HIV-1 gag与gp41基因片段的序列特征与亚型研究

本文对华北地区出入境39例HIV-1阳性样本(中国21例,非洲17例,东南亚1例)的gag和env两个基因片段进行了序列特征和亚型对比分析。发现了A、A1、A3、B、C、G亚型和重组亚型03_AB、01_AE、AG、02_AG、07_BC、08_BC、CD和06_CPX共14个亚型,其中重组亚型占57.2%(8/14)。表明HIV-1基因变异较快,亚型分布广泛,重组亚型有增多趋势。此外发现26.7%(8/30)的样本,其gag和env基因区亚型表现不一致。提示在研究HIV-1亚型中应综合gag和env两个基因区的序列特征进行亚型分析。     

山东省归国劳务人员中HIV-1感染毒株的序列特征和亚型分析

为了解自1992年以来,山东省归国劳务人员HIV-1感染毒株的分子流行病学特征。我们采集了11份确认为HIV-1感染者的全血分离单核细胞(PBMC),提取前病毒DNA,用套式PCR扩增HIV-1膜蛋白(env)基因,并对其env C2-V3区进行序列测定和分析。结果表明10名归国劳工人员及1名归国劳工配偶的样本经序列测定和基因分析发现了HIV-1的4种基因亚型A、B、C、E亚型。其中C亚型7名,B亚型2名,A和E亚型各1名。由此可见;山东省归国劳务人员中HIV-1毒株的感染情况较复杂,通过计算发现这些毒株间的基因离散率相差较大。提示应加强归国劳务人员的教育、检测和控制以防其它国家毒株传入。     

山东省归国劳务人员中HIV—1感染毒株的序列特征和亚型分析

为了解自1992年以来,山东省归国劳务人员HIV－1感染毒株的分子流行病学特征。我们采集了11份确认为HIV－1感染者的僵血分离单核细胞（PBMC）,提取前病毒DNA,用套式PCR扩增HIV－1膜蛋白（env）基因,并对其envC2－V3区进行序列测定和分析。结果表明：10名归国劳工人员及1名归国劳工配偶的样本经序列测定和基因分析发现了HIV－1的4种基因亚型：A、B、C、E亚型,其中C亚型7名,B亚型2名、A和E亚型各1名。由此可见;山东省归国劳务人员中HIV－1毒株的感染情况较复杂,通过 些毒株间的基因离散率相差较大,提示应加强归国劳务人员的教育、检测和控制以及其它国家毒株传入。     

中国HIV-1 B’亚型毒株不同基因区与全长基因组系统进化比较

本研究旨在探索不同基因区的使用对HIV-1 B’亚型毒株系统进化分析结果的影响。首先利用既往研究中已发表的共计47条来自泰国,缅甸和中国多个地区不同传播途径的B’毒株近全长基因组序列,将其按基因区分为不同的数据集 (gag, pol, vif, vpr, vpu, env, nef),并分别进行系统进化分析研究。比较不同基因区系统进化分析的结果发现,B’亚型毒株 pol基因在分析的基因区中,具有最低的复杂度和进化速率,可以较好的区分B’TH和B’YN毒株,重复近全长基因组序列的分析结果;尽管env基因则具有最高的复杂度和进化速率,但无法获得类似结果。本研究比较了不同基因区对HIV-1 B’亚型毒株系统进化分析结果的影响,对进一步开展HIV分子流行病学调查,分析我国B’毒株在我国的传播奠定了基础。     

我国中部HIV-1B′亚型分离株基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为了分析河南省Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus-1(HIV-1)流行株的基因特征和传染来源,我们从一位HIV-1感染的有偿献血员体内分离HIV-1毒株。提取感染细胞的全基因组DNA,扩增病毒全基因组,Walking法测得全长序列。与HIV-1RL42和HIV-1HXB2株比较,分析基因特征。用Anthewin软件比较分析CNHN24株和RL42株env蛋白的二级结构。用Clustal软件对国内HIV-1分离株和国际参考株的全基因组、env基因和V3环基因分别进行了系统发育分析。结果发现,CNHN24株为HIV-1B′亚型,富含嘌呤,含量达到60.26%。与RL42株及HXB2株比较,pol基因和gag基因变异度较小,env基因及非结构基因变异度较大。与RL42株相比,env蛋白二级结构变异不大,但env保守区C4的氨基酸呈高度变异。系统发育分析显示,CNHN24株与RL42株遗传距离最近,HIV-1Lai株和HXB2株次之,与国内的HIV-1B/C及AE/BC重组毒株的遗传距离较远;从V3序列的比较可以发现,CNHN24株与来自云南省的毒株HIV-1CR206及RL42遗传距离最近。认为HIV-1CNHN24株可能由云南传入。     

我国中部HIV-1 B''''亚型分离株基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为了分析河南省Human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)流行株的基因特征和传染来源,我们从一位HIV-1感染的有偿献血员体内分离HIV-1毒株.提取感染细胞的全基因组DNA,扩增病毒全基因组,Walking法测得全长序列.与HIV-1 RL42和HIV-1 HXB2株比较,分析基因特征.用Anthewin软件比较分析CNHN24株和RL42株env蛋白的二级结构.用Clustal软件对国内HIV-1分离株和国际参考株的全基因组、env基因和V3环基因分别进行了系统发育分析.结果发现,CNHN24株为HIV-1 B'亚型,富含嘌呤,含量达到60.26%.与RL42株及HXB2株比较,pol基因和gag基因变异度较小,env基因及非结构基因变异度较大.与RL42株相比,env蛋白二级结构变异不大,但env保守区C4的氨基酸呈高度变异.系统发育分析显示,CNHN24株与RL42株遗传距离最近,HIV-1Lai株和HXB2株次之,与国内的HIV-1 B/C及AE/BC重组毒株的遗传距离较远;从V3序列的比较可以发现,CNHN24株与来自云南省的毒株HIV-1 CR206及RL42遗传距离最近.认为HIV-1 CNHN24株可能由云南传入.     

我国中部HIV-1B’亚型分离株基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为了分析河南省Human immunodeficiency virus—I(HIV-1)流行株的基因特征和传染来源,我们从一位HIV-1感染的有偿献血员体内分离HIV-1毒株。提取感染细胞的全基因组DNA,扩增病毒全基因组,Walking法测得全长序列。与HIV-1RL42和HIV-1HXB2株比较,分析基因特征。用Anthewin软件比较分析CNHN24株和RL42株env蛋白的二级结构。用Clustal软件对国内HIV-1分离株和国际参考株的全基因组、env基因和订环基因分别进行了系统发育分析。结果发现,CNHN24株为HIV-1B’亚型,富含嘌呤,含量达到60．26％。与RL42株及HXB2株比较,pol基因和gag基因变异度较小,env基因及非结构基因变异度较大。与RL42株相比,env蛋白二级结构变异不大,但env保守区C4的氨基酸呈高度变异。系统发育分析显示,CNHN24株与RL42株遗传距离最近,HIV-1Lai株和HXB2株次之,与国内的H1V-1B／C及AE／BC重组毒株的遗传距离较远;从份序列的比较可以发现,CNHN24株与来自云南省的毒株HIV-1CR206及RL42遗传距离最近。认为HIV-1CNHN24株可能由云南传入。     

河南省有偿供血者HIV-1外膜蛋白env基因序列分析及表型预测

应用套式聚合酶链反应(nested-PCR)从60例河南省HIV-1抗体阳性有偿献血者的外周血单核细胞的DNA样品中扩增全长env基因并对扩增产物测序,共扩增到21个全长env基因,序列分析发现其中15个env基因有完整的可读框(ORF),14个为B'亚型,与国际参考株RL42的基因离散率为4.87%±0.31%,1个为B亚型,与国际参考株HXB2的基因离散率为5.43%。根据核苷酸序列推导出相应的氨基酸序列,并且分析及比较了重要的功能结构域。发现这15个序列的N糖基化位点和数目没有显著变化;CD4受体结合位点高度保守;根据V3环氨基酸序列及净电荷数目,预测大多数分离株使用CCR5辅助受体;V3环四肽序列以典型欧美B亚型GPGR最多,占40%;gp120/gp41剪切位点高度保守,预测所有gp160前体都能有效剪切;四种广谱中和抗体2G12I、gG1b12、4E10及2F5的识别位点高度保守,表明大多数分离株对这四种中和抗体敏感。有必要进一步阐明env基因型与相关功能的关系,这将为疫苗研究和药物开发提供依据。     

HIV-1抗体阳性血浆中HIV-1病毒基因分型研究

为了解HIV抗体阳性血浆中的HIV-1病毒基因亚型的情况,应用逆转录PCR和DNA序列测定技术,对6份获自高危人群的抗HIV-1阳性血浆进行序列分析和基因亚型分型的研究,结果表明均属HIV-1B亚型.V3环氨基酸序列分析指出这些HIV-1B亚型病毒株与泰国HIV-1B亚型病毒株核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似;同时发现HIV-1 cDNA和氨基酸序列均相同,推测这6份标本可能来自同时感染同一株HIV病毒的感染者.本研究对了解高危人群中HIV-1流行的遗传变异和HIV-1亚型病毒株的分子流行病分析具有一定的意义.     

CRF01-AE亚型人类免疫缺陷病毒的基因序列特征研究

从确诊的HIV-1感染者的全血样本中提取基因组DNA,经套式聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增其gag蛋白P17/P24交界区基因片断后,将扩增产物进行纯化和测序,分析其氨基酸序列。进而了解所检出的病毒基因变异和分子流行病学特征。结果发现,HIV-1 CRF01-AE亚型病毒分别与3株不同来源的国际参考毒株具有紧密的亲缘关系,表明这些毒株可能分别由不同的传播路线进入我国大陆境内。     

Extracellular HIV-1 Nef increases migration of monocytes

Infiltration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and uninfected monocytes/macrophages in organs and tissues is a general phenomenon observed in progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 protein Nef is considered as a progression factor in AIDS, and is released from HIV-1-infected cells. Here, we show that extracellular Nef increases migration of monocytes. This effect is (i) concentration-dependent, (ii) reaches the order of magnitude of that induced by formyl-methyonyl-leucyl-proline (fMLP) or CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, (iii) inhibited by anti-Nef monoclonal antibodies as well as by heating, and (iv) depends on a concentration gradient of Nef. Further, Nef does not elicit monocytic THP-1 cells to express chemokines such as CCL2, macrophage inhibitory protein-1alpha (CCL3) and macrophage inhibitory protein-1beta (CCL4). These data suggest that extracellular Nef may contribute to disease progression as well as HIV-1 spreading through affecting migration of monocytes.     

Epistasis among Deleterious Mutations in the HIV-1 Protease

A central goal in molecular evolution is to understand how genetic interactions between protein mutations shape protein function and fitness. While intergenic epistasis has been extensively explored in eukaryotes, bacteria, and viruses, intragenic epistatic interactions have been insufficiently studied. Here, we employ a model system in which lambda phage fitness correlates with the enzymatic activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease to systematically determine the epistatic interactions between intragenic pairs of deleterious protein substitutions. We generated 114 genotypes of the HIV-1 protease, each carrying pairs of nucleotide substitution mutations whose separated and combined deleterious effects on fitness were then determined. A high proportion (39%) of pairs displayed lethality. Several pairs exhibited significant interactions for fitness, including positive and negative epistasis. Significant negative epistatic interactions predominated (15%) over positive interactions (2%). However, the average ± SD epistatic effect, ē = 0.0025 ± 0.1334, was not significantly different from zero (p = 0.8368). Notably, epistatic interactions, regardless of epistatic direction, tend to be more frequent in the context of less deleterious mutations. In the present study, the high frequencies of lethality and negative epistasis indicate that the HIV-1 protease is highly sensitive to the effects of deleterious mutations. Therefore, proteins may not be as robust to mutational change as is usually expected.     

核酸定量检测试验应用于HIV-1感染实验室诊断的探讨

目的:探讨核酸定量检测在HIV-1感染实验室诊断中的应用。方法:选取145例第四代抗原/抗体联合诊断筛查试验为阳性反应的血浆样本,分别用Western印迹和HIV-1核酸定量方法进行检测,综合对比分析2种方法检测结果。结果:Western印迹检出阳性样本120例,不确定样本17例,阴性样本8例;HIV-1核酸定量试验检出结果大于检测限样本131例,其中包括12例Western印迹不确定样本、2例Western印迹阴性样本;有3例Western印迹阳性样本用HIV-1核酸定量检测试验未能检出。结论:核酸定量检测试验对于HIV-1感染阳性样本是一种有效的实验室诊断方法;对HIV-1核酸定量检测结果为"TND"的样本,建议加做Western印迹或结合其他补充试验结果进行综合诊断。     

Antiretroviral (HIV-1) activity of azulene derivatives

The antiretroviral activity of azulene derivatives was detected for the first time. A series of eighteen diversely substituted azulenes was synthesized and tested in vitro using HIV-1 based virus-like particles (VLPs) and infectious HIV-1 virus in U2OS and TZM-bl cell lines. Among the compounds tested, the 2-hydroxyazulenes demonstrated the most significant activity by inhibiting HIV-1 replication with IC₅₀ of 2–10 and 8–20 μM for the VLPs and the infectious virus, respectively. These results indicate that azulene derivatives may be potentially useful candidates for the development of antiretroviral agents.     

Fumagillin suppresses HIV-1 infection of macrophages through the inhibition of Vpr activity

HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) is one of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encoded proteins that have important roles in viral pathogenesis. However, no clinical drug for AIDS therapy that targets Vpr has been developed. Here, we have established a screening system to isolate Vpr inhibitors using budding yeast cells. We purified a Vpr inhibitory compound from fungal metabolites and identified it as fumagillin, a chemical already known to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Fumagillin not only reversed the growth inhibitory activity of Vpr in yeast and human cells, but also inhibited Vpr-dependent viral gene expression upon the infection of human macrophages.     

A folding inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease

Because the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (HIV-1-PR) is an essential enzyme in the viral life cycle, its inhibition can control AIDS. The folding of single-domain proteins, like each of the monomers forming the HIV-1-PR homodimer, is controlled by local elementary structures (LES, folding units stabilized by strongly interacting, highly conserved, as a rule hydrophobic, amino acids). These LES have evolved over myriad generations to recognize and strongly attract each other, so as to make the protein fold fast and be stable in its native conformation. Consequently, peptides displaying a sequence identical to those segments of the monomers associated with LES are expected to act as competitive inhibitors and thus destabilize the native structure of the enzyme. These inhibitors are unlikely to lead to escape mutants as they bind to the protease monomers through highly conserved amino acids, which play an essential role in the folding process. The properties of one of the most promising inhibitors of the folding of the HIV-1-PR monomers found among these peptides are demonstrated with the help of spectrophotometric assays and circular dichroism spectroscopy.     

Structural evidence for effectiveness of darunavir and two related antiviral inhibitors against HIV-2 protease

No drug has been targeted specifically for HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus type 2) infection despite its increasing prevalence worldwide. The antiviral HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) protease (PR) inhibitor darunavir and the chemically related GRL98065 and GRL06579A were designed with the same chemical scaffold and different substituents at P2 and P2′ to optimize polar interactions for HIV-1 PR (PR1). These inhibitors are also effective antiviral agents for HIV-2-infected cells. Therefore, crystal structures of HIV-2 PR (PR2) complexes with the three inhibitors have been solved at 1.2-Å resolution to analyze the molecular basis for their antiviral potency. Unusually, the crystals were grown in imidazole and zinc acetate buffer, which formed interactions with the PR2 and the inhibitors. Overall, the structures were very similar to the corresponding inhibitor complexes of PR1 with an RMSD of 1.1 Å on main-chain atoms. Most hydrogen-bond and weaker C-H…O interactions with inhibitors were conserved in the PR2 and PR1 complexes, except for small changes in interactions with water or disordered side chains. Small differences were observed in the hydrophobic contacts for the darunavir complexes, in agreement with relative inhibition of the two PRs. These near-atomic-resolution crystal structures verify the inhibitor potency for PR1 and PR2 and will provide the basis for the development of antiviral inhibitors targeting PR2.     

Comparative analysis of HIV-1 Tat variants

HIV-1 Tat protein is a crucial element for viral replication; therefore, its inhibition might be exploited against the AIDS infection. To gain insights on the natural variability of this protein, we present a comparative investigation on the relationship between the primary sequences and the experimentally available three-dimensional structures from the HIV-1 Tat variants Z2, BRU, and MAL. Our computational tools include sequence conservation algorithms, structural analysis, electrostatic modeling, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We find that two regions located between residues 10-18 and 41-52 display the highest primary sequence conservation, while the most conserved region among the available structures corresponds approximately to the segment between positions approximately 44 and 50. Furthermore, in spite of their large structural divergence, Tat variants share a common mode for long-range intramolecular interactions. Finally, the flexibility of the Z2, BRU, and MAL variants, as emerging from multinanosecond MD simulations, is rather similar. Based on this work, we conclude that the turnlike region between amino acids 44 and 50 is structurally most conserved, emerging as an important motif for pharmaceutical targeting aimed toward inhibiting Tat action.     

限制性显示技术制备HIV-1B亚型基因片段的研究

目前已知引起人类艾滋病(AIDS)的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)有HIV-1和HIV-2两个型,其中在世界范围内流行的是HIV-1.该型已确定至少有A～J 11个亚型,而在我国则以B、C、E亚型为主[1].