蓝光、紫外光的受体及其对CHS表达诱导的研究

植物在进化过程中形成了对环境信号反应的能力,光是植物生长发育中的一个重要的环境信号,综述了蓝光,紫外光的受体及蓝光,紫外光对编码植物类黄酮合成中的一个重要的限速酶－苯基苯乙烯酮合酶基因CHS的诱导作用,并介绍该反应信号转导的可能组分。     

拟南芥蓝光受体CRY2的功能及其介导的光形态建成

植物具备一套复杂的由两种蓝光受体和多种信号转导下游组分组成的蓝光感应系统,通过感受光照强度、光的方向和光周期,调节自身对蓝光的应答.蓝光反应的有效波长是蓝光和近紫外光(320～400nm),故蓝光受体也叫蓝光/近紫外光受体.CRY2(Cryptochromes,CRY)是一个核蛋白,在转录水平受蓝光的调节,它的作用是增加拟南芥对蓝光的敏感性.植物蓝光调节的反应主要有向光性、抑制幼茎伸长、叶绿体迁移、刺激气孔张开和调节基因表达等.对植物蓝光反应突变体分子生物学研究进展进行了综述,对蓝光受体及信号转导下游组分在植物发育中的作用及蓝光诱发植物作出反应的分子机制进行了探讨.     

植物蓝光受体研究进展

植物蓝光调节的反应主要有向光性、抑制幼茎伸长、叶绿体迁移、刺激气孔张开和调节基因表达等。蓝光反应的有效波长是蓝光和近紫外光(320—400am),故蓝光受体也叫蓝光／近紫外光受体。植物蓝光受体研究近年来取得较大进展。以拟南芥为例,已得到确认的受体至少有隐花色素(CRY1、2)和向光蛋白(phototropin)两大类。转基因拟南芥对蓝光、紫外光和绿光敏感,并发现CRY1是一个可溶性蛋白。CRY2编码一个核蛋白,蓝光在转录水平对该蛋白进行调节,它的作用是增加拟南芥对蓝光的敏感性。CRY1和CRY2共同介导了拟南芥植物的向光性。隐花色素的蛋白与辅基之间以非共价键连接,可以吸收蓝光和近紫外光。CRY1和CRY2蛋白之间,尤其是N端相似性很高。向光蛋白目前只发现PHOT1和PHO12两种,向光蛋白作为丝／苏氨酸激酶蓝光受体含有两个光氧化结构域(LOV)并参与了植物向光性叶绿体运动、气孔开放等。     

过氧化氢酶在植物胁迫响应中的功能研究进展

作为信号分子的过氧化氢是植物复杂信号传导中的一个重要组成部分,它介导了多种植物胁迫反应并对其平衡的维持和调控起到了非常重要的作用。越来越多的研究证实了胁迫反应中过氧化氢酶与过氧化氢含量的变化有一定的关系,同时又和其它信号因子存在着交互作用。本文综述了近年来过氧化氢酶在植物遭受病害、水分、盐渍、光等胁迫反应中的调控作用,以及在这些反应中过氧化氢酶、过氧化氢、蛋白激酶、转录因子与其它信号分子所构成的可能信号网络和过氧化氢的限速步骤方面的研究进展。     

光受体及光信号转导

植物在进化过程中形成了对环境信号反应的能力,光是植物生长发育中的一个重要的环境信号。植物为了更好地生长和发育形成了精密的光信号接收和转导系统。本文介绍近年来光信号接收即光受体和光信号的转导研究进展。     

光受体及光信号转导

植物在进化过程中形成了对环境信号反应的能力,光是植物生长发育中的一个重要的环境信号.植物为了更好地生长和发育形成了精密的光信号接收和转导系统.本文介绍近年来光信号接收即光受体和光信号的转导研究进展.     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮（NO）是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子。植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO。NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注。本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用。     

NO在植物中的调控作用

一氧化氮(NO)是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子.植物细胞通过NO合酶、硝酸还原酶、或非生化反应途径产生NO.NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应,大量证据表明NO是植物防御反应中的关键信使,其信号转导机制也受到越来越多的关注.本文主要通过讨论NO的产生、对植物生长周期的影响、在植物代谢中的信号调节以及参与细胞凋亡来阐述NO在植物中的作用.     

蓝光对真菌的调控作用及研究进展

蓝光是环境中的重要信号因子,可影响微生物特别是真菌的生理周期、形态变化、基因表达,进而影响微生物的代谢活动。在国外,蓝光对微生物的影响研究是一个热点问题,并进行了较深入的研究,已在真菌中发现了一些蓝光受体因子。主要综述了蓝光对真菌影响的一些研究进展。     

植物中一氧化氮的生理作用

No是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子。植物细胞通过NO合酶,硝酸还原酶,或非生化反应途径产生NO。NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物和非生物胁迫的应答反应。主要通过讨论No的产生,对植物生长发育的影响及在抗逆反应中的信号调节来阐述No在植物中的作用。     

Distinct UV-B and UV-A/blue light signal transduction pathways induce chalcone synthase gene expression in Arabidopsis cells.

UV and blue light control the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in a range of higher plants. To investigate the signal transduction processes involved in the induction of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene expression by UV-B and UV-A/blue light, we examined the effects of specific agonists and inhibitors of known signaling components in mammalian systems in a photomixotrophic Arabidopsis cell suspension culture. CHS expression is induced specifically by these wavelengths in the cell culture, in a manner similar to that in mature Arabidopsis leaf tissue. Both the UV-B and UV-A/blue phototransduction processes involve calcium, although the elevation of cytosolic calcium is insufficient on its own to stimulate CHS expression. The UV-A/blue light induction of CHS expression does not appear to involve calmodulin, whereas the UV-B response does; this difference indicates that the signal transduction pathways are, at least in part, distinct. We provide evidence that both pathways involve reversible protein phosphorylation and require protein synthesis. The UV-B and UV-A/blue light signaling pathways are therefore different from the phytochrome signal transduction pathway regulating CHS expression in other species.     

Arabidopsis ICX1 is a negative regulator of several pathways regulating flavonoid biosynthesis genes

Flavonoid biosynthesis gene expression is controlled by a range of endogenous and environmental signals. The Arabidopsis icx1 (increased chalcone synthase expression 1) mutant has elevated induction of CHS (CHALCONE SYNTHASE) and other flavonoid biosynthesis genes in response to several stimuli. We show that ICX1 is a negative regulator of the cryptochrome 1, phytochrome A, ultraviolet (UV)-B, low temperature, sucrose, and cytokinin induction of CHS expression and/or anthocyanin accumulation, demonstrating that these pathways are regulated either directly or indirectly by at least one common component. Expression analysis of CHS and other genes (LTP, CAB, and rbcS) indicates that ICX1 functions in both seedlings and mature leaf tissue and acts principally in the epidermis, consistent with the alterations in epidermal development seen in icx1. The mutant was unaltered in the synergistic interactions between UV-B, blue, and UV-A light that regulate CHS and we propose a model of action of ICX1 in these responses.     

Involvement of plasma membrane redox activity and calcium homeostasis in the UV-B and UV-A/blue light induction of gene expression in Arabidopsis.

UV and blue light are important regulators of plant gene expression and development. We investigated the signal transduction processes involved in the induction of chalcone synthase (CHS) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression by UV-B and UV-A/blue light in an Arabidopsis cell suspension culture. Experiments with electron transport inhibitors indicated that plasma membrane redox activity is involved in both signal transduction pathways. Calcium ionophore treatment stimulated expression of the TOUCH3 gene, and this induction was strongly antagonized by UV-A/blue and UV-B light, suggesting that both light qualities may promote calcium efflux from the cytosol. Consistent with this hypothesis, experiments with specific inhibitors indicated that UV-B and UV-A/blue light regulate calcium levels in a cytosolic pool in part via the action of specific Ca2+-ATPases. On the basis of these and previous findings, we propose that plasma membrane redox activity, initiated by photoreception, is coupled to the regulation of calcium release from an intracellular store, generating a calcium signal that is required to induce CHS expression.     

Interactions within a network of phytochrome, cryptochrome and UV-B phototransduction pathways regulate chalcone synthase gene expression in Arabidopsis leaf tissue

The Arabidopsis gene encoding the key flavonoid biosynthesis enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) is regulated by several environmental and endogenous stimuli. Here we dissect the network of light signalling pathways that control CHS expression in mature leaves using cryptochrome (cry) and phytochrome (phy) deficient mutants. The UV-A/blue light induction of CHS is mediated principally by cry1, but neither cry1 nor cry2 is involved in UV-B induction or in the UV-A and blue light signalling pathways that interact synergistically with the UV-B pathway to enhance CHS expression. Moreover, these synergistic responses do not require phyA or phyB. Phytochrome is a positive regulator of the cry1 inductive pathway, mediating distinct potentiation and coaction effects. A red light pretreatment enhances subsequent cry1-mediated CHS induction. This potentiation is unaltered in phyA and phyB mutants but much reduced in a phyA phyB double mutant, indicating that it requires principally phyA or phyB. In contrast, the cry1-mediated induction of CHS, without pretreatment, is much reduced in phyB but not phyA mutants, indicating coaction between cry1 and phyB. Further experiments with phy-deficient mutants demonstrate that phyB is a negative regulator of the UV-B inductive pathway. We further show that phyB acts upstream of the points of interaction of the UV-A and blue synergism pathways with the UV-B pathway. We propose that phyB functions to balance flux through the cry1 and UV-B signalling pathways.     

含有绿色荧光蛋白基因的质粒载体的构建及其在水稻白叶枯细菌中的表达

本文用绿色荧光蛋白基因（green fluorescent protein）标记水稻白叶枯细菌,观察其在白叶枯细菌中的表达情况。光激发后,白叶枯细菌发出绿色荧光,表明gfp在白叶枯细菌中得到了高效表达。后续工作意在利用gfp所发出的绿色荧光,来追踪白叶枯细菌侵染水稻的路径,以及检测水稻在遭受白叶枯病害时的一些生理生态变化,进一步探讨水稻对白叶枯细菌的抗生机理,希望能够为水稻抗性品种的检测提供新的理论依据。文中重点介绍了对质粒pM2464的改造过程,经gfp标记后的水稻白叶枯细菌,在紫外或蓝光的激发下,发出绿色荧光,证明了用标记有gfp基因的白叶枯细菌来观察其侵染水稻过程的想法是可行的。     

BLUE AND NEAR ULTRAVIOLET REVERSIBLE PHOTOREACTION IN CONIDIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUNGUS, ALTERNARIA TOMATO

In the sporulation of Alternaria tomato, conidiophores are induced by near ultraviolet irradiation but not by darkness, and the conidia develop only when the irradiation is followed by a period of darkness. Conidial development is suppressed by a short exposure to blue light at a definite time during the dark period following the inductive irradiation. The suppression of conidial development by blue light can be reversed by exposure to near ultraviolet light immediately following the blue light irradiation. This reversion is reversibly suppressed by a further exposure to blue light immediately following near ultraviolet irradiation. Thus, at least two stages are involved in the sporulation of A. tomato, the first being a photochemical stage necessary for the induction of conidiophores, and the second essential for the conidial development which proceeds only in the absence of exposure to the blue region of the spectrum. Moreover, conidial development can be controlled by alternating doses of blue and near ultraviolet light, and the subsequent response depends upon the last kind of radiation given. It is concluded that a new pigment system, which we have named “Mycochrome”, is involved in the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction, and that this compound plays an important role in the photocontrol of conidial development in this fungus.     

红闪光对绿豆幼苗生长发育的影响

红闪光对绿豆幼苗的生长发育有明显影响。实验发现,与普通的日光生长条件相比,经红闪光(加普通绿光和蓝光)处理的绿豆幼苗的茎生长比较快,而叶片生长比较缓慢。同时,叶片叶绿素含量较少,叶重也较轻,示红闪光使绿豆幼苗的干物质积累受阻。这种差别随红闪光处理时间的延长越来越明显。此外,红闪光还大大增强了 1叶的UBE强度。这些结果表明,红闪光处理不利于绿豆幼苗的生长发育。