黑龙江省蜜环菌生物种的地理分布概况

自1999年至2002年间对黑龙江省境内几个主要林区中的蜜环菌生物种进行了调查、采集和鉴定,并对其寄主种类和子实体发生规律以及地理分布特点进行了总结分析。结果表明:黑龙江省境内至少存在5个蜜环菌生物种,即芥黄蜜环菌Armillaria sinapina,高卢蜜环菌A.gallica,黄盖蜜环菌A.luteopileata,奥氏蜜环菌A.ostoyae和中国生物种F;寄主包括10个针叶和阔叶树种;与其他几种蜜环菌生物种相比较,A.gallica是黑龙江省境内出现概率最大的一个生物种;根据采集经验发现,温度和湿度是影响子实体发生的主要因子。     

大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌生物种的研究

从大兴安岭和长白山采集到30号蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)标本,选其中有代表性的10个号的担子果获得单孢株。交配试验表明每一担子果都具有双因子异宗配合系。不同子实体交配型之间交配结果表明,在大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌目前至少存在5个生物种,分别称为生物种A、B、C、D和E。将这5个生物种的单孢菌种与欧洲5个蜜环菌生物种的单孢菌株进行配合,生物种B与欧洲A.gallica,生物种E与欧洲A.ostoyae亲和交配,因此将生物种B和E分别定为A.gallica和A.ostoyae。生物种A、C和D则不与任何欧洲生物种交配。     

中国蜜环菌生物种的RAPD分析

以中国蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea (vahl: Fr.) Kummer)生物种B．生物种E分别与欧洲种A. gallica 和A. ostoyae交配,用AP—PCR技术分析了中国五个生物种及欧洲2个种的代表菌株的系统发育关系。根据系统聚类分析的结果,将其分为4个群：生物种B与A．Gallia, A与C,D与E,A. ostoyae 单独为一群。这与交配试验及RAPD图谱直观分析的结果一致,最小支撑树也支持将中国生物种B鉴定为A．Gallica。证明RAPD是研究蜜环菌生物种的进化关系的有用手段。     

长白山地区蜜环菌属真菌资源

蜜环菌属Armillaria真菌是长白山地区代表性野生菌,具有重要的食药用价值。本研究采用样方调查和随机踏查相结合的方法对该地区蜜环菌属物种展开资源调查和种类鉴定,结果表明,长白山地区蜜环菌有5种,即北方蜜环菌Armillaira borealis、法国蜜环菌A. gallica、黄小蜜环菌A. cepistipes、芥黄蜜环菌A. sinapina以及Armillaira sp.,其中北方蜜环菌为吉林省新记录种,法国蜜环菌为该地区的优势物种。多样性分析结果表明,在阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林3种林型中,针阔混交林中蜜环菌属α多样性指数相对较高,说明针阔混交林的物种丰富度最高。本研究为蜜环菌属资源的开发和利用提供理论基础和实践依据。     

大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌生物种的研究

从大兴安岭和长白山采集到３０号蜜环菌标本,选其中有代表性的１０个号的担子果获得单孢株。交配试验表明每一担子果都具有双因子异宗配合系。不同子实体交配型之间交配结果表明,在大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌目前至少存在５个生物种,分别称为生物种Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ和Ｅ。将这５个生物种的单孢菌种与欧洲５个蜜环菌生物种的单孢菌株进行配合,生物种Ｂ与欧洲Ａ．ｇａｌｌｉｃａ,生物种Ｅ与欧洲Ａ．ｏｓｔｏｙａｅ亲和交配,因此将     

中国与欧洲高卢蜜环菌的遗传多样性

高卢蜜环菌(Armillaria gallica)为北半球广布种,不同大陆间的菌株遗传相似性和多样性水平能反映出该种在洲际大陆尺度上的地理遗传变异关系。作者用ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记技术,对从中国和欧洲收集到的高卢蜜环菌79个菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。用6个ISSR引物扩增得到210个位点,其中多态性位点(频率<0.95)为202个,占96.2%,平均每个引物多态位点多达33.6个,表明ISSR标记在蜜环菌中存在较高的多态性。根据非加权类平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析,中国53个菌株中的49个在0.773的相似性水平上聚成了中国类群(China group);而欧洲26个菌株遗传分化较大,分别在0.775和0.763的相似性水平上聚成了欧洲类群A(Europe group A)和B(Europe group B);2个欧洲类群间的相似性水平仅为0.738,而欧洲类群A与中国类群间的相似性却达到了0.770;两个大陆均有少数菌株表现出较为明显的遗传分化,个别菌株的种内遗传相似性甚至低于蜜环菌种间的遗传相似性。结果表明,中欧两个大陆间的A.gallica菌株因地理隔离已经表现出明显的遗传分化,处于异域物种形成过程中;欧洲大陆的菌株遗传分化更为明显,可能是两个大陆A.gallica菌株的起源地。     

中国与北美大陆的高卢蜜环菌系统发育分析

在中国和北美大陆分别收集53和15株高卢蜜环菌Armillaria gallica菌株,并用ISSR（inter-simple sequence repeat）分子标记对这些菌株进行了亲缘关系及系统发育分析。结果表明：中国和北美大陆的A. gallica因地理隔离产生明显的遗传分异,在系统发育树上分别形成了各自的进化分支;北美大陆的分支内部遗传分化尚不明显,而中国的进化分支遗传分化程度相对较大且更为古老,中国菌株可能是两个大陆A. gallica的祖先株系。     

法国蜜环菌Armillaria gallica菌株遗传多样性的ISSR分析

在中国东北地区共采集到53个法国蜜环菌Armillaria gallica菌株,用ISSR（Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat）标记技术对这些菌株进行遗传多样性分析。用6个ISSR引物扩增所得条带表明,ISSR标记在蜜环菌中存在较高的多态性;亲缘关系树状图表明,有3个菌株遗传分化明显;其余50个分别来自3个不同地理居群的菌株聚成一类,亲缘关系较近,没有表现出地理隔离。     

新的蜜环菌生物种

对湖北、西藏等地区的蜜环菌进行调查,发现了1个新蜜环菌生物种CBSP和2个互交不育子实体标本,均为四极性异宗配合。扩大了部分生物种的分布范围,试验结果显示西南地区为CBSJ的分布中心。     

新的蜜环菌生物种

对湖北、西藏等地区的蜜环菌进行调查,发现了1个新蜜环菌生物种CBS P和2个互交不育子实体标本,均为四极性异宗配合。扩大了部分生物种的分布范围,试验结果显示西南地区为CBS J的分布中心。     

用ISSR标记研究高卢蜜环菌系统发生学的尝试

用ISSR(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)标记对黑龙江省牡丹江地区高卢蜜环菌的系统发生学进行了研究,用6个引物对35个菌株的DNA模板进行扩增。结果表明该地区的35个菌株分属3个不同的发育系,并且3个发育系在地理分布上是交错在一起的。同时表明ISSR标记是研究蜜环菌系统发育关系的理想的分子标记手段。     

中国北方地区蜜环菌生物种的初步研究

对采自北京东灵山地区、黑龙江带岭地区、以及帽儿山地区不同寄主上的１５个蜜环菌子实体进行了极性测试和生物种测定。配对培养结果表明１５个子实体中共存在着四个生物种,分别命名为ＣｈＢＳＩ、ＣｈＢＳＩ、ＣｈＢＳⅢ和ＣｈＢＳⅣ。除生物种ＣｈＢＳⅢ的极性不清楚外,其它生物种都是四极性异宗配合的真菌。东灵山菌株中的两个生物种是ＣｈＢＳⅡ和ＣｈＢＳⅣ,带岭菌株中的两个生物种是ＣｈＢＳＩ和ＣｈＢＳⅢ,帽儿山菌株是生物种ＣｈＢＳⅠ。经过中国生物种与欧洲生物种的配对培养,发现生物种ＣｈＢＳⅣ与Ａｒｍｉｌａｒｉａｇａｌｉｃａ融合。     

Evaluation of partial tef1, rpb2, and nLSU sequences for identification of isolates representing Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica from northeastern North America

Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica are two of the most closely-related species of Armillaria in North America and have been difficult to distinguish from one another using morphological and molecular techniques. In an attempt to better distinguish these two species, partial sequences of the elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) genes were generated for 32 total isolates; 12 isolates each for A. calvescens and A. gallica, along with two isolates each of Armillaria gemina, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria sinapina, and Armillaria solidipes. Within the tef1 amplicon, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were present between A. calvescens and A. gallica. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods showed that tef1 was the only gene capable of distinguishing A. calvescens from A. gallica, and additionally, all isolates representing the six northeastern North American species. Partial tef1 sequences grouped A. calvescens into a strongly-supported, monophyletic clade with bootstrap support (BS) values of 98/98% (ML/MP), while A. gallica was grouped into a monophyletic clade with lower BS support (76/59%). The results illustrate the utility of partial tef1 sequences for the identification of field isolates of Armillaria from northeastern North America.     

法国蜜环菌ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

本文用单因子试验分析了基于ISSR(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)分子标记研究法国蜜环菌系统发生学的PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)扩增反应条件,并进行了引物筛选,同时对各个引物的退火温度以及甲酰胺对扩增效果的影响进行了讨论。为利用ISSR标记技术研究蜜环菌生物种的系统发生学、遗传多样性及种质资源提供了参考。     

Armillaria altimontana, a new species from the western interior of North America

Armillaria altimontana, previously considered North American biological species (NABS) X, is described as new. To date, it appears that A. altimontana prefers higher-elevation, mesic sites within the dry, conifer forest zone of western interior North America. This species has been found on hardwoods and conifers and is associated most commonly with Abies-dominated forest types in southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and northern California. Partial elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) sequences were generated from six isolates of A. altimontana originating from three locations in northern Idaho. Phylogenetic analyses of all 10 North American Armillaria species were carried out with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. Results indicate that isolates of A. altimontana formed a monophyletic group and clustered with A. calvescens, A. cepistipes, A. gallica and A. nabsnona, which is in agreement with recent phylogenetic studies of Armillaria.     

Dynamics of bioluminescence by Armillaria gallica, A. mellea and A. tabescens

Although fungal bioluminescence is well documented, the ecological significance is poorly understood. We examined bioluminescence by three sympatric species of Armillaria wood decay fungi, differing in parasitic ability. Luminescence by mycelia of four genets of A. gallica, A. mellea and A. tabescens was examined in response to environmental illumination or mechanical disturbance. Luminescence dynamics were assessed in a time series of measurements every 2 min for 72 h for mycelia growing on malt agar or on Cornus florida root wood. Luminescence by the necrotrophic species A. gallica was enhanced by environmental illumination and mechanical disturbance of mycelia. In contrast luminescence by the more parasitic A. mellea and A. tabescens was quenched by prolonged exposure to environmental illumination and less responsive to mechanical disturbance. With environmental illumination absent, all mycelia representing six genets of each Armillaria species were constitutively luminescent. The temporal dynamics of luminescence by all mycelia were complex with no evidence of the previously reported diurnal periodicity. Differences among Armillaria spp. in bioluminescence expression might reflect differences in ecological context as well.