重庆南温泉公园园林土壤肥力状况与植物景观重建

选择重庆南温泉公园的主要园林土壤进行采样调查,研究该园园林土壤肥力状况。根据测定结果,分析南温泉公园园林土壤肥力水平,并与我国园林土壤标准进行对比,提出该园园林土壤存在的主要问题及相应的生态修复措施,用生态修复的方法对土壤进行改良,以期为环境园林建设提供参考。     

回溯、整合、嬗变：基于情境分析的意大利文艺复兴园林演变研究

不同的时代造就不同的园林,不同时期的园林也可上升为符号记录人类探索世界的烙印。通过对“回溯、整合、嬗变”3个时期意大利文艺复兴历史名园与名园背后的造园名家联系起来研究,分析意大利文艺复兴园林的特点,探讨园林所在的“情境”,提出园林演变的规律及其本质原因,即园林形式的演变追寻文化的发展。园林史是一部藏在风景中可触摸的人类发展史,研究这种规律有助于我们“继承发展、与古为新”。     

中国园林生态学发展综述

运用文献计量等方法对已有科研成果进行统计分析,结果表明:中国近50年园林生态学科领域科研发展经过了起步探索(1962-1981)、缓慢发展(1982-2001)、快速发展(2002-2011)3个时期,园林生态学作为生态学一个新的分支学科,于20世纪90年代末初见端倪,作为一门新兴独立的应用生态学分支学科于21世纪初已基本形成.中国园林生态学领域的研究包括园林生态系统中生物与环境相互作用关系问题、人与环境相互作用关系问题以及园林生态系统与其他生态系统之间相互作用关系问题.当代园林生态研究主要有生态效益研究、生物与环境研究、人的需求与行为研究、生态规划与生态管理研究4个方面,目前园林生态学研究主要侧重生物与环境研究和生态效益研究,两方面的研究成果占总体研究成果的76.3％.不同研究方面也有各自的侧重点,如生物与环境研究侧重对植物的研究,生态效益研究侧重净化环境、水土保持和防灾减灾,生态规划与生态管理研究则侧重生态规划与设计.对四个研究方面的论文主题词检索和高频主题关键词的分布进行统计,结果显示,研究的热点有多样性、群落、水土保持、防灾避险、净化环境、生态规划与设计等.对CNKI中4个研究方面成果中获基金资助项目论文进行统计(不排重),总体成果中基金项目论文所占比重为10.8％,国家和地方基金是园林生态学科研基金资助的主要来源,基金论文比例之和达到85.4％,且国家和地方基金资助论文较多的是“生态与环境研究”和“生态效益研究”,合计占基金论文79.1％.SCI-E中收录的文献基金论文率为47.1％,是CNKI数据库收录的文献基金论文率的4.3倍,且国际基金是基金论文的主要资助来源之一,说明中国园林生态学领域部分科研成果得到国际学界关注.基于CNKI相关主题词统计,“园林生态学”的研究成果只有“景观生态学”的1％,“城市生态学”的8.3％,“园林生态学”学科系统理论研究在相关生态学科研究中所占比重很低,其理论和方法研究还较薄弱.今后在进一步完善学科理论体系、持续开展生态效益和园林植物研究的同时,为更好地研究和解决人-自然复合生态系统问题,提供更多的科学理论支撑,还需拓展交叉生态心理学或环境心理学等其他相关理论,更多地关注人与环境互相作用关系以及生态规划与生态管理等方面的研究,既使环境更好地满足人的行为需求,也使人认识到改变一些行为能更好地保护环境.     

城市近自然园林的理论基础与营建方法

近自然园林是一种可持续发展的园林规划和建设理念,是生态园林建设的模式之一,也是实现节约型园林的主要措施和未来园林的发展方向。本文在分析我国园林建设问题的基础上,阐述了近自然园林的概念、内涵与理论基础,提出了近自然园林营建的基本原则,详细总结了近自然园林的设计、营造和管护方法,并探讨了当前近自然园林建设中存在的问题与措施,为强化近自然园林理念、促进我国城市近自然园林的研究与建设提供了依据。     

论中国传统园林理景设计的流动性与整体性

长期以来,关于中国传统园林理景设计,有人说其步移景异、千变万化,也有人认为其大同小异、千篇一律,两种认知差异巨大。研究发现,经典的传统园林理景设计都是局部流动性与整体一致性高度融合的;流动性设计使园林造景富有变化和韵律,整体性设计使园林空间具有完整而独特的审美主题,二者相辅相成;只有深入理解传统园林的景境设计方法,才能更准确地解读其艺术审美特色与文化价值,更好地保护、继承和发扬传统园林艺术的精髓。     

国家公园的一半是暗夜：暗夜星空研究的美国经验及中国路径

暗夜星空是自然价值、文化价值、经济价值、荒野价值的综合载体,是国家公园和自然保护地的重要保护对象之一。中国有大量研究聚焦于国家公园与自然保护地体系建设的相关领域,但针对暗夜星空的研究尚少。美国国家公园管理局认为暗夜星空是“国家公园的一半”,并在保护与利用方面取得了突出成绩,其经验值得借鉴。通过介绍美国国家公园管理局的经验,包含暗夜星空的概念界定、保护价值、保护需求,分析国家公园体系单位的保护优势,从星空监测、规划设计、访客管理、活动组织、价值展示、法律保障、国际合作等方面总结保护管理举措和保障措施。最后,分析中国开展暗夜星空保护与研究的必要性和可行性,从“筑境之道”“营境之理”“成境之术”3方面对中国的暗夜星空保护和研究提出建议。     

威廉·钱伯斯爵士与邱园

威廉·钱伯斯爵士对东西方园林艺术交流、英国自然式园林的发展有着积极的推动作用。通过介绍钱伯斯生平及其有关中国的建筑、园林论著,梳理了钱伯斯对中国园林艺术认知的缘由、发展和观点,在此基础上阐述钱伯斯时代的邱园建造的背景、特征及变化,总结钱伯斯开创的“绘画式”风景园的风格特点。不同于肯特和布朗关于自然与艺术的看法,钱伯斯提出园林艺术应源于自然、高于自然的思想,并在自然与艺术的融合方面进行了大胆的尝试。     

苏州园林苔藓植物多样性及其特点

对苏州11个主要园林中的苔藓植物进行了调查,报道了苔藓植物23科42属90种,从种类组成、生境特点、区系成分和园林问种类差异等方面分析了苔藓植物多样性。结果表明：相比上海、无锡市,苏州园林内苔藓植物石生、树生种类所占比例较高,假山和盆景中种类是其特色。种的区系成分分析表明,该地区苔藓植物以东亚成分为主,北温带成分也占较大比例,具有典型的东亚特色。基于苔藓多样性的聚类分析可将园林分成5组。与园林面积、布局和生境特点等因素有关。建议加强对园林内苔藓植物的研究,并推广其在园林设计中的应用。     

基于网络点评数据的园林展会后利用评价研究

随着互联网的快速发展和大数据技术的应用,网络点评数据成为获取游客游览景区后体验感知的重要手段。从使用者的角度出发,构建基于网络点评数据的园林展会后利用评价体系,利用网络点评数据对园林展会后利用的各项因素进行分析和评价,从中总结出目前园林展会后利用面临的突出问题,并针对这些问题提出相关建议,以期为中国未来园林展会后利用提供可持续发展的新思路。     

中国野生观赏植物资源调查、评价及园林应用研究进展

野生观赏植物是植物种质资源的特殊类别,随着人居环境科学的发展,其美化和生态功能日益受到重视,相关研究文献迅猛增加。综述了我国野生观赏植物资源的调查、评价、引种、抗性生理和园林应用研究进展,包括重点调查的区域、植物类别、科属和观赏价值的分析,运用层次分析法、灰色关联度法、心理物理学法的评价成果分析,引种驯化、抗性生理和园林应用交叉研究的成果分析,以及基于园林视角研究野生植物群落的成果分析,并提出了野生观赏植物资源研究中有待解决的问题。     

The rediscovery of part of the Ceres Hispanica collection of M. Lagasca and S. R. Clemente

Thirty sheets of Gramineae, recently found in the Real Colegio Alfonso XII of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, belong to Lagasca & Clemente's Ceres Hispanica herbarium. The main corpus of the Ceres Hispanica collection is kept in the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, and the missing sheets were reported as having disappeared in 1823. The importance of the rediscovered material is evaluated from the point of view of its historical relevance.     

A revision of the British elms (Ulmus L., Ulmaceae): the historical background

The British elms have historically proven to be recalcitrant taxonomically, with at least six different levels of treatment being applied. The taxonomic history of"the group and the nomenclature is outlined from the ancient authors up until the present day. This paper is the foundation for future articles in which a novel taxonomic treatment is introduced.     

Extinction rate, historical population structure and ecological role of the Caribbean monk seal

The productivity and biomass of pristine coral reef ecosystems is poorly understood, particularly in the Caribbean where communities have been impacted by overfishing and multiple other stressors over centuries. Using historical data on the spatial distribution and abundance of the extinct Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis), this study reconstructs the population size, structure and ecological role of this once common predator within coral reef communities, and provides evidence that historical reefs supported biomasses of fishes and invertebrates up to six times greater than those found on typical modern Caribbean reefs. An estimated 233,000-338,000 monk seals were distributed among 13 colonies across the Caribbean. The biomass of reef fishes and invertebrates required to support historical seal populations was 732-1018 gm(-2) of reefs, which exceeds that found on any Caribbean reef today and is comparable with those measured in remote Pacific reefs. Quantitative estimates of historically dense monk seal colonies and their consumption rates on pristine reefs provide concrete data on the magnitude of decline in animal biomass on Caribbean coral reefs. Realistic reconstruction of these past ecosystems is critical to understanding the profound and long-lasting effect of human hunting on the functioning of coral reef ecosystems.     

The historical biogeography of sturgeons (Osteichthyes: Acipenseridae): a synthesis of phylogenetics, palaeontology and palaeogeography

Abstract. The historical biogeography of sturgeons is explored using information from palaeogeography, palaeontology and phylogenetic interrelationships. The integration of information from these diverse sources indicates that sturgeons reached a wide Laurasian distribution in the Cretaceous and Tertiary by freshwater and coastal dispersal routes across land connections and along newly forming continental margins. The fossil record also suggests a considerable degree of morphological stasis and also supports an estuarine habit, and perhaps diadromy, as an old and conserved life history trait. While a ‘centre of origin’ for sturgeons remains elusive, phylogenetic relationships indicate that diversification appears to have been associated with fragmentation of biota, and of landmasses and basins, by late Tertiary geological and climatic phenomena, such as orogeny and unequal glaciation over North America, the desiccation of central Asia and alteration of its drainages, and the formation of discrete Ponto-Caspian basins by the fragmentation of the Paratethys. Amphi-oceanic distributions of certain species (Acipenser medirostris Ayres) and sister taxa (e.g. A. oxyrhynchus Mitchill and A. sturio L.) are explained by coastal dispersal and subsequent vicariance by geological (sea-floor spreading and development of new continental margins) and climatic (Pliocene cooling) changes during the Tertiary. An hypothesis is developed for the relationships of the North American sturgeons and their potential relationships with the Siberian sturgeon A. baeri. Late Tertiary climatic and geological phenomena are hypothesized as mediators of vicariance and subsequent diversification of these acipenserids. It appears that although acipenserids are a geologically old group, the historical biogeography of surviving lineages is best explained by more recent geological and climatic changes.     

Typification of the Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine (Cruciferae)

Lectotypification of the following Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine L. (Cruciferae) is presented Cardamine asarifolia, C. graeca, C. petraea (|M= Cardaminopsis petraea), C. resedgolia (including designation of an epitype), C. trifolia and C. virginica. The lectotypes of the previously typified names of this genus and the protologues of these names are discussed. The probable typotype for the lectotype of C. azcana is identified and the need for the conservation of the type of C. chelidonia is noted.     

Four centuries of cumulative impacts on a Finnish river and its estuary: an ecosystem health-approach

Changes in forest cover and draining of wetlands for agriculture appear to have caused changes in the aquatic ecosystem of the River Kyrönjoki by the 16th century. In the 19th century, a decline of salmonid fish populations was widely observed as a further sign of degradation. During the latter half of the present century intensified use of naturally acidic soils has resulted in increased acidic run-off. Deterioration of water quality has extended to the estuary, where it has caused large fish-kills and affected the reproductive success of coastal species. Degradation of the coastal ecosystem, first observed in the decline of salmonids and later as a more general decline of other coastal fish populations, can be linked to spatially restricted events. The loss of key river and estuarine habitats exerted an effect over the reproduction and abundance of species migrating throughout the system. This effect contributed to observed temporal and spatial discontinuities in the degradation history. Monitoring changes in critical habitats may prove to be an early indicator of changes in the health of estuarine and coastal aquatic ecosystems.     

Typification of the name Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae)

Lectotypification of the name Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae) is presented. The name is typified by a specimen from the Burser herbarium (UPS), the only one which corresponds well with the present concept of T serpyllum and undoubtedly represents original material.     

Memory Pieces and Footprints: Multivocality and the Meanings of Ancient Times and Ancestral Places among the Zuni and Hopi

The notion of the "contested past" has grown to be an important topic in anthropological research in recent decades, linking such themes as nationalism, identity, museology, tourism, and war. In North America, these discussions have largely centered on archaeology's shifting relationship with native peoples. As scholars give new attention to how research methodologies and representation of cultural histories affect indigenous peoples, it is critical to understand the unique ways in which Native Americans view their past. Contemporary Zuni and Hopi interpretations of ancestral landscapes in the San Pedro Valley of Arizona are used to explore how indigenous worldviews imbue ancient places with deep cultural and individual meanings. This research, based on a three-year collaborative ethnohistory project, argues for resolution to the "contested past" by incorporating a perspective of multivocality, which will enable the creation of alternative histories that do not eschew scientific principles while respecting native values of history.