病毒载体与造血干细胞基因治疗

多种获得性和遗传性疾病累及造血细胞。造血干细胞是人类基因治疗的重要靶细胞。成功的造血干细胞基因治疗不仅需要高效基因转移,还需要治疗基因的长期、高水平表达。反转录病毒载体是造血干细胞基因治疗的常用载体,结合优化的造血干细胞转导条件,其介导的腺苷脱氨酶缺陷引起的严重联合免疫缺陷和X染色体连锁的严重联合免疫缺陷的基因治疗已经获得初步成功;其他整合型病毒载体如慢病毒和腺相关病毒载体,也在临床前造血干细胞基因治疗研究中得到广泛应用。从病毒载体、基因转移和基因表达等几个方面综述了造血干细胞基因治疗的临床前和临床研究的重要进展。     

腺病毒载体与慢病毒载体感染骨髓间充质干细胞的比较

随着基因治疗的发展,建立高效稳定表达目的基因的载体和靶细胞成为目前研究的热点.骨髓间充质干细胞具有自我复制,高度的增殖能力,多向或定向分化的潜能等优势,是细胞和基因工程中的理想靶细胞.而腺病毒载体和慢病毒载体作为基因载体均能将目的基因导入宿主细胞,因此对腺病毒载体和慢病毒载体的结构、分类、优缺点以及感染骨髓间充质干细胞的转染效率等方面做简要的分析.     

慢病毒载体与造血干细胞介导的基因治疗

慢病毒载体不仅能感染造血干细胞 (HSCs) ,使携带的目的基因整合至HSCs基因组内 ,且能利用病毒携带的调控元件 ,使目的基因随HSCs细胞特异性表达 ,因此是一种有效的感染HSCs和进行基因治疗的工具。主要对慢病毒载体基因组特点、改建过程、慢病毒对干细胞的感染能力、慢病毒携带的目的基因在HSCs内的表达及调控等方面做了简要的综述     

造血干细胞基因治疗:进展与挑战

造血干细胞具有自我更新和分化为各类血细胞的潜能,一直被认为是最理想的基因治疗靶细胞之一.近年来,基于慢病毒载体的造血干细胞基因治疗逐渐进入临床.同时,随着CRISPR-Cas9等基因编辑技术的不断发展,第二代造血干细胞精准基因治疗研究已经取得重要进展,预计将逐渐开始临床转化.但目前,造血干细胞基因编辑还面临一些问题亟待解决,尤其是精准编辑效率还需要大幅度提高.     

造血干细胞及其应用研究进展

造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells, HSCs)是一类多能干细胞,位于特殊的造血微环境,主要存在于骨髓中。其能自我更新和多向分化为各种功能的血细胞,维持血液系统的建立和动态平衡。造血干细胞的这些重要特性以及造血干细胞移植在临床上的广泛应用,结合基因治疗和基因编辑技术的进步,使得基于造血干细胞治疗多种血液疾病和免疫疾病的基因治疗研究在近年来取得了很大的进展。该文将从造血干细胞生物学特征、来源、造血干细胞微环境的基础研究,以及造血干细胞基因治疗、自体造血干细胞移植治疗β-地中海贫血等方面的临床研究和应用进展进行综述。     

造血干细胞基因治疗研究进展

近几年来,造血干细胞基因治疗在逆转录病毒载体,动物模型和临床试验等方面取得了明显进行。最近,国外采用该方法临床治理两名SCID－X1患儿获得成功,这是基因治疗单基因疾病领域的一个重大里程碑。     

碳纳米管作为核酸类物质转运载体的研究进展

基因治疗与RNA干扰治疗在遗传性疾病、恶性肿瘤、病毒感染等疾病治疗中具有巨大的潜力和应用前景。目前商业化的病毒载体和其它一些转染方法在转染效率和安全性方面仍需进一步的改进。近年来纳米生物医学研究的结果显示,碳纳米管有可能成为一种新型的基因转染与RNA干扰载体,具有转染效率高、毒性相对较小等优点。本文对碳纳米管作为核酸载体在基因治疗和RNA干扰治疗中的研究进展做了综合评述,对碳纳米管-核酸复合物的制备、表征及其在细胞环境中的去向等方面的研究进展也做了简要介绍。     

骨髓基质细胞的分离、鉴定以及TH基因的转染与表达

目的是探索骨髓基质细胞的分离培养、鉴定及其接受并表达TH基因的能力。实验中通过密度梯度离心法成功地从成年SD大鼠骨髓中分离获得了骨髓基质干细胞 ,并用流式细胞仪对其进行鉴定 ,纯度可达 75 %。进一步采用复制缺陷型腺相关病毒载体介导的基因转染方法 ,将之改造成为携带lacZ与TH基因的工程细胞 ,经X gal染色和TH免疫组化检测 ,转染效率为 (74 .6± 19.4 ) %。实验结果表明骨髓基质细胞易于接受并表达外源基因 ,有望作为运载细胞应用于帕金森病的基因治疗。     

AIDS基因治疗的新载体—HIV载体

AIDS基因治疗研究的最新成就令人欢欣鼓舞,其成功的关键在于抗HIV基因和载体的选择。HIV自身特性决定它在AIDS基因治疗中具有潜在的优点,以HIV为骨架重新构建而成的HIV载体在体内具有靶向CD4＋细胞和转导非分裂状态的细胞（尤其是CD34＋造血干细胞）的能力;表明HIV载体在AIDS基因治疗方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文从AIDS发病机理来阐述用于其治疗的HIV载体的构建及特点。     

基因治疗及其临床应用研究进展

基因治疗可定义为在某一个体的细胞中引入新的遗传物质,从而使该个体的疾病得到治疗的方法．基因治疗主要研究免疫治疗、细胞素／药物传递基因、药物敏感基因、药物抗性基因和选择性抗性基因治疗等．基因治疗尚仅限于体细胞,生殖细胞的基因治疗由于技术难度更大,且涉及伦理学与社会学的问题．还不在考虑之列．目前基因治疗的对象主要以恶性肿瘤为重点,同时兼顾心血管及少数遗传病。基因治疗的基本内容包括;引起疾病的缺陷基因定位（基因诊断）;选择适当的载体及载体的加工、修饰与包装（基因载体）;外源基因导入人体靶细胞（基因转移）的临床研究．体外基因转移已广泛应用于各类基因病的临床治疗研究;而体内基因转移目前尚未走出实验室．继美国之后,世界上许多国家都已开始实施各自的基因治疗研究计划．人类的基因病有４０００多种,基因治疗前景广阔．     

Technology for gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells (Part 2)]

A hematopoietic stem cell is considered to be one of the ideal targets for gene therapy, and there is expectation that gene therapy will be established based on the technology of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, in recent clinical trials of stem cell gene therapy for monogenic diseases, significant clinical improvement has not been reported. One of the main obstacles is the low efficiency of gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells. Many investigators have been trying to improve the transduction efficiency to the clinically applicable level. Another approach to solve this problem is to develop the method for selective expansion of transduced hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. We are currently developing novel regulatory genes (selective amplifier genes) for stem cell gene therapy.     

The clinical potential of stem cells

Stem cells are defined by their capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, making them uniquely situated to treat a broad spectrum of human diseases. For example, because hematopoietic stem cells can reconstitute the entire blood system, bone marrow transplantation has long been used in the clinic to treat various diseases. Similarly, the transplantation of other tissue-specific stem cells, such as stem cells isolated from epithelial and neural tissues, can treat mouse disease models and human patients in which epithelial and neural cells are damaged. An alternative to tissue-specific stem cell therapy takes advantage of embryonic stem cells, which are capable of differentiating into any tissue type. Furthermore, nuclear transfer, the transfer of a post-mitotic somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated oocyte, creates a limitless source of autologous cells that, when combined with gene therapy, can serve as a powerful therapeutic tool.     

The use of CD 34(+) mobilized peripheral blood as a donor cell source does not improve chimerism after in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in non-human primates

In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a therapeutic procedure that could potentially cure many developmental diseases affecting the immune and hematopoietic systems. In most clinical and experimental settings of fetal hematopoietic transplantation the level of donor cell engraftment has been low, suggesting that even in the fetus there are significant barriers to donor cell engraftment. In postnatal hematopoietic transplantation donor cells obtained from mobilized peripheral blood engraft more rapidly than cells derived from marrow. We tested the hypothesis that use of donor hematopoietic/stem cells obtained from mobilized peripheral blood would improve engraftment and the level of chimerism after in utero transplantation in non-human primates. Despite the potential competitive advantage from the use of CD 34(+) from mobilized peripheral blood, the level of chimerism was not appreciably different from a group of animals receiving marrow-derived CD 34(+) donor cells. Based on these results, it is unlikely that this single change in cell source will influence the clinical outcome of fetal hematopoietic transplantation.     

Induced pluripotent stem cells as a tool for gaining new insights into Fanconi anemia

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) hold significant promise for advancing biomedical research. In the case of monogenic diseases, patient-iPSC and their derivatives contain the disease-causing mutation, suggesting the possibility of recapitulating salient disease features in vitro. Fanconi anemia (FA) is the most common inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. The etiology of bone marrow failure in FA remains largely unclear, but limited studies on patient bone marrow cells indicate cell intrinsic defects as causative. We examined the feasibility of modeling FA in a system based on hematopoietic differentiation of patient-specific iPSC. An informative iPSC-based model is predicated on the ability to derive disease-specific (uncorrected) patient iPSC that contain the disease-causing mutation, are pluripotent, maintain a normal karyotype and are capable of hematopoietic differentiation. Careful analysis of hematopoietic differentiation of such iPSC holds the promise of uncovering new insights into bone marrow failure and may enable high-throughput screening with the goal of identifying compounds that ameliorate hematopoietic failure. Ultimately, genetic correction, molecular characterization and successful engraftment of iPSC-derived cells may provide an attractive alternative to current hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy in some monogenic diseases, including FA.     

Functional compensation between hematopoietic stem cell clones in vivo

In most organ systems, regeneration is a coordinated effort that involves many stem cells, but little is known about whether and how individual stem cells compensate for the differentiation deficiencies of other stem cells. Functional compensation is critically important during disease progression and treatment. Here, we show how individual hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) clones heterogeneously compensate for the lymphopoietic deficiencies of other HSCs in a mouse. This compensation rescues the overall blood supply and influences blood cell types outside of the deficient lineages in distinct patterns. We find that highly differentiating HSC clones expand their cell numbers at specific differentiation stages to compensate for the deficiencies of other HSCs. Some of these clones continue to expand after transplantation into secondary recipients. In addition, lymphopoietic compensation involves gene expression changes in HSCs that are characterized by increased lymphoid priming, decreased myeloid priming, and HSC self‐renewal. Our data illustrate how HSC clones coordinate to maintain the overall blood supply. Exploiting the innate compensation capacity of stem cell networks may improve the prognosis and treatment of many diseases.     

Induced pluripotent stem cells as a tool for gaining new insights into Fanconi anemia

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) hold significant promise for advancing biomedical research. In the case of monogenic diseases, patient-iPSC and their derivatives contain the disease-causing mutation, suggesting the possibility of recapitulating salient disease features in vitro. Fanconi anemia (FA) is the most common inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. The etiology of bone marrow failure in FA remains largely unclear, but limited studies on patient bone marrow cells indicate cell intrinsic defects as causative. We examined the feasibility of modeling FA in a system based on hematopoietic differentiation of patient-specific iPSC. An informative iPSC-based model is predicated on the ability to derive disease-specific (uncorrected) patient iPSC that contain the disease-causing mutation, are pluripotent, maintain a normal karyotype and are capable of hematopoietic differentiation. Careful analysis of hematopoietic differentiation of such iPSC holds the promise of uncovering new insights into bone marrow failure and may enable high-throughput screening with the goal of identifying compounds that ameliorate hematopoietic failure. Ultimately, genetic correction, molecular characterization and successful engraftment of iPSC-derived cells may provide an attractive alternative to current hematopoietic stem cell-targeted gene therapy in some monogenic diseases, including FA.     

胚胎干细胞向血液干细胞定向分化的研究进展

骨髓移植是目前治疗恶性白血病以及遗传性血液病最有效的方法之一。但是HLA相匹配的骨髓捐献者严重短缺,骨髓造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs）体外培养困难,在体外修复患者骨髓造血干细胞技术不成熟,这些都大大限制了骨髓移植在临床上的应用。多能性胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）具有自我更新能力,在合适的培养条件下分化形成各种血系细胞,是造血干细胞的另一来源。在过去的二十多年里,血发生的研究是干细胞生物学中最为活跃的领域之一。小鼠及人的胚胎干细胞方面的研究最近取得了重大进展。这篇综述总结了近年来从胚胎干细胞获得造血干细胞的成就,以及在安全和技术上的障碍。胚胎干细胞诱导生成可移植性血干细胞的研究能够使我们更好地了解正常和异常造血发生的机制,同时也为造血干细胞的临床应用提供理论和实验依据。     

Gadd45a基因对小鼠造血干细胞功能的影响

目的 Gadd45a基因对小鼠造血干细胞功能的影响。方法流式细胞仪分选小鼠骨髓造血干细胞、体外单克隆培养,竞争性骨髓移植,放射线照射观察生存曲线。结果 Gadd45a基因缺失的小鼠造血干细胞克隆形成能力增强,短期造血重建能力无差异,8.5Gy放射线照射后生存情况无差异。结论 Gadd45a基因对小鼠造血干细胞功能起重要作用。     

成体干细胞的研究及潜在应用

成体干细胞(adultstemcells)存在于人和哺乳动物的多种成体中,具有自我更新和一定的分化潜能.现已从骨髓、软骨、血液、神经、肌肉、脂肪、皮肤、角膜缘、肝脏、胰腺等许多组织中获得干细胞,并在部分成体干细胞的体外分离培养、扩增及诱导分化等研究中取得突破性进展,发现部分成体干细胞具有预想不到的分化潜能.成体干细胞不仅是发育生物学研究的理想模型,而且是细胞移植治疗、人工组织或器官构建的种子细胞和基因治疗的理想载体细胞,因此,在揭示生命的本质和规律及再生医学中有十分广阔的应用前景.     

The repopulating potential and differentiation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells from the blood and bone marrow of normal mice

Using the hematopoietic colony technique, we have investigated the repopulating potential of bone marrow cells and leukocytes of blood from normal mice and have demonstrated that the frequency of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow is 50 to 150 times that of stem cells in the circulating blood. The differentiation capacity of these stem cells has also been examined. Results of comparative studies of the serial sections of hematopoietic colonies formed from marrow and blood leukocytes indicate that the differentiation capacity of stem cells from marrow and blood is similar, and that at least 80% of these cells differentiate along a single cell line. Thus, peripheral blood stem cells can effect a complete hematopoietic graft, establishing in the host, donor red cells, granulocytes, and platelets. The possibility that blood leukocytes may serve as a potential source of stem cells for hematopoietic transplants has been considered. Although blood contains stem cells, their frequency is so low as to make it unlikely that they would become a useful source of precursor cells for transplantation purposes.