陕西府谷晚中新世巨鬣狗(Dinocrocuta gigantea)(食肉目：鬣狗科)颅基部形态研究（英文）

巨鬣狗(Dinocrocuta gigantea)之前曾因其特殊的乳齿特征而被排除于鬣狗科之外,而归入单独的中鬣狗科(Percrocutidae)。对一产自陕西府谷的巨鬣狗头骨后部进行了扫描和内部结构重建,详细描述了颅基部内外形态,并与其他猫形类进行了对比。巨鬣狗在颅基部显示出了鬣狗科的典型模式,支持将其置于鬣狗科之内的传统观点,而中鬣狗科的有效性则值得怀疑。巨鬣狗的颅基部还具有很多独特特征,暗示其可能是鬣狗科的一个早期旁支。     

甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世鬣狗类群头骨的几何形态测量学及生态形态学分析(英文)

在晚新生代大型食肉目动物中,鬣狗科动物地史分布广、种类和数量多,在中国出现于中中新世至更新世晚期的地层中。形态功能学家将鬣狗科的60多个化石种分为似豺、似狼和似灵猫等生态类群,这些生态类群和现生仅存的3个食骨和1个食虫类群形成鲜明的对比。生态形态学是基于生物形态与生态环境的密切关系研究不同物种形态所代表的生态位的一种方法;研究者依靠化石鬣狗类与现生种类牙齿和头骨整体形态的相似度进行了生态形态(ecomorphology)的分类,但尚未对这些已定的生态形态进行过多变量的头骨形状分析。本文拟采用平面几何形态测量学的方法对晚中新世临夏盆地的鬣狗类进行研究,并探讨以头骨形状划分其生态形态类型的可行性。几何形态测量法是以生物形态的轮廓作为数据的计算方法,虽然目前尚未被国内古生物研究者广泛采用,但自20世纪30年代多变量统计学的理论成熟以来,这一方法的理论基础和软件算法在国外得到迅速发展,至今已成为近代生物学(neontology)和古生物学形态研究领域的一个常用工具。三维几何形态测量分析也因为三维激光扫描仪的普及而变得更简单和直观。然而,化石标本由于埋藏和保存的关系通常会出现变形或残缺不全,使目前几何形态测量方法在古生物学的应用仍主要以平面数据分析为主。平面数据采集的第一步是从与标本某一平面相垂直的角度拍摄数码照片;虽然拍摄平面的选择通常由研究者自定,但一般会选择待研究类群形状变异最具代表性的一面(如,鱼类一般选取侧视)。第二步是形态的数字化,即使用某一种形态测量软件来标出地标点(landmarks;或称界标点、标志点、标点)。地标点的选择对于分析的结果有直接而且重要的影响,一般会选择Bookstein分类中的I型或II型作为地标点的标准。这两种地标点的共同点是可以从解剖学特征上准确地在每一个标本上找到,而无不明确或复现困难的可能性。数字化后的数据在软件中用数学算法叠加起来(superimposition,或称叠合,重叠),以去除原始图片数据中标本位置、角度及其他与几何形态无关的冗余信息。所有的数字化数据叠加起来后,利用软件计算所有标本之间的几何距离。现在常用的软件中都会以平均几何形状作为中心,而且利用类似主成分分析(principal components analysis)的多变量计算来呈现相对扭曲(或称相对反卷)轴(relative warp axis),后者即是可以用来把形态差异视觉化的多变量数据。这些数据可以用平面坐标图来看不同形态的空间分布,也可以用所谓的薄板样条曲线图(thin-plate spline grid)来表示相对形态上的变化。相对扭曲轴所代表的形状数据还经常被拿来与代表几何物体大小的距心值(或称重心距离,centroid size)做回归曲线分析,以便发现种群中某些形态的异速生长模式(allometry)。本文采用几何形态测量的方法对产自和政地区的鬣狗科Hyaenictitherium,Ictitherium,Adcrocuta和旁鬣狗科Dinocrocuta的材料进行研究,分析了这4个属保存完好的头骨标本的侧面形态。与东非大草原现生食肉动物的头骨整体形态分布的比较和分析表明,和政的鼬鬣狗(Ictitherium)和鬣型鼬鬣狗(Hyaenictitherium)的头骨形状分布介于现生斑鬣狗(Crocuta crocuta)、犬科猎狗(Lycaon pictus)和金豺(Canis aureus)之间,为二者似豺生态形态的解释提供了几何形态测量证据。再者,上述两属化石鬣狗的形状分布与现生斑鬣狗的幼年个体形状重叠,表明现生斑鬣狗头骨的发育机制可能是在鼬鬣狗祖先类型的异速生长规律基础上的持续发育,进而演化出现有的粗壮形态。此外,巨鬣狗(Dinocrocuta)和副鬣狗(Adcrocuta)的头骨形状与现生的斑鬣狗在几何形态测量空间内有普遍重叠的现象,指示了这些异时出现的种类具有相似的生态形态,因而可能占据相近的生态位。结果还显示巨鬣狗和斑鬣狗的幼年个体形状相近,以及两者从幼年到成年发育的形状变化过程也具有相似的规律。因而,巨鬣狗和斑鬣狗之间的趋同演化不仅表现在成年头骨的粗壮程度上,而且在幼年发育模式中也存在平行演化现象。现生发育学与行为生态学已经证实,相对其他大型食肉动物,现生斑鬣狗发育粗壮头骨形态的机制不是以增速生长,而是以延长发育期来实现的。由此推断,巨鬣狗的发育期有可能和现生鬣狗相当(35个月),也可能由于具有相对粗壮和巨大的头骨形态,其发育期会延长些。当然,这个新解释仍需要更多的化石数据和发育研究来证实。     

宁夏同心Percrocuta一新种

本文记述了宁夏同心发现的中鬣狗—新种, Percrocuta prtmordialis sp. nov..文中讨论了 Percrocuta 属的含义,新种在该属中的地位及特征.作者认为, Percrocuta 只应包含那些生存于中中新世的小至中等个体的特化的鬣狗,而不包括那些后期的巨型鬣狗.新种个体小,在头骨上显示出一系列原始性状,是该属目前所知最原始的一个种.     

南召发现的人类和哺乳类化石

本文记述的人类化石是一枚右下第二前臼齿,发现于河南省南召县鸡河右岸第二级阶地的堆积中。一起发现的哺乳类化石有剑齿虎、中国鬣狗、肿骨鹿、剑齿象、三门马和巨等二十一种。时代为中更新世。     

甘肃庆阳上新世鬣狗科化石

本文记述的标本,是桑志华1920年采集而未研究过的,共有头骨与牙床50多件。标本中可以归入旧属种的有四类,其种名订正后为:Adcrocuta eximia variabilis,Ictitherium robustumgaudryi,I.wongii 和 Ictitherium hipparionum hyaenoides.材料中还包括一个新属,Palinhyaena和三个新种:P.reperta,P.imbricata 和 Lycyaena spathulata,Palinhyaena 极可能就是久寻未见的现生鬣狗在上新世中期的直系祖先类型。它在我国的发现对了解鬣狗科的进化发展及科内的分类提供了重要的新资料。     

鬣狗行迹辨

最近在报刊上几次有人提到了鬣狗,引起了人们对这类动物的兴趣。确实,鬣狗身上的一些独特之处早就引起了人们的注意,也颇使人感到困惑不解。因此,从古希腊开始直到近代,一直流传着关于鬣狗的种种传说。这就更增加了这种动物的神秘色彩。只是到了最近几十年,随着人们对非洲天然动物园中现生鬣狗的实地观察,鬣狗的某些“奇行怪癖”才得到了合理的解释。它的神秘的外衣才被剥去。对于古生物学工作者来说,鬣狗甚至更为有趣。大家知道,现生鬣狗仅有三属四种,而且只分布在非洲和亚洲南部部分地区。但在历史上,鬣狗的化石家族却曾繁盛一时,广布于欧、亚、非三大洲,而且入侵到了北美,曾成为食肉猛兽中最占优势的一类,留下了大量的化石记录。更为有趣的是,现生鬣狗的发源地,根据最近的研究,极有可能恰恰是中国这块大地。这样看来,我们和鬣狗也并不是毫无干系的了。     

西藏札达盆地发现大型碎骨型鬣狗

近期,英国《历史生物学》(Historical Biology)期刊上在线发表了由美国自然历史博物馆(纽约)曾志杰博士、洛杉矶自然历史博物馆王晓鸣博士、中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所李强博士和甘肃省博物馆颉光普研究员的合作研究成果.他们联合报道了产自西藏阿里地区札达盆地400多万年前的佩里耶上新鬣狗(Pliocrocuta perrieri)化石,这是继雪山豹鬣狗(Chasmaporthetes gangsriensis)之后在该地区发现的第二种鬣狗类化石,也是大型碎骨型鬣狗在青藏高原上的首次出现,对于研究鬣狗类的起源、多样性和古地理分布具有重要意义.     

安徽淮南晚新生代鬣狗类化石(英文)

记述了安徽淮南地区晚新生代洞穴、裂隙堆积中发现的鬣狗化行。材料系2003年至2006年间由本文作者之一(金昌柱)等在淮南市八公山区进行地层古生物调查时,于大居山老洞、西裂隙及大顶山裂隙的堆积物中采集到的。与鬣狗伴生的其他哺乳动物属种多样,并具有一定的地质断代意义。大居山老洞有Pliopentalagus huainanensis、Kowalskia sp.、Nan- nocricetus mongolicus等,西裂隙有Sericolagus sp.、Mimomys sp.、Equus sanmeniensis等,大顶山裂隙则有Lepus sp.、Ailuropoda sp.、Homotherium ultima等。所发现的鬣狗化石包括Adcrocuta extmta、Chasmaporthetes lunensis和Crocuta crocuta三种其中Crocuta crocuta至少包括三个个体;其他两种则只有一个个体。淮南的鬣狗种类跨越了晚中新世至晚更新世。Adcrocuta eximia为欧亚大陆晚中新世的特有种,为鬣狗科中朝食骨方向演化的类群;体型和前臼齿主尖与晚中新世较原始的属种(如Hyaenictitherium)相比,都有壮大的趋势。Chasmaporthetes地理分布最广,除欧亚大陆有多处化石记录外,还出现于北美洲的晚上新世至中更新世动物群中。修长的肢骨与尖利的颊齿表明了其擅长奔跑的能力和主动猎食的习性。该属在淮南的出现突出反映了一种相对开阔的古地理环境。Crocuta crocuta在大居山西裂隙与大顶山裂隙中都有发现。斑鬣狗分布于中国多处的中-晚更新世地点,包括台湾的澎湖列岛。在前臼齿的形态上,C.crocuta与Pachycrocuta相似,比A.eximia的宽大,具有更为进步的特征。这说明在早更新世晚期至中更新世早期,Crocuta极可能完全取代了Pachycrocuta。迄今在安徽Pachycrocuta仅发现于和县与繁昌的洞穴堆积中,由于目前确定高分辨率的洞、裂隙堆积物的地层年代较为困难,安徽的有关动物群足否记录了这个替代事件有待于进一步工作。淮南的鬣狗化石至少涉及了两个不同时期的动物群:一为Adcrocuta eximia所代表的晚中新世动物群,二为Crocuta所代表的晚上新世-更新世动物群。Chasma- porthetes lunensis的出现对于年代的确定并无太大帮助,但具有草原习性的Chasmaporthetes却为动物群的古生态环境分析和重建提供了一些证据。     

内蒙古中新世通古尔组 Tungurictis(Carnivora:Hyaenidae)的新材料

斯氏通古尔鼬 (Tungurictisspocki)是 1 939年Colbert描述的一个采自内蒙古中中新世通古尔组的小型食肉类的新属、新种。他最初认为通古尔鼬属于灵猫科 ,但最近Hunt( 1 989)及Hunt和Solounias( 1 991 )提出通古尔鼬具有一些鬣狗科耳区的特征 (如水平方向的听泡隔板等 )但缺少典型鬣狗科强壮的用来咬碎骨骼的前臼齿。Werdelin和Solounias( 1 991 )对鬣狗科分支系统的研究也进一步证实通古尔鼬实际上是一种鬣狗科较为原始的成员。因此通古尔鼬成为研究鬣狗科初期演化关系的重要一环。Tungurictisspocki的正型标本 (AMNH 2 660 0 )是一件相当完整的头骨 ,但这是美国自然历史博物馆第三次中亚考查团在狼营地点 (WolfCamp)获得的惟一标本。缺少下颌骨和非常关键的下裂齿对于研究鬣狗科关系总是一件憾事。因此在通古尔台地南缘首次发现的出自同一个体的斯氏通古尔鼬上、下颌骨 ,对加深该种形态特征的认识和对鬣狗科系统关系的研究都具有一定意义。新发现的材料 (IVPPV 1 3784)包括很可能属同一个体头骨的前半部分以及下颌骨 ,并保存了P3～M2及m1～m2。V 1 3784采自内蒙古苏尼特左旗IVPP 346地点西 1 .5km(美国自然历史博物馆中亚考查团推饶木诺尔地点TairumNorlocality ,又称南营地SouthCamp) ,属通古尔组下部     

盐井沟动物群

盐井沟动物群又称“万县动物群”、“四川动物群”。指在四川万县盐井沟附近发现的一个哺乳动物群 ,时代属中更新世。其代表性化石有 :东方剑齿象、长臂猿、金丝猿、大熊猫、巨、中国犀、竹鼠、箭猪、鬣狗、虎、鼬鼠、豺、黑熊、纳玛象、野猪、水鹿、麝鹿、麂、水牛、野牛、羚羊等。其中包括少数绝灭属 ,如剑齿象、巨等 ,大部分为现生种的化石亚种 ,约占５４% ,现生种约占２３ %。盐井沟动物群是狭义的大熊猫—剑齿象动物群的典型代表。盐井沟动物群     

NEW MATERIALS OF DINOCROCUTA GIGANTEA FOUND IN FUGU COUNTY, SHAANXI PROVINCE

Theskullisverybigandrobust,exceptionallyshortandwidthinproperty.Theroofascendslikeaflightofsteps.Occipitalistriangleinformandupperborderextendsposteriorly,projectedovertheoccipital.Theanteriorpartofupperpremolariswiderthanthatofposteriorone.TheprotoconeofP4isverysmall.LengthofM,islongerthanthatofP4.ItslimbswerediscoveredforfirsttimeinChina.Itisshownafterstudyingthatitsskullisexceptionallyrobustbutitslimbsdonotindicateanyrobust.ComparedwiththeHyaenasinensis,theskullofDinocrocutagiganteaisl.…     

Machairodus horribilis Schlosser，1903头骨材料记述

Schlosser于1903年根据不明地点的零散牙齿所创建的Machairodus horribilis种一直没有得到古生物学家们的认同。最近发现了产自山西保德的两个剑齿虎头骨及一件下颌。其中的ml和M.horribilis者在大小和形态上都非常接近,据此把上述新材料归入了M.horribi- lis。在与中国及欧洲已知各种对比后,确信M.horribilis应为一有效种。     

陕西蓝田灞河组的小羚羊(Dorcadoryx Teilhard et Trassaert, 1938, Bovidae)

描述了牛科小羚羊(Dorcadorys Teilhard et Trassaert,1938)一新种:D.orientalis sp. nov.。材料发现于陕西蓝田Loc.6,晚中新世灞河组中部。它和属型种Dorcadoryx triquetricor- nis的主要不同在于它的角心长,向上分散度大,角后窝深而狭长,眼眶向头骨两侧突出不明显,下颌骨水平支低而纤细,颊齿窄和前臼齿列相对长等。Dorcadoryx是中国北方和蒙古地区晚中新世至早上新世的特有类型之一。我国山西晚中新世的?Tragoreas(Bohlin,1935)、蒙古新近纪晚期的Tragoreas sp.2和sp.3以及Olonbulukia(?)sp.(Dmitrieva,1977)可能是它的成员。经修订,属的主要特征是个体小至中等大小,头骨狭长,角基之间的额面不向上隆起,头骨弯曲发生在额顶骨之间,眶上孔小,眶前窝大,颅顶部狭长,基枕部具中沟,前结节不明显,角心位于眼眶之上、不旋转,内外侧扁,分散度不大,稍向后弯曲,角柄长,角后窝存在, 前臼齿列退化以及p4的下后尖和下前尖相连等。它可能属于山羊亚科,包含4—5种。新种可能是其中的一个早期类型。     

Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and the interrelationships of some hyaenid taxa

Material of the Miocene hyaenid Adcrocuta eximia from China is analysed statistically. No heterogeneities were found within this material. Comparisons with material from Samos and Pikermi, Greece, show that no taxonomic differentiation between these three samples is warranted. Adcrocuta eximia latro from the Sivalik deposits is provisionally considered a valid subspecies. The species A. australis from Langebaanweg, South Africa is removed from Adcrocuta to the genus Chasmaporthetes . The phylogenetic position of Adcrocuta has been subject to dispute, and for this reason we present a study of the interrelationships of selected hyaenid taxa using numerical cladistic methods. Two equally parsimonious trees of length 47 and consistency index 0.766 were found. Adcrocuta is placed as a sister-group to the Recent Crocuta crocuta , and not as a separate clade as suggested by other workers. Recent hyaenids form a crown-group which does not extend deep into the cladogram. Hyaena hyaena and H. brunnea are not sister-groups, and we resurrect the genus Parahyaena for the latter species.     

A New Skull of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyaenictis</Emphasis> Gaudry, 1861 (Carnivora,Hyaenidae) Shows Incipient Adaptations to Durophagy

The European Miocene records a wide diversity of hyaenid ecomorphotypes represented by multiple genera. Among these, Hyaenictis Gaudry, 1861, is one of the least known. This genus includes four species from the late Miocene and Pliocene of the Old World, but in Europe Hyaenictis is only represented by two species, recorded by scarce and fragmentary remains: Hyaenictis graeca Gaudry, 1861, from Pikermi (MN12; Greece) and Hyaenictis almerai Villalta Comella and Crusafont Pairó, 1948, from Sant Miquel de Toudell (MN10; Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberia). Here, we describe a new skull of Hyaenictis aff. almerai from the Vallès-Penedès site of Ronda Oest Sabadell Sector D (MN10), representing the most complete European specimen of the genus. In the presence of m2 and virtual lack of m1 metaconid, the described cranium more closely resembles Hyaenictis rather than any other medium- to large-sized European hyaenid. However, the new skull does not fit well with previously known Hyaenictis species, more closely resembling the bone-cracking Adcrocuta Kretzoi, 1938, in the development of premolar accessory cuspids and the possession of relatively broad cheek teeth. These and other features (strong mandibular muscular insertions and enamel microstructure) denote more durophagous adaptations than previously documented in Hyaenictis (considered a cursorial/dog-like hyaena), and favor the inclusion of H. aff. almerai in the transitional bone-cracking hyaenid ecomorphotype.     

Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and the interrelationships of some hyaenid taxa

Material of the Miocene hyaenid Adcrocuta eximia from China is analysed statistically. No heterogeneities were found within this material. Comparisons with material from Samos and Pikermi, Greece, show that no taxonomic differentiation between these three samples is warranted. Adcrocuta eximia latro from the Sivalik deposits is provisionally considered a valid subspecies. The species A. australis from Langebaanweg, South Africa is removed from Adcrocuta to the genus Chasmaporthetes. The phylogenetic position of Adcrocuta has been subject to dispute, and for this reason we present a study of the interrelationships of selected hyaenid taxa using numerical cladistic methods. Two equally parsimonious trees of length 47 and consistency index 0.766 were found. Adcrocuta is placed as a sister-group to the Recent Crocuta crocuta, and not as a separate clade as suggested by other workers. Recent hyaenids form a crown-group which does not extend deep into the cladogram. Hyaena hyaena and H. brunnea are not sister-groups, and we resurrect the genus Parahyaena for the latter species.     

New cranial material of Shansirhinus (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) from the Lower Pliocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China

A well-preserved skull and articulated mandible of Shansirhinus, a horned aceratherine rhinocerotid, is described from an Early Pliocene (Gaozhuangian; approximately 5.3-4.34 Ma) locality of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Comparing the new material of Shansirhinus ringstromi Kretzoi, 1942, we confirm the synonymy proposed previously for the species Chilotherium yunnanensis Tang et al., 1974, Chilotherium cornutum Qiu and Yan, 1982, and Ch. tianzhuensis Zheng, 1982. New knowledge concerning its cranial and mandibular morphology allows insight into its phylogenetic position among aceratherine rhinocerotids. A sister group relationship between Shansirhinus and Chilotherium is proposed on the basis of cranial, mandibular and dental evidence. Shared derived characters that support this relationship include: an expanded mandibular symphysis with a concave ventral surface; retracted premaxillae lacking upper incisors; a robust and right-angled facial crest; a flat or slightly concave dorsal skull profile; a weak or absent parastyle fold; and a constricted protocone on the premolars. Shansirhinus was probably a grazer, which is evidenced by the high crown, strong wear, well-developed secondary folds, and enamel plications on its teeth. The age of S. ringstromi is Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene, corresponding to the Turolian to Ruscinian, MN12-MN15 of Europe. S. ringstromi is likely the ancestor of the more advanced S. brancoi (Schlosser, 1903).     

Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix

The four extant species of hyenas (Hyaenidae; Carnivora) form a morphologically and ecologically heterogeneous group of feliform carnivorans that are remnants of a formerly diverse group of mammalian predators. They include the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus), a termite-feeding specialist, and three species with a craniodental morphology adapted to cracking the bones of prey and/or carcasses, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), and striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena). Hyenas have been the subject of a number of systematic studies during the last two centuries, due in large part to the extensive fossil record of the group, with nearly 70 described fossil species. Morphological studies incorporating both fossil and living taxa have yielded different conclusions regarding the evolutionary relationships among living hyenas. We used a molecular supermatrix comprised of seven nuclear gene segments and the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to evaluate phylogenetic relationships among the four extant hyaenid species. We also obtained sequence data from representative species of all the main families of the Feliformia (Felidae, Herpestidae, and Viverridae) to estimate the sister group of the Hyaenidae. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of the supermatrix recovered identical topologies. Furthermore, Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the supermatrix, with among-site rate variation among data partitions parameterized in three different ways, also yielded the same topology. For each phylogeny reconstruction method, all but two nodes received 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability nodal support. Within the monophyletic Hyaenidae, Parahyaena and Hyaena were joined together, with Crocuta as the sister to this clade, and Proteles forming the most basal lineage. A clade containing two species of mongoose (core Herpestidae) plus Cryptoprocta ferox (currently classified in Viverridae) was resolved as the sister group of Hyaenidae. The pattern of relationships among the three bone-cracking hyaenids (Crocuta, Hyaena, and Parahyaena) is incongruent with recent cladistic assessments based on morphology and suggests the need to reevaluate some of the morphological characters that have been traditionally used to evaluate relationships among hyenas. Divergence time estimates based on a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock indicates that hyaenids diverged from their feliform sister group 29.2 MYA, in the Middle Oligocene. Molecular clock estimates also suggest that the origin of the aardwolf is much more recent (10.6 MYA) than that implied by a cladistic analysis of morphology ( approximately 20 MYA) and suggests that the aardwolf is possibly derived from a bone and meat eating lineage of hyaenids that were present in the Late Miocene. [Hyaenidae; phylogeny; cytochrome b; nuclear gene segments; Proteles; Crocuta; Hyaena; Parahyaena.].     

中国新近纪牛科分类及演化规律

我国新近纪的牛科相当繁盛。至今已记录了30属,归入5个亚科(Hypsodontinae,Urmiatheriinae,Caprinae,Antilopinae和Bovinae)。化石主要出现在我国北方且大部分为土著类型,以颊齿中等高冠至高冠、前臼齿列短、头骨粗壮、弯曲和角心特化为特征。在整个新近纪时期,牛科经历了5个发展阶段和4次大的更替。与同时代欧亚大陆其他地区的牛科类群相比,中国牛科化石出现的时间早,且基本组成不同。在中新世,我国的牛科主要由Hypsodontinae,Urmiatheriinae,Caprinae的早期特化类型和Gazella组成,Boselaphini稀少并缺乏转角羚羊(Antilopinae);在上新世,除Gazella外,我国北方仍生活着Caprinae的一组土著类型。