基于碳稳定同位素示踪的金水河颗粒有机碳来源辨析

颗粒有机碳(Particle Organic Carbon,POC)在河流碳循环中占重要地位,并能提供流域内自然及人类活动的记录。通过采集和测定汉江上游金水河流域河岸带土壤和植物及河流中藻类和悬浮颗粒有机碳(POC)的季节性碳稳定同位素值和C/N比值,对河流水体中悬浮颗粒有机碳的浓度的季节性变化特征以及来源及其贡献进行了研究。结果表明,金水河流域水体中颗粒有机碳(POC)的浓度值存在明显的季节性变化特征,夏季春季秋季冬季。河流上游轻度干扰区的POC浓度值明显低于中下游中度干扰区和严重干扰区。河流中POC主要来源于土壤有机质、C3植物和藻类3个端元,而来源于浮游生物和C4植物碎屑的贡献很小。各季节之间具体的来源及其贡献有所差异,且POC的来源及其贡献具有空间差异。因此,金水河水体中颗粒有机碳(POC)的来源及其贡献受到季节变化和人为干扰程度的影响。     

厦门石兜-坂头水库悬浮颗粒物中磷形态的分布特征及其与叶绿素a的相关性

研究了厦门市石兜-坂头水库中悬浮颗粒物磷形态的分布特征,并分析了各形态磷与水体中叶绿素a的相关性。研究表明,2个库区悬浮颗粒物中的磷主要存在形态为无机磷,占总磷的比例分别为77.9%～87.5%和81.2%～88.1%。从各形态的含量来看,2库区均为Fe/Al-PCa-POP,其中Fe/Al-P浓度分布整体呈现从近岸边至库心处逐渐降低的趋势,Ca-P受空间变化影响最小。石兜-坂头水库悬浮颗粒物中各形态的磷之间均呈极显著相关性,水体中蓝藻、绿藻中叶绿素a的含量与悬浮颗粒物中的Fe/Al-P、Ca-P、IP浓度均呈正相关,与OP浓度则呈负相关。     

长江上游弥陀漫滩水体鱼类食物网动态的季节性变化

长江上游是我国鱼类生物多样性最为丰富的地区之一,漫滩作为河流生态系统的重要组成部分对维持区域鱼类生物多样性具有重要作用。于2019年丰水期(8月份)和枯水期间(11月份)应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术并结合Bayesian混合模型和SIBER分析方法,对长江上游弥陀漫滩水体鱼类食物网结构动态的季节性变化特征进行了研究。结果显示：丰水期基础碳源的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N平均值分别为-23.02‰和2.58‰,范围分别为-31.01‰—-11.2‰(δ¹³C)和-0.51‰—6.84‰(δ¹⁵N);枯水期其δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N平均值分别为-21.93‰、7.22‰,范围分别为-26.31‰—-15.36‰(δ¹³C)和4.89‰—8.81‰(δ¹⁵N)。丰水期鱼类食物网能量主要依赖于外源性营养物质,食物链长度达到3.6级;枯水期内源性营养物质是食物网能量的主要贡献者,食物链长度为2.6级。相对于枯水期,丰水期间鱼类群落拥有更大的生...     

利用氮、氧稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染源研究进展

水体硝酸盐污染已经成为一个相当普遍且重要的环境问题.为了保证人类的身体健康、水环境的良性演化,有效识别水体中硝酸盐污染的来源就显得尤为重要.水体中不同来源的硝酸盐具有不同的氮、氧稳定同位素组成,因此,可以利用氮、氧稳定同位素对水体中的硝酸盐污染进行源识别.本文介绍了氮、氧稳定同位素在氮循环主要过程中的分馏系数和主要硝酸盐来源的氮、氧稳定同位素组成,对比了5种硝酸盐氮、氧同位素分析预处理方法的优缺点,综述了国内外学者在该方向的研究进展并划分为3个阶段:单独使用氮稳定同位素;同时使用氮、氧稳定同位素;结合数学模型的应用.最后,对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

三峡库区蓄水初期大宁河鱼类重金属污染特征

三峡水库蓄水后,库区不同水域的水体状态存在差异.为揭示三峡库区中不同水体环境条件对鱼类重金属含量的影响,以大宁河河口(巫山)和回水区(大昌)分别代表库区中的河流型和湖泊型水体,在两地分别采集了11种鱼类,利用稳定同位素分析了两地鱼类食物来源和营养等级,并测定鱼类样本中的Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cu和Zn 7种重金属含量.结果显示,大昌鱼类的稳定同位素δ13C值范围(-28.8‰～-22.5‰)宽于巫山鱼类的δ13C值范围(-26.2‰～-23.1‰),但大昌鱼类的δ15N值普遍负于巫山鱼类.两地鱼体重金属含量除As外均处于较低水平.两地的中上层鱼类体内重金属含量无明显区别,但大昌的底层鱼类体内重金属含量显著高于采自巫山的底层鱼类含量,与沉积物的较多接触可能是该地区底层鱼类部分重金属水平显著升高的重要原因.     

深水湖泊沉积物不同形态氮的生物地球化学特征——以百花湖为例

深水湖泊经历氧化及还原环境的交替变化,影响着湖泊水体氮的生物地球化学过程;其底层沉积物中一般具有特有的还原环境,其间氮的生物地球化学转化过程复杂。本文以云贵高原典型深水湖泊百花湖为例,在湖泊水体夏季分层期采集底层沉积物柱体,将沉积物柱体分层处理后,对不同深度沉积物中孔隙水、水溶态和吸附态不同形态氮含量,以及沉积物中颗粒态有机氮(PON)含量和同位素进行分析。结果表明,沉积物柱体孔隙水中的总氮(TN)主要由NH4+-N和有机氮两种形式存在,TN含量为6.9~42.8 mg·L-1,NH4+-N含量为6.6~25.6 mg·L-1。硝态氮及亚硝态氮含量均低于检测限,说明沉积物中硝酸盐经历了充分的反硝化过程以及可能存在的异化还原过程。吸附态NH4+-N含量明显高于水溶态。沉积物中的颗粒有机氮含量为0.22%~0.60%。同时,颗粒有机氮含量在剖面上的变化趋势符合指数衰减模式,表明颗粒态有机氮含量的变化可能经历成岩作用和微生物矿化过程;δ15N-PON值在31 cm以上随着深度的加深逐渐减小,变化范围为3.4‰~10.0‰,平均值为6.4‰,其中以10 cm以上同位素值降低趋势明显,其可能原因与微生物降解活动以及湖泊水体的交换有关。31 cm以下δ15N-PON值的变化趋势与表层相反,则可能是早期成岩作用影响的结果。孔隙水中δ15N-TN同位素值最高,吸附态和水溶态差异较小,且该同位素组成较PON富集15N,可推测孔隙水剖面NH4+-N浓度的升高可能与硝酸盐的异化还原有关。     

脱甲河水系CH_4关键产生途径及其稳定碳同位素特征

为明确脱甲河溶存CH_4关键产生途径,明晰水系碳同位素组成及其分布特征,为小流域CH_4排放估算和减排提供数据支撑.利用双层扩散模型法估算了CH_4浓度和传输通量,研究了周年内脱甲河4级河段(S_1~S_4)水体CH_4通量的时空分布及其主控环境因子;运用稳定同位素方法探究了溶存CH_4关键产生途径,分析了溶解CH_4、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机质δ¹³C分布特征.结果表明:水体pH均值为(7.27±0.03),各河段四季差异均显著;溶解氧(DO)在0.43~13.99 mg·L^-1内变化,S_1河段DO浓度最高且夏、秋季差异显著,其他河段均为冬与春、夏、秋季差异显著;可溶性有机碳(DOC)变化范围是0.34~8.32 mg·L^-1,由S_1至S_4河段总体呈递增趋势;水体电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化范围分别是17~436μS·cm^-1和-52.30~674.10 mV,各河段差异明显;铵态氮(NH_4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3^--N)浓度分别在0.30~1.35(平均0.90±0.10)mg·L^-1和0.82~2.45(平均1.62±0.16)mg·L^-1内变化.溶存CH_4浓度和传输通量变化范围分别是0~5.28(平均0.46±0.06)μmol·L^-1和-0.34~619.72(平均53.88±7.15)μg C·m^-2·h^-1;均存在时空变化且变异规律相似,为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,S_2>S_3>S_4>S_1.通量与水体铵态氮和DOC浓度均呈显著正相关.各级河段均以乙酸发酵产甲烷途径为主导,但不同河段差异明显,乙酸发酵途径产CH_4贡献率以S_1河段最高(87%),其次为S_4(81%),S_2、S_3分别达到78%和76%.溶存CH_4、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机质的δ¹³C均值分别为-41.64‰±1.91‰、-14.07‰±1.06‰和-26.20‰±1.02‰,溶存甲烷δ¹³C与沉积物有机质的δ¹³C呈显著正相关,与其传输通量呈极显著负相关.     

脱甲河水系CH4关键产生途径及其稳定碳同位素特征

为明确脱甲河溶存CH₄关键产生途径,明晰水系碳同位素组成及其分布特征,为小流域CH₄排放估算和减排提供数据支撑.利用双层扩散模型法估算了CH₄浓度和传输通量,研究了周年内脱甲河4级河段(S₁～S₄)水体CH₄通量的时空分布及其主控环境因子;运用稳定同位素方法探究了溶存CH₄关键产生途径,分析了溶解CH₄、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机质δ¹³C分布特征.结果表明: 水体pH均值为(7.27±0.03),各河段四季差异均显著;溶解氧(DO)在0.43～13.99 mg·L^-1内变化,S₁河段DO浓度最高且夏、秋季差异显著,其他河段均为冬与春、夏、秋季差异显著;可溶性有机碳(DOC)变化范围是0.34～8.32 mg·L^-1,由S₁至S₄河段总体呈递增趋势;水体电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(ORP)变化范围分别是17～436 μS·cm^-1和-52.30～674.10 mV,各河段差异明显;铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)浓度分别在0.30～1.35(平均0.90±0.10) mg·L^-1和0.82～2.45 (平均1.62±0.16) mg·L^-1内变化.溶存CH₄浓度和传输通量变化范围分别是0～5.28 (平均0.46±0.06) μmol·L^-1和-0.34～619.72 (平均53.88±7.15) μg C·m^-2·h^-1;均存在时空变化且变异规律相似,为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,S₂>S₃>S₄>S₁.通量与水体铵态氮和DOC浓度均呈显著正相关.各级河段均以乙酸发酵产甲烷途径为主导,但不同河段差异明显,乙酸发酵途径产CH₄贡献率以S₁河段最高(87%),其次为S₄(81%),S₂、S₃分别达到78%和76%.溶存CH₄、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机质的δ¹³C均值分别为-41.64‰±1.91‰、-14.07‰±1.06‰和-26.20‰±1.02‰,溶存甲烷δ¹³C与沉积物有机质的δ¹³C呈显著正相关,与其传输通量呈极显著负相关.     

岩溶区不同植被下土壤水溶解无机碳含量及其稳定碳同位素组成特征

自2010年7月至2011年7月对重庆青木关岩溶区典型植被下的土壤水进行了月动态取样,分析了土壤水溶解无机碳含量(DIC浓度)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13CDIC值)的时空变化特征,以揭示岩溶土壤系统碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用及其碳汇效应。研究结果表明:草地和针叶林地土壤水的DIC浓度和δ13CDIC值相对较低,分别为59.12 mg/L和-17.22‰,31.47 mg/L和-16.37‰;而旱地、灌丛地、退耕还林地土壤水具有较高的DIC浓度和δ13CDIC值,分别达153.88 mg/L和-12.2‰,221.82 mg/L和-11.9‰,97.30 mg/L和-11.23‰,其中灌丛和退耕还林地的δ13CDIC值与DIC浓度呈正比,且雨季较旱季偏高约4‰—5‰。根据δ13CDIC值,结合各植被类型下土壤水DIC浓度与其相应的土壤碳酸盐含量呈正相关,判断旱地、灌丛地、退耕还林地等岩溶土壤水中的DIC主要来自土壤中碳酸盐岩矿物的碳酸溶蚀,即岩溶土壤中存在着碳酸盐岩碳酸溶蚀作用,从而在一定程度上减少了土壤系统向大气排放的CO2量。     

洱海入湖河流弥苴河下游氮磷季节性变化特征及主要影响因素

入湖河流携带污染物对洱海水环境的影响日益明显,对洱海入湖水量最大的河流——弥苴河下游水体氮磷进行了连续采样分析,以期为河口湿地建设和水质改善提供基础数据.结果表明:1)弥苴河水质介于地表水Ⅲ-Ⅴ类之间,主要污染物为氮和磷,其中总氮平均浓度为1.17 mg/L,最高浓度达到2.00 mg/L;总磷平均浓度为0.06 mg/L;2)弥苴河下游总氮、总磷浓度丰水期高于枯水期,并呈现出季节性变化规律;3)弥苴河下游水体总氮、总磷年均浓度远高于洱海水体总氮、总磷年均浓度,其中总氮高出2.10倍,总磷高出2.90倍;4)弥苴河下游河段非点源污染占据主导地位.     

香溪河河流连续统特征研究

以香溪河附石藻类密度、藻类叶绿素a浓度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及生态系统初级生产力随河流级别的变化为例探索该河流的连续统特征。结果表明,附石藻类密度、藻类叶绿素a浓度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体上都有随着河流级别增加而增加的趋势,但在1～3级河段之间这种趋势并不明显,甚至出现了逆转。河流初级生产力也有随河流级别增加而增加的趋势,并在第4级河流达到最大,随后有所下降。在全水系范围内河流初级生产力(P)与群落呼吸(R)比值P／R均大于1,说明香溪河是一条以自养生产为主的河流。所研究的特征并不完全与连续统概念的预测相一致,表明河流已经受到了一定程度的人为干扰。     

Mid-Po River zooplankton

The temporal crustacean-zooplankton variation in the mid-Po River (Italy) was analyzed from November 1974 through November 1982. Samples were collected at three stations at monthly intervals.Separate taxon-by-taxon multiple regression analyses (MLTRG) were carried out with zooplankton taxa as the criterion variable and river depth, river discharge and water temperature as the predictor variables. Moina brachiata and Eucyclops serrulatus were correlated with water temperature, Cyclops vicinus inversely correlated with temperature, Eudiaptomus padanus, C. vicinus and Daphniidae with river discharge; Copepodites inversely correlated with river depth.MLTRG showed that water temperature and river discharge account for about 15% of total zooplankton variation.Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on residuals calculated from MLTRG. Among-years and among-months variation were significant for all the examined taxa. Significant years × months interactions indicated that seasonal variations were also different in different years.ANOVA stressed that there were still unexplained significant residuals in years and months variations.Weekly and daily samples collected in Summer 1979 were submitted to MLTRG and ANOVA as above. Among-week variations were significant for all the examined taxa, whereas among-days were significant for Daphiidae and M. brachiata (Cladocera), and not significant for any of the other taxa. Caution is recommended in interpreting the results of river zooplankton studies. Differences between species responses warn us not to pool species into larger taxa. Temporal variation changes from year to year, so long-time series are necessary to clarify the most important trends of river zooplankton.     

北京白河与温榆河浮游动物调查

2004～2006年对北京地区白河和温榆河浮游生物群落进行调查.结果显示:白河浮游动物137种,隶属于78个属,其中原生动物最多,共计73种,其次是轮虫55种,枝角类7种,桡足类2种;温榆河浮游动物135种,隶属于83个属,其中原生动物共计65种,轮虫类53种,枝角类13种,桡足类4种.两河浮游动物种类组成大部分相同,以原生动物为主,但两河大型浮游动物的种类组成差别较大.据两条河流浮游动物的生态状况和凋查结果综合分析,白河的水质较好,多数站点水体清洁,只有少数站点水体达轻度污染,温榆河水质较差,大多数站点水体属轻度污染,个别站点属中度污染.     

Knife River Flint

Abstract

Twenty-four Knife River F I int quarries have been newly discovered in Dunn County, North Dakota. Five were previously known in Mercer County. The flint occurs as pebbles, cobbles, and boulders in alluvial, slope-wash, and colluvial lag deposits of Pleistocene age. The flint in these deposits was originally derived from a silicified lignite bed in the Golden Valley Formation of Eocene age and possibly also from other lignite-bearing formations. The flint has a characteristic petrography and can be readily distinguished from all other commonly used rock types in North Dakota and adjacent areas.     

Aquatic Resource Use by Indigenous Australians in Two Tropical River Catchments: the Fitzroy River and Daly River

Indigenous people of northern Australia make extensive use of wild resources as a source of food, in their art and craft, and for medicinal purposes. These resources are part of a socially and culturally significant landscape. Using data collected from household surveys across two catchments in northern Australia, the Daly River, Northern Territory (NT) and the Fitzroy River, Western Australia (WA), we describe indigenous aquatic resource use patterns. The former is a perennial system with extensive vegetated wetlands that can remain inundated for 4?C5?months, while the latter can cease to flow during the winter dry season (May?COctober) and its floods usually last for weeks. Subsistence strategies depend on seasonal availability of a wide array of aquatic species and are attuned to the life histories and movement patterns of key species, such as Long-necked Turtle (Chelodina rugosa) and Magpie Goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Indigenous households harvested resources from different habitats. Our results show a clear progression from use of the main river channel shortly after the wet season to use of billabongs late in the dry season in the Daly River, and a constant reliance on the main river channel and tributaries in the Fitzroy River. Difference in the main species utilised appears strongly related to habitat use, with four of the five most commonly harvested in the Daly catchment being non-fish species associated with billabong habitats. Commonly harvested species from the Fitzroy catchment included small bodied species used as bait and two popular food species, Black Bream (Hephaestus jenkinsi) and Catfish (Neoarius spp.). Results suggest that indigenous subsistence strategies are vulnerable to changes in the natural systems that provide the ??ecosystem goods,?? particularly annual inundation of floodplains that drives productivity and provides habitat for some key species. Water resource developments, such as river regulation and increased abstraction for irrigated agriculture, could adversely affect a highly valued customary component of the indigenous economies of tropical Australia.     

Redefinition and Elaboration of River Ecosystem Health: Perspective for River Management

This paper critically reviews developments in the conceptualization and elaboration of the River Ecosystem Health (REH) concept. Analysis of literature shows there is still no consistent meaning of the central concept Ecosystem Health, resulting in models (i.e. elaborations) that have unclear and insufficient conceptual grounds. Furthermore, a diverse terminology is associated with describing REH, resulting in confusion with other concepts. However, if the concept is to have merit and longevity in the field of river research and management, unambiguous definition of the conceptual meaning and operational domain are required. Therefore a redefinition is proposed, based on identified characteristics of health and derived from considering semantic and conceptual definitions. Based on this definition, REH has merit in a broader context of river system health that considers societal functioning next to ecological functioning. Assessment of health needs integration of measures of multiple, complementary attributes and analysis in a synthesized way. An assessment framework is proposed that assesses REH top-down as well as bottom up by combining indicators of system stress responses (i.e. condition) with indicators identifying the causative stress (i.e. stressor). The scope of REH is covered by using indicators of system activity, metabolism (vigour), resilience, structure and interactions between system components (organization). The variety of stress effects that the system may endure are covered by using biotic, chemical as well as physical stressors. Besides having a unique meaning, the REH metaphor has added value to river management by being able to mobilize scientists, practitioners and publics and seeing relationships at the level of values. It places humans at the centre of the river ecosystem, while seeking to ensure the durability of the ecosystem of which they are an integral part. Optimization of the indicator set, development of aggregation and classification methodologies, and implementation of the concept within differing international frames are considered main aims for future research.     

River Enhancement in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: Approaches Based on River Uses, Alterations, and Management Agencies

The Upper Mississippi River is characterized by a series of locks and dams, shallow impoundments, and thousands of river channelization structures that facilitate commercial navigation between Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Cairo, Illinois. Agriculture and urban development over the past 200 years have degraded water quality and increased the rate of sediment and nutrient delivery to surface waters. River enhancement has become an important management tool employed to address causes and effects of surface water degradation and river modification in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. We report information on individual river enhancement projects and contrast project densities, goals, activities, monitoring, and cost between commercially non‐navigated and navigated rivers (Non‐navigated and Navigated Rivers, respectively). The total number of river enhancement projects collected during this effort was 62,108. Cost of all projects reporting spending between 1972 and 2006 was about US$1.6 billion. Water quality management was the most cited project goal within the basin. Other important goals in Navigated Rivers included in‐stream habitat improvement and flow modification. Most projects collected for Non‐navigated Rivers and their watersheds originated from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the USDA were important sources for projects in Navigated Rivers. Collaborative efforts between agencies that implement projects in Non‐navigated and Navigated Rivers may be needed to more effectively address river impairment. However, the current state of data sources tracking river enhancement projects deters efficient and broad‐scale integration.     

这里滋养了黄河 刘昌明院士谈黄河首曲湿地

<正>其实,不仅是黄河首曲地区,整个三江源地区除高山冰雪覆盖外,有很多大面积湿地,海拔高,温度低。从生态系统来看,三江源地区包括黄河首曲是世界上最高的湿地系统,有丰富的高原生物多样性。对地球的生物多样性以及下游河流的水涵养都有很大的意义。我们的母亲河黄河与长江都是在高原湿地上发育的。