高密度城市社区公共空间参与式营造——以社区花园为例

新时代背景下,对于如何实现社区公共空间有机更新与可持续发展,笔者尝试通过实践研究与分析,探索出一条适合高密度城市公共空间有机更新和可持续发展相结合的发展路径。在对上海社区花园的空间特征和属性进行归纳总结的基础上,提出社区公共空间参与式营造的4级结构和3种发展途径,并从政府宣传引导、社会组织推动和挖掘社区“领袖”等不同层面给出社区营造的建议,解析社区花园如何通过公众参与实现多元共治,让社区营造有可能成为日常生活的有机部分。     

城市社区更新中生物多样性的保护策略:以上海市长宁区生境花园为例

保护城市生物多样性、在城市中营造生物多样性生境是城市可持续发展的重要挑战。不断加快的城市化进程对生物多样性造成严重影响,城市生物多样性保护在新型城镇化和生态建设中日益紧迫。生境花园作为城市生物多样性保护的一种模式,厘清其在高密度城市中实现生物多样性保护的机制与效果,探索其科学的建设管理模式具有重要意义。本研究采用案例分析法,通过调研长宁区生境花园的生物多样性现状、居民参与建设和使用情况、生境花园管理模式等,梳理分析了上海市长宁区生境花园所处区域的绿地斑块分布现状、生境花园建设前后的生境条件、政策的促进作用与建成效果,探讨了高密度城市中社区更新背景下实现社区尺度生物多样性保护的模式,并提出相应的生物多样性保护策略。研究结果表明,生境花园是一个低维护管理的自然演替生态系统,作为城市绿地的基本单元,不仅填补了城市小尺度生物多样性保护的空白,而且分布具有空间异质性,对城市绿色生态网络的完善和生物多样性保护格局的优化起到重要作用,然而,生境花园依然存在知识技术方面入门难、资金投入量大、潜在障碍等问题。生境花园有效实现生物多样性保护的4种主要建设管理模式包括:(1)过程管理。包括前期选址、确定生物...     

基于QuickBird和GIS的沈阳市城市潜在人口空间分布特征

人口是城市发展中最活跃的因素,了解城市人口分布特征对制定城市政策及城市各项设施规划布局具有重要意义.本文基于QuickBird卫星影像提取城市居住建筑信息,结合社会经济统计数据对沈阳市三环以内人口空间分布的特征进行分析.结果表明:2010年沈阳市三环以内各居住用地建筑类型的人口密度依次为:高层片块＞混合片块＞混合花园＞老式多层＞高层花园＞多层片块＞多层花园＞别墅片块＞矮房及棚户＞别墅花园;三环内居住建筑空置率高达30％以上,房地产市场存在严重过剩;沈河区的潜在人口密度在城市5区中最大,铁西区和大东区较小.基于人口重心分析测算的城市人口重心及各行政区人口重心为城市商业设施选址及基础设施规划提供了重要的参考信息.     

基于生态系统服务的城市生态管理分区——以深圳市为例

生态系统服务是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,开展城市生态系统服务评估并对生态管理单元实行分区管控有助于人居环境的改善。针对高度城市化地区生态系统服务的功能特征,采用生态系统服务价值当量测算不同用地类型的生态系统服务价值。研究从生态功能和经济功能2个方面构建生态系统服务指标体系,对2017年深圳市666个社区单元的生态系统服务价值进行评估;运用空间自相关分析方法,依据局部空间自相关的集聚特征叠加产生的组合类型,划分不同社区生态管理单元,并提出生态分区管控策略。研究结果表明：①生态系统服务价值评估便于高度城市化地区城市生态系统服务功能的整体评价。②2017年深圳市生态系统服务价值空间差异明显,呈现东部高、中西部低的空间格局。深圳市生态系统服务总价值约583.96亿元,最高值为大鹏新区的160.25亿元,最低值为福田区的13.24亿元。③将深圳市666个社区单元划分为4类城市生态管理分区,并采用差异化的分区管控措施,表明有效的城市生态管理分区能够兼顾各项生态系统服务功能并实现功能效益的最优化。该研究结果可为区域生态系统服务精细化管理和生态治理差异化管控提供借鉴。     

可持续框架下的城市低碳社区

城市碳排放引发的气候问题日益严峻。作为低碳城市的重要组成单元和载体,低碳社区的规划建设逐渐成为研究重点。基于低碳社区的概念和内涵,提出了可持续框架下低碳社区的规划理念,引导低碳社区在经济、社会、环境协同发展的基础上实现碳减排目标。通过分析中外城市低碳社区的实践经验,将低碳社区规划总结为创新型规划、资源型规划和学习型规划三种模式,提出可持续框架下的低碳社区规划策略:制定可持续的发展目标及规划;政府主导与社区共建相结合;多尺度规划和多举措建设相匹配。建议加强对既有社区的低碳改造研究;完善低碳社区建设的评价标准与考核机制;加强对低碳社区运行的内在机制研究。对可持续框架下低碳社区的发展理念和规划策略研究,探索城市尺度可持续发展途径,实现低碳城市转型具有重要意义。     

中国城市森林的特点及发展思考

城市森林作为一种与城市密切相关的森林类型 ,受人为干扰的影响很大 ,承受的大气污染、土壤污染、水污染等环境压力大 ,无论是在组成上还是在功能上 ,都表现出不同于一般森林类型的特点。本文在论述了我国发展城市森林意义的基础上 ,分析了城市森林功能、结构、生长、生物多样性、管护要求、效益等方面具有的特殊性 ,并对我国城市森林发展的一些原则性问题进行了探讨 ,以期对正在兴起的我国城市森林的发展提供帮助     

基于多源数据的城市生境网络规划方法研究与实践

生态文明建设导向下的城镇发展建设,需要切实平衡人与自然的空间发展矛盾,应用多源数据分析和判断如何建设一个体系更健康、结构更合理、功能更完善的城市绿色空间体系,具有重要的规划探索和实践意义。选定目标鸟种,研究建立其潜在生境空间参数指标体系,运用多源数据分析潜在生境、廊道和踏脚石增设需求。构建以鸟类生境为代表的特定类型生境网络、指导城市绿色空间布局。随着多源数据获取成本的逐步降低和物种类群生境参数的逐步深化发展,该方法在研究城市生境网络构建和绿色空间布局上的作用还将进一步提升。     

协作与包容——新加坡锦簇社区计划解析

社区花园是公众共建、共享城市绿化的重要实践。当前中国社区花园建设正迅速开展,责权明晰的管理日益重要。选取新加坡锦簇社区计划为案例,基于文献分析与实地调研,探析新加坡社区花园建设的管理机制。研究发现位于公共组屋的社区花园采用“政府—社区”协作式管理机制,国家公园局、市镇理事会、居民委员会与居民等多元主体协作承担在园艺计划审批、花园选址、花园规划和建设过程中的系列职责,遵循机会平等、参与治理、共享成果的基本原则,促进了包容性社区的建设。其经验主要包括：政府积极引导,中间层级有效衔接;建立弹性的管理规则;以民为主,公平共享。     

青岛市南区建筑类型及空间分布特征

城市建筑空间分布的研究对城市合理规划、建筑合理布局和生态城市建设等有着重要的意义。本文以青岛市南区2012年建筑物三维信息为基础数据,对建筑进行了分类,采用一般统计学方法和地统计学方法,分析了2012年市南区及10个街道办建筑类型的空间分布与构成特征。结果显示:2012年市南区以居住、商业、多层、中高层和高层建筑为主;各类建筑在空间上并非均匀分布,各街道办建筑类型构成差异显著。建筑类型空间分布差异与区域功能和发展规划具有高度的一致性。     

中小城镇绿色空间评价与格局优化——以山东省即墨市为例

目前引导城市空间合理发展已成为城市研究热点之一。绿色空间具有生命支撑、生态调节与环境保护等多重功能,是城市空间生态调控和可持续发展的基础。为指导快速城市化时期我国中小城镇空间的健康发展,选择山东省即墨市为研究区,以绿色空间类型与功能为切入点,综合运用生态适宜性、敏感性和连通度评价等景观生态学理论与方法,借助GIS技术,探索中小城镇绿色空间评价与格局优化方法,并以此对城镇空间总体布局进行调控。研究结果表明,基于景观生态评价的城市绿色空间格局优化,能够提供城镇发展的生态管制刚性区和引导发展弹性区,是指导城市空间理性发展的一条有效途径。     

Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: The importance of history and environment

Abstract. Throughout the eastern United States, plant species distributions and community patterns have developed in response to heterogeneous environmental conditions and a wide range of historical factors, including complex histories of natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Despite increased recognition of the importance of disturbance in determining forest composition and structure, few studies have assessed the relative influence of current environment and historical factors on modern vegetation, in part because detailed knowledge of prior disturbance is often lacking. In the present study, we investigate modern and historical factors that control vegetation patterns at Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA. Similar to the forested uplands throughout the northeastern United States, the site is physiographically heterogeneous and has a long and complex history of natural and anthropogenic disturbance. However, data on forest composition and disturbance history collected over the past > 90 years allow us to evaluate the importance of historical factors rigorously, which is rarely possible on other sites. Soil analyses and historical sources document four categories of historical land use on areas that are all forested today: cultivated fields, improved pastures/mowings, unimproved pastures, and continuously forested woodlots. Ordination and logistic regressions indicate that although species have responded individualistically to a wide range of environmental and disturbance factors, many species are influenced by three factors: soil drainage, land use history, and C:N ratios. Few species vary in accordance with ionic gradients, damage from the 1938 hurricane, or a 1957 fire. Contrary to our expectation that the effects of disturbance will diminish over time, historical land use predicts 1992 vegetation composition better than 1937 composition, perhaps because historical woodlots have become increasingly differentiated from post-agricultural stands through the 20th century. Interpretations of modern vegetation must consider the importance of historical factors in addition to current environmental conditions. However, because disturbances such as land use practices and wind damage are complex, it is often difficult to detect disturbance effects using multivariate approaches, even when the broad history of disturbance is known.     

European approach to the Human Gene Project

In the history of gene mapping, which extends through most of the present century, Europe has played an important role. This has continued during the evolution of the 10 International Human Gene Mapping Workshops that have been held in seven different countries since 1973. Nationally coordinated programs have been a recent development, and several European countries, including the United Kingdom and Italy, have followed the lead of the United States in investing substantial sums of money in research on the human genome. In addition, the European Community has launched a multinational program of research on Human Genome Analysis to complement the various national initiatives. The particular approach in Europe has been to support those in the field by establishing resource centers for distributing biomaterials and accessing databases, by assisting in the training of scientists, and by funding programs of research directed at present needs in both physical and genetic mapping.     

Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in North America

This paper summarizes the findings for North America of the WPA Task Force on Steps, Obstacles and Mistakes to Avoid in the Implementation of Community Mental Health Care. Community mental health has evolved over five decades in the United States and Canada. The United States has led the world in innovation and spending, but provide variable quality of care; Canada has steadily developed a more uniform public health system for less cost. Lessons learned from North America include: team-based approaches and other evidence-based practices, when implemented with high fidelity, can improve outcomes in routine mental health care settings; recovery ideology and peer support enhance care, though they have not been studied rigorously; effective community-based care for people with serious mental disorders is expensive.     

从美国风景园林师协会获奖项目看雨水花园在多种场地类型中的应用

近年来,雨水花园因其在雨洪管理、生态保护等方面的作用而倍受重视,在美国、欧洲等地得到大力推广并取得了良好效果。文章结合ASLA获奖项目,研究了雨水花园在3类典型场地中的应用方式、实际效益等,对案例中的场地属性、形态、下垫面、雨水引导方式、雨水花园的形式、选用植被的特征以及每类场地的特殊性等加以总结和比较,认为雨水花园具有建造费用低,运行管理简单、生态环保、自然美观、易与场地环境结合等特点,可用于多类型的场地,在我国具有广泛的应用前景。     

Vertebrate paleoecology: A current perspective

Vertebrate paleoecology, a study with a long history, has thrived during the last four decades and has become the focal point of intensive investigation since about 1965. It has followed a somewhat different course from studies of marine invertebrate paleoecology questions about the utility, validity and relationships of paleoecology to ecology continue to be raised and discussed.Paleoecology draws on and contributes to essentially all areas of paleontology. Several subdisciplines in which there has been particularly intensive investigation are singled out for discussion. Taphonomy lies at the base of all paleoecological studies for, along with systematic analysis, it provides the basic data upon which all reconstructions of the living biota are made from the fossil deposits to which they contributed. Very active in development of taphonomy have been the students of Paleoecology of the Hominidae. This area of study has passed from a dominance of speculation in the first decades of this century to objective analysis based upon the application of biological principles, extended and detailed field work, and current evolutionary concepts to the evolution of the family Hominidae.Extinctions have recently received extensive analyses, with emphasis on mass extinctions such as that at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The analyses have extended the uses of taphonomic research into the difficult areas of time intervals generally not available in the fossil record. Physiological-Ecological and Behavioral studies are casting new light upon the problems of interpretation of extinct animals which lack close living counterparts. Community Structure has been of special interest among terrestrial vertebrates since the early 1950's. It's study has required reinterpretations of samples and sampling procedures and development of models to aid in analysis of the biases in fossil assemblages. Both community types and substantive communities have received careful attention, including pragmatic definitions, studies of the use of analogies and introspection on possible contributions to ecology as whole. Such researches have been elaborated into studies of the relationships communities through time under the general heading of Community Evolution. Problems of evolution in a slowly changing community and in the evolution of new community types have been central themes in this area.     

美国电子健康档案发展策略及启示

美国是电子健康档案建设的先行者,经过40余年的发展,取得了显著进展,并在电子健康档案的组织建设、标准制定、资金筹集、隐私与安全保护、利益相关者协调方面积累了丰富的经验。主要论述了美国电子健康档案的发展历程及具体策略,以期为我国电子健康档案建设提供借鉴。     

美国野地-城市交界域火灾管理概述及对我国的启示

随着全球人口增长,世界范围内野地-城市交界域(WUI)正在加速扩张。美国的WUI面积大、分布广、聚集人口多,由于交界域直接与森林植被相贯通,极易受到林火影响,区域范围内人类生命财产安全面临巨大威胁。经过长期的火灾管理实践,美国形成了一套较为完善的WUI林火预防、扑救管理体系。本文从美国WUI的形成方式、火灾发生情况、预防扑救措施等几方面系统总结了美国WUI火灾的管理体系。此外,本文分析了我国WUI火灾管理的现状及存在问题,并基于美国经验提出了完善我国WUI火灾管理的六点建议:(1)制定交界域消防管理计划;(2)合理利用计划火烧;(3)研发火灾预警系统;(4)增强社区防火能力;(5)提高消防员灭火水平;(6)完善火灾扑救策略。     

Global health: a successful context for precollege training and advocacy

Despite a flourishing biomedical and global health industry too few of Washington state's precollege students are aware of this growing sector and emerging ideas on bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Against the backdrop of numerous reports regarding declining precollege student interest in science, a precollege program was envisioned at Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (as of 2010, Seattle BioMed) to increase youth engagement in biomedical research and global health, increase community interest in infectious diseases and mobilize a future biomedical workforce. Since 2005, 169 rising high school juniors have participated in the BioQuest Academy precollege immersion program at Seattle BioMed. Assembling in groups of 12, students conduct laboratory experiments (e.g., anopheline mosquito dissection, gene expression informed tuberculosis drug design and optimizing HIV immunization strategies) related to global health alongside practicing scientific mentors, all within the footprint the institute. Laudable short-term impacts of the program include positive influences on student interest in global health (as seen in the students' subsequent school projects and their participation in Seattle BioMed community events), biomedical careers and graduate school (e.g., 16.9% of teens departing 2008-2009 Academy report revised goals of attaining a doctorate rather than a baccalaureate diploma). Long-term, 97% of alumni (2005-2008) are attending postsecondary schools throughout North America; eight graduates have already published scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals and/or presented their scientific data at national and international meetings, and 26 have been retained by Seattle BioMed researchers as compensated technicians and interns. Providing precollege students with structured access to practicing scientists and authentic research environments within the context of advancing global health has been a robust means of both building a future pool of talented leaders and engaged citizenry and increasing the visibility of health disparities within the community.     

Canopy thinning,not agricultural history,determines early responses of wild bees to longleaf pine savanna restoration

Longleaf pine savannas are highly threatened, fire‐maintained ecosystems unique to the southeastern United States. Fire suppression and conversion to agriculture have strongly affected this ecosystem, altering overstory canopies, understory plant communities, and animal populations. Tree thinning to reinstate open canopies can benefit understory plant diversity, but effects on animal communities are less well understood. Moreover, agricultural land‐use legacies can have long‐lasting impacts on plant communities, but their effects on animal communities either alone or through interactions with restoration are unclear. Resolving these impacts is important due to the conservation potential of fire‐suppressed and post‐agricultural longleaf savannas. We evaluated how historical agricultural land use and canopy thinning affect the diversity and abundance of wild bees in longleaf pine savannas. We employed a replicated, large‐scale factorial block experiment in South Carolina, where canopy thinning was applied to longleaf pine savannas that were either post‐agricultural or remnant (no agricultural history). Bees were sampled using elevated bee bowls. In the second growing season after restoration, thinned plots supported a greater bee abundance and bee community richness. Additionally, restored plots had altered wild bee community composition when compared to unthinned plots, indicating that reduction of canopy cover by the thinning treatment best predicted wild bee diversity and composition. Conversely, we found little evidence for differences between sites with or without historical agricultural land use. Some abundant Lasioglossum species were the most sensitive to habitat changes. Our results highlight how restoration practices that reduce canopy cover in fire‐suppressed savannas can have rapid benefits for wild bee communities.     

云南干热河谷植被与环境研究进展

特殊的地理位置和独特的地形地貌特征组合形成了典型的干热气候环境, 在云南省亚热带高原山地河谷下部发育了一类特有的植被类型, 即干热河谷植被。干热河谷植被具有非地带性和稀有性, 以及由土地利用变化为主的人为活动干扰导致的脆弱性。本文回顾了干热河谷植被的研究历史, 分别从干热河谷的植物群落学和植物区系学、干热河谷植被与土地的关系以及干热河谷植被保护与恢复三个方面进行了总结。植物群落与区系研究主要集中于群落分类、植被分类、群落特征、人为干扰影响、区系特征、性质和起源; 植被与土地关系研究侧重于土壤特性、土地利用/覆盖变化、土地退化及水土流失状况; 植被保护与恢复的热点在植被恢复目标、植被恢复功能区划、植被恢复引种及筛选及植被恢复效益评价研究。未来在这些区域应注重自然灾害及预防、水电工程建设对植被的影响及其响应等方面的研究, 深入开展大尺度植被时空格局的监测和动态服务功能分析。