棉花生物技术研究现状

本文综述了棉花生物技术研究及其应用的现状和前景。 棉花是重要的经济作物和纤维作物,其生物技术起步较晚,难度也较大,但进展却很快。棉花生物技术的发展,特别是对棉花育种将会带来巨大变革,可能成为引发突破的最活跃因素。     

我国将推进抗虫棉产业化进程

2001年1月11日,朱镕基总理考察了中国农业科学院生物技术研究所,仔细了解了我国抗虫棉研究和产业化的现状,明确要求尽快推进抗虫棉的产业化进程。我国是产棉大国,也是原棉消费和棉花进出口大国。棉花生产对我国国民经济的发展具有举足轻重的影响。90年代以来,由于长时间地使用农药致使棉铃虫产生了抗药性,棉花虫害频发,严重威胁了我国的棉花生产。大量使用农药还对环境和人畜健康产生了极大危害。在国家863计划、农业部、科技部、国家计委等国家项目的支持下,中国农科院生物技术研究所自1991年起开展了转基因抗虫棉的研究,经过10年…     

棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉花的抗性机制及治理

棉铃虫是危害棉花最严重的害虫之一. 作为生物技术产品, 转Bt杀虫基因棉花产生的Cry毒素对棉铃虫有高效毒杀作用. Bt棉花已在世界范围内商业化种植, 通过有效控制棉铃虫种群数量, 而显著减少了化学农药的用量. 尽管没有发现棉铃虫田间种群对Bt棉花产生高水平抗性, 但室内持续筛选已培育出多个高水平抗性品系, 表明存在棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性的风险. 鉴于棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性可能对Bt棉花利用价值的影响, 国内外近10年来对此进行了系统深入地研究. 本文综述了棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性的生物化学和分子机制、抗性治理与监测技术的最新研究进展, 并分析了中国、澳大利亚和印度等国家棉铃虫对Bt棉花的抗性治理策略.     

会议报道

中国(合肥)生物技术与产业发展论坛成功举行我国政府高度重视生物技术与生物产业的发展,在《国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》、《国家中长期科学技术发展规划纲要》中,都将生物技术列为实现重点跨越的领域。今年4月,国务院办公厅转发了《生物产业发展“十一五”规划》,明确提出了“十一五”期间,我国生物产业的发展思路、总体目标、主要任务和发展重点。在这样的大背景下,中国生物工程学会与安徽省科学技术协会、合肥市人民政府联合举办“中国(合肥)生物技术与产业发展论坛”,在促进和推动我国生物技术的研究与生物产业的发展方面…     

转基因抗虫棉在中国的推广和传播途径研究

转基因抗虫棉是中国商业化应用最成功的转基因作物,已有许多研究对转基因棉花种植的成本效益和农户生产决策的影响因素进行了深入分析,但对其具体推广过程缺乏足够了解。通过小组访谈和创新树的分析方法,以转基因抗虫棉为例,对转基因生物技术在我国的推广和传播途径开展了研究。研究发现,种业公司转基因作物种子的生产能力直接影响转基因作物的初始规模,来自政府研究机构和种业公司的技术推广者在转基因生物技术的扩散过程中都起着重要作用,公共农技推广服务对于宣传相关信息和知识尤为重要,社会资本也有助于转基因抗虫棉在中国的快速传播和采用。研究结论对推进我国公共农技推广体系改革、完善多元社会化服务主体协作及生物技术研发具有重要启示作用。     

棉花生物技术研究概况Ⅰ.棉花组织培养与基因工程研究

棉花是一种重要的经济作物,对国民经济、人民生活、国防等都具有重要作用。常规遗传育种方法在改进棉花品质、产量和抗性方面已不再象过去那样有效,因为长期以来在品种之间杂交使其遗传变异越来越窄狭。为了解决这一问题,科学研究者近年非常重视棉花生物技术的研究,现...     

亚洲农业生物技术发展现状和前景(下)

3农业生物技术给农民提供的效益诚如有关美国以及发展中国家诸如中国、南非、墨西哥、阿根廷和菲律宾的调查报告所述,生物技术可以为农民提供巨大的效益。Pray等(2001)曾经在1999~2001年对中国华北地区283名种植Bt棉的棉农的受益状况进行了全面的调查分析。调查中涉及的经济参数包括生产成本、净收益和收益分配。也评价了应用Bt棉技术对环境和卫生的影响。这项调查研究发现,种植Bt棉的农民可在不降低每ha单产或棉花品质的情况下,减少农药施用量。与种植常规棉花品种比较,种植Bt棉可使配方农药的施用量减少约50kg/ha(图1)。这给小农带来了…     

转基因抗虫棉后时代棉花科技问题思考

简述我国转基因抗虫棉研发的意义,分析转基因抗虫棉成功产业化以来棉花科技本身和生产上的基本问题,指出转基因抗虫棉促进了我国棉花生产高产稳产的发展,但是发展中也遇到了一系列的新问题,如抗虫资源的过度使用,遗传背景的匮乏,次生害虫的演变,农业现代化的新要求等。分析转基因抗虫棉后时代我国棉花科技取得新的重大突破的可能性。指出棉花科技要坚持生物技术为先导,在超高产的前提下,以品质改良和综合抗性为突破口,再创棉花生物技术研发的高峰,促进棉花生产再上新台阶。     

生物安全基础材料组启动会议在京召开

2009年2月25日．在北京友谊宾馆,“新时期我国生物安全战略与法规研究”咨询项目的基础材料组启动会议由杨胜利院士主持召开。来自清华大学、中国生物工程学会、中国科学院微生物所、军事医学科学院生物工程所、中国农业科学院生物技术所、中国科学院生命科学与生物技术局、中国科学院武汉病毒所以及中国疾病预防与控制中心等单位的专家参加了此次会议。会议主要布置了“生物安全战略与法规研究基础材料组”课题组的工作任务,并就分工和具体工作计划进行了讨论。     

世界棉花生物工程进展简述

生物工程棉花的研究和问世不过２０年,但却已成为每个产棉国谈论的主题。将外源基因导入棉花从而降低生产成本和保护环境是转基因棉花的主要目的。现在世界上大的生物技术公司是美国的孟山都（Ｍｏｎｓａｎｔｏ）公司。最近,孟山都又买进了美国老牌的棉花种子公司斯字棉公司（ＳｔｏｎｅｗｉｌｌＰｅｄｉｇｒｅｅＣｏｍｐａｎｙ）,同时正在进行购买世界最大的棉花种子公司岱字棉公司（ＤｅｌｔａａｎｄＰｉｎｅＬａｎｄＣｏｍｐａｙ）。１　生物工程转基因棉花的重要发展步骤１９８０年：生物工程转基因棉花的研究开始启动１９８３年：第…     

Advances in plant biotechnology and its adoption in developing countries

Developing countries are already benefiting and should continue to benefit significantly from advances in plant biotechnology. Insect-protected cotton containing a natural insecticide protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt cotton) is providing millions of farmers with increased yields, reduced insecticide costs and fewer health risks. Many other useful plant biotechnology products that can benefit poor farmers and consumers are in the research and development pipelines of institutions in developing countries, and should soon reach farmers' fields.     

天然彩色棉研究现状与展望

本文通过天然彩色棉的种质资源、纤维颜色的遗传控制、国内外天然彩色棉研究趋势的叙述,指出以常规育种与生物技术的密切结合是未来天然彩色棉发展的方向,将推动天然彩色棉纤维品质改良和颜色创新的飞跃发展。     

棉花数量性状基因定位研究进展

棉花的许多重要性状,包括产量、纤维品质、株型、抗病抗逆性、生理生化等都是数量性状,受遗传和环境因子的共同作用。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的进步,棉花基因组研究得到迅速发展,为棉花数量性状基因（quantitative trait locus,QTL）定位奠定了坚实的基础。概述了近十几年来棉花QTL定位研究及分子标记辅助选择的进展,结合研究实践指出了棉花QTL定位及标记辅助选择存在的问题,并对其发展方向做出了初步探讨。     

跨国公司生物技术知识产权保护策略分析——以棉花转化体MON531为例

近年来,转基因棉花种植面积在多个国家得到了快速增长。为深入研究转基因抗虫棉花的技术体系和知识产权保护状况,现以棉花转化体MON531为例研究跨国生物公司的知识产权保护策略。结果显示,目前MON531转化体涉及3件处于有效保护期限内的专利,并在多个国家受到保护,实现了从功能基因及调控元件到最终商业化品种的全方位有效保护。申请人还通过申请植物品种权对下游的品种进行保护,美国有19件品种获得授权,在中国仅有1件相关申请处于审查中。对棉花转化体MON531技术体系的知识产权保护策略的研究,可以为我国研发转基因作物并采取知识产权保护提供有利的借鉴。     

Research and application of biotechnology in textile industries in China

Textile industry is a conventional and pillar industry in China, which possesses a considerable proportion of the national economy. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the application of biotechnology in textile industries in China. As an interdiscipline between natural science and engineering science, textile biotechnology has much effect on China's textile industry. This paper summarizes current developments and highlights those areas where biotechnology might play an increasingly important role in China's textile industry as follows:

(1) Development of new types of textile fibers and polymers, such as Bt cotton naturally colored cotton, colored silk and silk gene-sequence, spider silk non-wovens, chitin fiber and chitosan derivatives, etc.

(2) Application of enzyme technology in textile wet processing, such as alkaline pectinase, PVA-degrading enzyme, cutinase and catalase used for cotton preparation, neutral cellulase for denim washing, transglutaminase for wool modification, protease for silk degumming as well as pectinase and hemicellulases for retting of bast fibers.

(3) Treatment of textile effluents with biotechnology.

转Bt基因棉花生态风险评价的研究进展

转Bt基因抗虫棉(Gossypium spp.)是目前国内释放面积最大的转基因作物,其生态风险问题从一开始就受到密切的关注.从生态风险评价的角度,分转基因棉花中Bt杀虫蛋白的时空表达及其对害虫的控制效果、Bt基因通过花粉传播而扩散的风险、害虫对Bt棉花抗性的进化风险、Bt棉花对非目标生物体影响的风险等几个方面,综述了Bt棉安全性评价的最新研究进展,为生物安全管理提供咨询意见,并提出了目前针对Bt棉亟待研究的内容.期望本文能够为推动生物安全的研究和生物技术的发展做出一定的贡献.     

Cotton Biotechnology

Genetically modified (GM) cotton altered for insect and herbicide resistance released into commercial production in 1996 to 1997 now accounts for the lion's share of cotton acreage in the U.S. The rapid increase in transgenic cotton acreage in such a short period of time attests to the overall success of agricultural biotechnology. Grower satisfaction with transgenic cotton is largely due to several significant benefits, such as lower production costs, streamlined yet flexible management, and a reduced impact on the environment. This review article provides an overview of what has been accomplished thus far, as well as what improved germplasm may lurk on the horizon. A critical assessment of the gene delivery systems in cotton and possible targets for improvement is presented. The performance of the first generation of transgenic cotton plants engineered for insect, disease, or herbicide resistance is evaluated from the perspective of the benefits, the limitations that impact field performance, and management strategies. A few traits that hold future promise for increasing fiber productivity, enhancing and/or increasing the novelty of cotton-based products for the consumer, and improving human health and well-being are presented. Above all, cotton biotechnology offers to greatly enhance breeding programs by introducing novel traits that have eluded more traditional plant improvement methods and therefore will likely play an increasingly important role in the genetic improvement of cotton.     

Agricultural biotechnology and smallholder farmers in developing countries

Agricultural biotechnology holds much potential to contribute towards crop productivity gains and crop improvement for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Over 14 million smallholder farmers are already benefiting from biotech crops such as cotton and maize in China, India and other Asian, African and Central/South American countries. Molecular breeding can accelerate crop improvement timescales and enable greater use of diversity of gene sources. Little impact has been realized to date with fruits and vegetables because of development timescales for molecular breeding and development and regulatory costs and political considerations facing biotech crops in many countries. Constraints to the development and adoption of technology-based solutions to reduce yield gaps need to be overcome. Full integration with broader commercial considerations such as farmer access to seed distribution systems that facilitate dissemination of improved varieties and functioning markets for produce are critical for the benefits of agricultural biotechnology to be fully realized by smallholders. Public-private partnerships offer opportunities to catalyze new approaches and investment while accelerating integrated research and development and commercial supply chain-based solutions.     

Gene technology in agriculture,environment and biopharming: beyond Bt-rice and building better breeding budgets for crops

Applications of gene technology in agriculture, the environment and human health fields are reviewed. This case study of the intricate historical details of the development of Bt crops like cotton and rice unveils essential elements of productive funding schemes and effective multinational collaborations. Gene technology applied to pest resistance traits in global cotton is analyzed using nation-specific data from India to demonstrate ‘ricochet’ results: Regulatory approval for one crop catalyzes an ‘Enhancer Effect’ for promoting more research funding and more competitive results for other crops-in-waiting, namely rice. Just as cotton commerce promoted philanthropy in unpredictable situations like the Kreenholm dynasty of Ludwig Knoop, research budgets for pesticide and biocide technology have yielded intended effects, but several surprising unintended effects as well. Finally, the case is made for greater control of gene flow and identity preserve issues in plant biotechnology research by invoking Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée for Bt genes.