真菌病害的发生密切相关。试验选择云南省具有代表性的红壤,设置烤烟-休闲-玉米(T-B-M)、烤烟-油菜-玉米(T-C-M)、烤烟-油菜-水稻(T-C-R)和烤烟-苕子-水稻(T-V-R)等4种轮作模式,利用化学、酶学分析及454高通量测序技术,研究了土壤养分、酶活性及真菌群落结构,旨在为烤烟的合理轮作提供科学依据。经16a的不同轮作种植后,土壤p H变化于5.6—6.4之间,仍然适合种植水稻、玉米、油菜和烤烟等多种作物。在T-V-R处理的土壤中,烤烟产量、烟叶产值和上中等烟比例最高,有机质比原初提高45.11%,碱解氮、有效磷和微生物量碳氮显著增加,蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性也显著高于其它轮作模式,说明T-V-R改善了土壤生态环境,促进了微生物繁衍,数量增加,活性增强。土壤真菌的18S r DNA读数依次为13097(T-B-M)、11345(T-C-M)、12939(T-C-R)和13763(T-V-R),分别代表530、378、395和581种(类)的真菌,由子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门、壶菌门和尚待鉴定的真菌等构成,其中尚待鉴定的真菌属种和子囊菌门占绝大部分。在不同轮作处理的土壤中,前15种优势真菌的丰富度变化于29.46%—62.86%之间,优势菌株的相似性极低,说明土壤真菌的种群结构因轮作模式不同而异。T-V-R处理土壤中的真菌多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低,说明T-V-R轮作的土壤适合多种真菌的繁殖生长,种群数量增加。多种真菌共同存在,互相制约,可防止病原真菌过度繁殖,降低作物发生真菌病害几率。从作物产量和产值、土壤有机质、养分和真菌种群结构看,T-V-R优于其它3种轮作模式,值得推广应用。     

Assessing trends in climate aridity and vulnerability to soil degradation in Italy

The present study illustrates a framework to analyze changes in climate aridity and soil degradation on a country scale in Italy. The spatial distribution of an indicator of soil vulnerability to degradation (the SQI, soil quality index) was compared with an aridity index (the ratio of annual rainfall to annual reference evapotranspiration) estimated on a decadal basis during 1951–2010. The aridity index decreased by 0.38% per year indicating increased aridity and a non-uniform spatial distribution of soil vulnerability to degradation. Changes in the aridity index were found associated with the lowest SQI classes, suggesting that the largest increase in climate aridity affects land with high-quality soils. Territorial disparities in the aridity index between high-quality and low-quality soils decreased over time indicating a more homogeneous and dry climate regime prevailing in the more recent decades. Results may inform sustainable land management policies and National Action Plans to combat desertification in the Mediterranean region. Areas classified at increased aridity and high vulnerability to soil degradation should be identified as a key target for climate change mitigation policies. Sustainable land management strategies are required to address the dependency between climate variations, land-use changes and soil degradation processes.     

整治区植烟土壤养分空间变异及肥力适宜性等级评价

采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术和地统计学方法,研究了湖北省恩施市“清江源”现代烟草农业科技园区、恩施城郊和利川柏杨基地单元新整治区域的土壤属性和速效养分空间变异特征,并采用模糊数学法对其土壤肥力适宜性指数(SFI)进行评价.结果表明: 土地整治对土壤速效磷含量的变异和空间分布的影响较大,这种影响程度可能与地形地貌特征和整治程度有关;土地整治对土壤pH值的影响较小,但是柏杨土壤酸化严重(pH<5.5).77.6%的城郊土壤具有较低的SFI,而柏杨和清江源分别仅有17.1%和31.4%的土壤具有较低的SFI.柏杨需要重点解决土壤酸化问题,城郊需要重点解决整个区域土壤培肥和肥力均衡化问题,而清江源则需解决SFI较低区域的培肥问题.     

Comparison of Soil Quality Index Using Three Methods

Assessment of management-induced changes in soil quality is important to sustaining high crop yield. A large diversity of cultivated soils necessitate identification development of an appropriate soil quality index (SQI) based on relative soil properties and crop yield. Whereas numerous attempts have been made to estimate SQI for major soils across the World, there is no standard method established and thus, a strong need exists for developing a user-friendly and credible SQI through comparison of various available methods. Therefore, the objective of this article is to compare three widely used methods to estimate SQI using the data collected from 72 soil samples from three on-farm study sites in Ohio. Additionally, challenge lies in establishing a correlation between crop yield versus SQI calculated either depth wise or in combination of soil layers as standard methodology is not yet available and was not given much attention to date. Predominant soils of the study included one organic (Mc), and two mineral (CrB, Ko) soils. Three methods used to estimate SQI were: (i) simple additive SQI (SQI-1), (ii) weighted additive SQI (SQI-2), and (iii) statistically modeled SQI (SQI-3) based on principal component analysis (PCA). The SQI varied between treatments and soil types and ranged between 0–0.9 (1 being the maximum SQI). In general, SQIs did not significantly differ at depths under any method suggesting that soil quality did not significantly differ for different depths at the studied sites. Additionally, data indicate that SQI-3 was most strongly correlated with crop yield, the correlation coefficient ranged between 0.74–0.78. All three SQIs were significantly correlated (r = 0.92–0.97) to each other and with crop yield (r = 0.65–0.79). Separate analyses by crop variety revealed that correlation was low indicating that some key aspects of soil quality related to crop response are important requirements for estimating SQI.