转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

Vip3Aa tolerance response of Helicoverpa armigera populations from a Cry1Ac cotton planting region

Transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., that expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac toxin, holds great promise in controlling target insect pests. Evolution of resistance by target pests is the primary threat to the continued efficacy of Bt cotton. To thwart pest resistance evolution, a transgenic cotton culitvar that produces two different Bt toxins, cry1Ac and vip3A genes, was proposed as a successor of cry1Ac cotton. This article reports on levels of Vip3Aa tolerance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations from the Cry1Ac cotton planting region in China based on bioassays of the F1 generation of isofemale lines. In total, 80 isofemale families of H. armigera from Xiajin county of Shandong Province (an intensive Bt cotton planting area) and 93 families from Anci county of Hebei Province (a multiple-crop system including corn [Zea mays L.] , soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and Bt cotton) were screened with a discriminating concentration of both Cry1Ac- and Vip3A-containing diets in 2009. From data on the relative average development rates and percentage of larval weight inhibition of F1 full-sib families tested simultaneously on Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa, results indicate that responses to Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa were not genetically correlated in field population ofH. armigera. This indicates that the threat of cross-resistance between Cry1Ac and Vip3A is low in field populations of H. armigera. Thus, the introduction of Vip3Aa/Cry1Ac-producing lines could delay resistance evolution in H. armigera in Bt cotton planting area of China.     

Monitoring and management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bt cotton in China

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important insect pests in cotton growing regions of China. Transgenic cotton that expresses a gene derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been deployed for combating cotton bollworm since 1997. Natural refugees derived from the mixed planting system consisting of cotton, corn, soybean, vegetables, peanut and others on single-family farms of a small scale were used for delaying the evolution of resistance to Bt cotton. Susceptibility of H. armigera field populations to the Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Ac was monitored from 1997 to 2006. The results indicate that the field populations are still susceptible to Cry1Ac, and monitoring indication no apparent shifts in susceptibility in field populations of this important pest.     

盐城棉区棉铃虫田间种群对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率

【背景】转Bt基因抗虫棉已经在我国进行了近20年的大规模商业化种植,产生了显著的经济和环境效益。但是,靶标害虫棉铃虫的抗性是转Bt基因抗虫棉产业健康发展所面临的最大问题,而抗性监测是解决这一问题的必要管理措施。盐城市是江苏省转基因抗虫棉的主产区,但有关该地区棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉的抗性基因频率未见报道。【方法】于2012年在盐城三龙镇和东台镇棉区采集田间棉铃虫种群,检测了初孵幼虫对花铃期转Bt基因抗虫棉中30幼嫩叶片的敏感性,用区分剂量法检测了2龄幼虫对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率。【结果】取食转Bt基因抗虫棉叶片后,棉铃虫初孵幼虫在9 d内全部死亡;三龙镇和东台镇棉铃虫2龄幼虫对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率分别为7.6×10-3和6.9×10-3。【结论与意义】目前,盐城棉区的棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉仍保持很高的敏感性,棉铃虫种群对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率没有发生显著变化,但仍需持续监测。     

Increasing tolerance to Cry1Ac cotton from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, was confirmed in Bt cotton farming area of China

Abstract.  1. Changes in the frequency of Cry1Ac resistance genes and shifts in tolerance of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera , to the Cry1Ac toxin were assessed using bioassays of F₁ and F₂ offspring of isofemale lines from Anci County of Hebei Province (a multiple-crop system including corn, soybean, peanut, and Bt cotton) and Xiajin County of Shandong Province (an intensive Bt cotton planting area) in Northern China during 2002–2005.
2. A conservative analysis of the overall results indicated that there was a small increase in the frequency of major, non-recessive resistance genes over time.
3. The relative average development ratings [RADR – growth rate of a line on a Bt diet in proportion to the growth rate on a non-Bt (NBT) diet] of the bollworm larvae in F₁ tests increased significantly from year to year, indicating a gradual trend towards higher tolerance to Cry1Ac in the field populations.
4. There were also significant positive correlations between RADR of the lines in the F₁ generation and the RADR of their F₂ offspring, indicating that the tolerance was genetically based.
5. Quantitative genetic simulation analysis showed that resistance of H . armigera to Bt cotton in Xiajin could evolve to a high level in 11–15 years if no effective resistance management measures are carried out.     

Determining the major Bt refuge crops for cotton bollworm in North China

Evaluation of the effectiveness of refuge strategies involved in cotton bollworm Bt resistance management would be aided by technologies that allow monitoring and quantification of key factors that affect the process under field conditions. We hypothesized that characterization of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in adult bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths may aid in determining the larval host that they developed upon. We found moths reared from larvae fed on peanut, soybean or cotton, respectively, could be differentiated using isotopic analyses that also corresponded to their respective larval host origins. These techniques were then used to classify feral second‐generation bollworm moths caught in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fields into different populations based on their isotopic signatures. In 2006–2007 feral moths captured in Bt cotton fields predominantly correlated with the peanut (Arachis hypogea) having served as their larval host, indicating this is the most important refuge crop for Bt‐susceptible bollworm individuals (providing 58%?64% individuals) during independent moth peaks for the second generation in North China. The remaining feral moths correlated with soybean (Glycine max) (0?10%); other C₃ plant (20%?22%) and non‐C₃ plant (12%?14%) host types also provided some Bt‐sensitive moths. Field observations showed that peanut constitutes the primary refuge crop contributing to sustaining Bt‐susceptible moths dispersing into cotton in North China. These results suggest that peanut may be a more effective refuge to sustain Bt‐susceptible bollworm individuals and reduce the risk of development of a Bt‐resistant biotype.     

Colonization preference of Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula in transgenic cotton varieties,peanut, and soybean

Producers of Bt cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), in the southeastern USA face significant losses from highly polyphagous stink bug species. These problems may be exacerbated by crop rotation practices that often result in cotton, peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (both Fabaceae), growing in close proximity to one another. Because all of these crops are hosts for the major pest stink bug species in the region, we experimentally examined colonization preference of these species among the crops to clarify this aspect of their population dynamics. We planted peanut, soybean, Bt cotton, and glyphosate‐tolerant (RR) non‐Bt cotton at three sites over 3 years in replicated plots ranging from 192 to 1 323 m² and calculated odds ratios for colonization of each crop for Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus servus (Say) (both Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). In four of five experiments, both E. servus and N. viridula preferred soybean significantly more often than Bt cotton, non‐Bt cotton, and peanut. Neither N. viridula nor E. servus showed any preference between non‐Bt and Bt cotton in any experiment. Both species had higher numbers in Bt and non‐Bt cotton relative to peanut; this was not significant for any single experiment, but analyses across all experiments indicated that N. viridula preferred Bt and non‐Bt cotton significantly more often than peanut. Our results suggest that soybean in the landscape may function as a sink for stink bug populations relative to nearby peanut and cotton when the soybean is in the reproductive stage of development. Stink bug preference for soybean may reduce pest pressure in near‐by crops, but population increases in soybean could lead to this crop functioning as a source for later‐season pest pressure in cotton.     

Regional assessment of Helicoverpa zea populations on cotton and non-cotton crop hosts

Selection pressure on bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) (Malvaceae), that produces one or more Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) proteins is reduced by plantings of non‐Bt refuge cotton that produce non‐selected individuals. However, the contributions of non‐Bt, non‐cotton crop hosts to the overall effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton have not been estimated. A 2‐year, season‐long study was conducted in five US cotton‐producing states to assess the spatial and temporal population dynamics and host use of H. zea. Helicoverpa zea larval estimates in commercial crop fields demonstrated that non‐cotton crop hosts, such as maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae), peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae), and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), collectively support much larger larval populations than cotton throughout the season. Larval populations were almost entirely restricted to maize in the middle part of the season (June and portions of July), and were observed in non‐cotton crop hosts more frequently and typically in larger numbers than in cotton during the period when production would be expected in cotton (July and August). Numbers of H. zea larvae produced in replicated strip trials containing various crop hosts paralleled production estimates from commercial fields. In contrast, the number of H. zea adults captured in pheromone traps at interfaces of fields of Bt cotton and various crop hosts rarely varied among interfaces, except in instances where maize was highly attractive. With the exception of this early season influence of maize, moth numbers were not related to local larval production. These data demonstrate that H. zea adults move extensively from their natal host origins. Therefore, non‐cotton crop hosts, and even relatively distant hosts, contribute significantly to effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton. The results presented here demonstrate that substantial natural refuge is present for Bt‐resistance management of H. zea throughout the mid‐South and Southeast portions of the US cotton belt.     

Life history traits of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt transgenic corn hybrids in eastern North Carolina.

Transgenic varieties of field corn that express the CrylAb B. thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in ear tissue present the potential of reducing ear feeding by the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and for reducing the size of populations of the insect infesting other host crops. Life history parameters of H. zea feeding on ears of conventional and Bt field corn varieties were measured in field plots in eastern North Carolina in 1997 and 1998. Transformation events investigated were Mon-810 and Bt-11. Bt corn was found to cause a steady mortality of larvae during development, but permitted approximately 15-40% survival to the prepupal stage compared with non-Bt corn. Mortality of prepupae and pupae from Bt corn was also higher than from non-Bt corn, reducing overall adult production by 65-95%. The larvae that did survive grew more slowly on Bt than on non-Bt corn, and produced pupae that weighed 33% less. Pupation and adult eclosion were delayed by 6-10 d by feeding on Bt corn ears. Corn varieties expressing Bt in ear tissue have the potential to reduce H. zea ear feeding by up to 80%, and the potential to reduce populations emerging from ear-stage corn fields to infest cotton, soybean and other crops by around 75%. To have a measurable effect on area-wide populations, Bt corn varieties would need to be planted in large proportions of corn fields. Extensive planting of varieties such as those tested here, having only moderate effects on H. zea, would raise concerns about rapid evolution of resistance.     

棉田与玉米田棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)种群动态特征的比较

1998年在江苏丰县系统调查了棉田和玉米田中第三、四代棉铃虫的种群动态,用生命表方法比较了两种寄主田内棉铃虫种群的发育速率和存活率.结果表明,棉铃虫卵峰期至4龄幼虫高峰期的历期在玉米田要比棉田快4d,并以产卵于玉米抽雄扬花期的发育最快.两类寄主田内平均存活率无显著差异,但产卵于玉米抽雄扬花期时,其卵至6龄幼虫的存活率比产在其它阶段玉米上的存活率高.在江苏棉区目前的作物布局和耕作制度下,玉米田第三代棉铃虫是棉田第四代棉铃虫的重要虫源.     

Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model

A simulation model is developed to examine the role of spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea populations to Bt corn and Bt cotton. The model is developed from the stochastic spatially explicit Heliothis virescens model described by Peck et al. (1999), to accommodate a spatial mix of two host crops (corn and cotton), and to reflect the agronomic practices, as well as the spatial and temporal population dynamics of H. zea, in eastern North Carolina. The model suggests that selection for resistance is more intense in Bt cotton fields than in Bt corn fields. It further suggests that local gene frequencies are highly dependent on local deployment levels of Bt crops despite the high mobility of the adult insects. Region-wide average gene frequencies depend on the region-wide level of Bt deployment, so incomplete technology adoption slows the rate of resistance evolution. However, on a local scale, H. zea populations in clusters of fields in which Bt use is high undergo far more rapid evolution than populations in neighboring clusters of fields in which Bt use is low. The model suggests that farm-level refuge requirements are important for managing the risk of resistance. The model can be used as an aid in designing plans for monitoring for resistance by suggesting the appropriate distribution of monitoring locations, which should focus on areas of highest Bt crop deployment. The findings need to be placed in the context of the input parameters, many of which are uncertain or highly variable in nature, and therefore, a thorough sensitivity analysis is warranted.     

取食Bt棉与玉米的越冬代棉铃虫抗寒性特征比较

【目的】针对由Bt棉花和玉米构成的华北农田景观, 探讨不同寄主作物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 越冬抗寒的影响。【方法】2013年在河北廊坊科研中试基地的作物田中将棉铃虫幼虫接到Bt棉和玉米上, 比较取食不同作物后棉铃虫的化蛹率、存活率和越冬蛹羽化率;在室内控制条件下分别用棉蕾和鲜玉米粒饲喂棉铃虫幼虫。 测定滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的鲜重、干重、以及脂肪、糖原和低分子物质含量等指标, 比较取食不同作物后棉铃虫的抗寒能力。【结果】取食玉米的棉铃虫滞育蛹干重（117.5 mg）、脂肪含量（457.2 μg/mg DW）以及海藻糖浓度（86.45 μg/g）均显著高于取食Bt棉的棉铃虫滞育蛹干重（56.6 mg）、脂肪含量（239.6 μg/mg DW）以及海藻糖浓度（13.87 μg/g）;取食玉米的棉铃虫冰点(-10.2℃)显著低于取食Bt棉的棉铃虫冰点(-6.5℃)。【结论】结果表明取食玉米更加有利于棉铃虫越冬。 据历史数据, 近年来玉米种植面积不断增加, 这将提高棉铃虫成功越冬比率, 对棉铃虫种群扩张起到促进作用, 因此注重玉米上棉铃虫的防治尤为重要。     

Helicoverpa armigera baseline susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins and resistance management for Bt cotton in India

Transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), often referred to as Bt cotton, is widely grown in many countries. Bt cotton with a single cry1A gene and stacked also with cry2A gene has provided satisfactory protection against the damage by the lepidopteran bollworms, especially the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) which is considered as a key pest. The baseline susceptibility of the larvae of H. armigera to Cry1Ac and other toxins carried out in many countries has provided a basis for monitoring resistance. There is no evidence of development of field-level resistance in H. armigera leading to the failure of Bt cotton crop anywhere in the world, despite the fact that Bt cotton was grown on the largest ever area of 12.1 million hectares in 2006 and its cumulative cultivation over the last 11 years has surpassed the annual cotton area in the world. Nevertheless, the Bt resistance management has become a necessity to sustain Bt cotton and other transgenic crops in view of potential of the target insects to evolve Cry toxin resistance.     

Influence of preceding crop on wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) abundance in the coastal plain of North Carolina

Three studies were conducted to determine the effect of preceding crop on wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) abundance in the coastal plain of North Carolina. In all three studies, samples of wireworm populations were taken from the soil by using oat, Avena sativa L., baits. Treatments were defined by the previous year's crop and were chosen to reflect common crop rotations in the region. Across all three studies, eight wireworm species were recovered from the baits: Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal), Conoderus bellus (Say), Conoderus falli (Lane), Conoderus lividus (Degeer), Conoderus scissus (Schaeffer), Conoderus vespertinus (F.), Glyphonyx bimarginatus (Schaeffer), and Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal). The effect of corn, Zea mays L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; fallow; soybean, Clycine max (L.) Merr.; sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) was evaluated in a small-plot replicated study. M. communis was the most frequently collected species in the small-plot study and was found in significantly higher numbers following soybean and corn. The mean total number of wireworms per bait (all species) was highest following soybean. A second study conducted in late fall and early spring assessed the abundance of overwintering wireworm populations in commercial fields planted to corn, cotton, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), soybean, sweet potato, and tobacco in the most recent previous growing season. C. lividus was the most abundant species, and the mean total number of wireworms was highest following corn and soybean. A survey was conducted in commercial sweet potato in late spring and early summer in fields that had been planted to corn, cotton, cucurbit (Cucurbita pepo L.), peanut, soybean, sweet potato, or tobacco in the most recent previous growing season. C. vespertinus was the most abundant species, and the mean total number of wireworms per bait was highest following corn.     

Seasonal Population Dynamics of Selected Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Four Monocultured Crops

Seasonal fluctuations in field populations of Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus zeae, P. brachyurus, Criconemoides ornatus, Trichodorus christiei, and Helicotylenchus dihystera on monocultured corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean were determined monthly for 4 yr. Population densities of M. incognita were greater in corn and cotton plots than in peanut and soybean plots from July until January. Those of Pratylenchus spp. were greater on corn and soybean than on cotton and peanut during all months except May and June. C. ornatus populations were greater on corn and peanut than on cotton and soybean during all months. C. ornatus on corn and peanut was more numerous in July than in other months. There was no significant increase in populations of T. christiei, except on corn in June. H. dihystera was greater in cotton and soybean plots than in corn and peanut plots from August through December.     

转Bt棉花对蜘蛛生长发育及捕食行为的影响

室内评价了取食转Bt棉叶的棉铃虫幼虫对草间钻头蛛和八斑鞘腹蛛生长发育的影响.并通过捕食功能反应评价了取食了Bt棉叶的棉铃虫幼虫对成熟草间钻头蛛捕食行为的影响.室内饲养实验结果表明草间钻头蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛取食用转Bt棉叶处理的棉铃虫幼虫与取食普通棉叶处理的棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期、成蛛体重都没有显著差异.捕食功能反应实验结果表明草间钻头蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,两组不同猎物饲养成熟的草间钻头蛛对同种处理的棉铃虫幼虫的捕食行为没有显著差异.综合考虑：转Bt棉对蜘蛛生长发育、捕食能力没有显著的负作用.     

Mating compatibility among helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) occurring on selected host plants and Bt cotton survivors

Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a well-known polyphagous insect pest. Mating compatibility among the insects occurring on different host plants is essential for free gene flow among populations. We tested the extent of crossability and fecundity of the insects that survived on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton with those occurring on pigeon pea, Cajanus cajun (L.) Millsp., non-Bt cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; sunflower, Helianthus annuus; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.; okra, Abelmoschus moschatus Medikus; chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.; marigold, Tagetes spp.; and tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum L., crops. The insects from different crops were freely crossable with those collected from Bt cotton and among themselves. The average fecundity across different crosses ranged from 314.1 to 426.3 in direct and from 305.8 to 421.7 eggs per female in reciprocal crosses. In any given cross, a minimum of 85.89% egg hatch was recorded. Furthermore, the F1 individuals of different cross combinations were found to cross freely with their parents (BC1) and among themselves with similar fecundity and egg hatch. High crossability among H. armigera occurring on different host plants suggests that crop mosaics that may exist in countries such as India could play an important role as natural, nonstructured refugia and prolong the durability of the genes deployed for controlling this insect.     

Resistance to the Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Three laboratory strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were established by mating of field-collected insects with an existing insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain. These strains were cultured on artificial diet containing the Cry1Ac protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis using three different protocols. When no response to selection was detected after 7-11 generations of selection, the three strains were combined by controlled mating to preserve genetic diversity. The composite strain (BX) was selected on the basis of growth rate on artificial diet containing Cry1Ac crystals. Resistance to Cry1Ac was first detected after 16 generations of continuous selection. The resistance ratio (RR) peaked approximately 300-fold at generation 21, after which it declined to oscillate between 57- and 111-fold. First-instar H. armigera from generation 25 (RR = 63) were able to complete their larval development on transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac and produce fertile adults. There appeared to be a fitness cost associated with resistance on cotton and on artificial diet. The BX strain was not resistant to the commercial Bt spray formulations DiPel and XenTari, which contain multiple insecticidal crystal proteins, but was resistant to the MVP formulation, which only contains Cry1Ac. The strain was also resistant to Cry1Ab but not to Cry2Aa or Cry2Ab. Toxin binding assays showed that the resistant insects lacked the high affinity binding site that was detected in early generations of the strain. Genetic analysis confirmed that resistance in the BX strain of H. armigera is incompletely recessive.     

A global approach to resistance monitoring

Transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been grown in many parts of the world since 1996. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required that industry submit insect resistance management (IRM) plans for each Bt corn and cotton product commercialized. A coalition of stakeholders including the EPA, USDA, academic scientists, industry, and grower organizations have cooperated in developing specific IRM strategies. Resistance monitoring (requiring submission of annual reports to the EPA), and a remedial action plan addressing any contingency if resistance should occur, are important elements of these strategies. At a global level, Monsanto conducts baseline susceptibility studies (prior to commercialization), followed by monitoring studies on target pest populations, for all of its commercialized Bt crop products. To date, Monsanto has conducted baseline/monitoring studies in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, India, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. Examples of pests on which resistance monitoring has been conducted include cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, Southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, and western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, in the United States, cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, in China, India and Australia, and H. virescens and H. zea in Mexico. No field-selected resistance to Bt crops has been documented.     

转基因棉花对棉铃虫天敌寄生率的影响

采用分期接虫、分期回收法研究常规棉与转基因棉花品种 (系 )上棉铃虫寄生性天敌在不同棉花品种上的寄生作用。结果表明 ,无论是第 2代棉铃虫发生期间还是第 3 ,4代棉铃虫发生期间 ,无论是棉铃虫卵期还是幼虫期 ,转基因棉花品种 (系 )的棉铃虫卵、幼虫寄生率均显著低于常规棉花品种上的寄生率。棉铃虫卵期寄生蜂主要是拟澳洲赤眼蜂 ,幼虫寄生蜂为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂等。由此看出转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生性天敌存在非亲和性。