嗜碱放线菌的分离方法

嗜碱放线菌是一类嗜好碱性生活环境的特殊资源微生物。近年来,从嗜碱放线菌中发现多个新分类单元和结构新颖、活性独特的天然产物,由此引起人们的极大兴趣。有效的选择性分离方法是收集与挖掘嗜碱放线菌物种资源的关键。本文分析了嗜碱放线菌的生理特点,归纳了嗜碱放线菌的分离方法及存在问题,并探讨了未来的发展趋势。     

新疆阜康盐碱地可培养兼性嗜碱放线菌多样性及其酶活筛选

【目的】分析新疆阜康盐碱地环境可培养兼性嗜碱放线菌物种多样性及其产酶潜力。【方法】从阜康盐碱地环境共采集10份土样,采用纯培养物的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析盐碱地兼性嗜碱放线菌物种多样性。对分离菌株进行淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶酶活初筛。【结果】从10份土样中共分离到116株兼性嗜碱放线菌和4株耐碱放线菌,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明它们分布在放线菌门放线菌纲的8个目13个科22个属,其中53.3%的菌株为非链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属的菌株。酶活初筛结果:淀粉酶、蛋白酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的阳性率分别为35.8%、37.5%、28.3%、17.5%。【结论】阜康盐碱地生境蕴藏丰富的兼性嗜碱放线菌资源。兼性嗜碱放线菌是获得高活性酶的资源。本研究有助于认识高碱环境兼性嗜碱放线菌的多样性,为其资源的开发利用提供依据。     

微波处理对嗜碱和嗜盐海洋放线菌分离效果的影响

【目的】研究微波处理对于分离嗜碱和嗜盐海洋放线菌的效果。【方法】用微波处理7份海泥样品,梯度稀释后涂布于3种分离培养基,分离具有嗜碱和嗜盐特性的海洋放线菌。【结果】微波处理后的7份样品中,4份样品中嗜碱海洋稀有放线菌和3份样品的嗜盐海洋稀有放线菌数量极显著提高;7份样品中的嗜碱、嗜盐海洋小单孢菌属、游动放线菌属、诺卡氏菌属等稀有放线菌数量均有显著增加,不同样品中新分离到链孢菌属、小双孢菌属、链孢囊菌属及其他未鉴定的海洋稀有放线菌,分离到属的数量提高了1-4个。【结论】微波处理不仅显著提高嗜碱和嗜盐海洋放线菌的分离数量,而且明显增加了海洋稀有放线菌的分离种类。     

新疆阜康盐碱地可培养兼性嗜碱放线菌多样性及其酶活筛选

摘要:【目的】分析新疆阜康盐碱地环境可培养兼性嗜碱放线菌物种多样性及其产酶潜力。【方法】从阜康盐碱地环境共采集10份土样,采用纯培养物的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析盐碱地兼性嗜碱放线菌物种多样性。对分离菌株进行淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶酶活初筛。【结果】从10份土样中共分离到116株兼性嗜碱放线菌和4株耐碱放线菌,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明它们分布在放线菌门放线菌纲的8个目13个科22个属,其中53.3%的菌株为非链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属的菌株。酶活初筛结果:淀粉酶、蛋 白酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的阳性率分别为35.8%、37.5%、28.3%、17.5%。【结论】阜康盐碱地生境蕴藏丰富的兼性嗜碱放线菌资源。兼性嗜碱放线菌是获得高活性酶的资源。本研究有助于认识高碱环境兼性嗜碱放线菌的多样性,为其资源的开发利用提供依据。     

嗜盐放线菌分离方法

盐环境放线菌是一类独特的微生物资源。介绍了盐环境放线菌的种类,生理特性,影响嗜盐放线菌分离效果的基本因素,分离方法存在的问题,以及嗜盐放线菌分离的最新研究进展。推荐了3种适于分离嗜盐放线菌的培养基及分离方法。认为15%或以上NaCl浓度、一定比例的复合盐和培养基成分是高选择性分离嗜盐放线菌的关键。     

嗜碱放线菌分离方法的研究

本文从土样的处理、分离培养基的选择、抑菌剂的选择和培养基的配制方法等方面研究了嗜碱放线菌的分离方法。察氏琼脂、淀粉酪素琼脂甘油精氨酸琼脂的分离效果较好;土样用十二烷基磺酸钠处理,分离培养基中加重酪酸钾,放线菌酮能更有效地分离嗜碱放线菌;用缓冲溶液配制培养基不影响分离效果,且能使培养基的pH保持相对稳定。     

酸性和碱性土壤新分离的放线菌中线型和环型质粒的检测

从湖南、云南采集的19份酸性土壤样品分离到50株放线菌,在pH4.5和pH7.0的培养基上都能生长.从新疆、青海、云南的14份碱性土壤样品中分离到38株放线菌,在pH10.0和pH7.0的培养基上均能生长.因此,这些菌株属于中度嗜酸或中度嗜碱放线菌.利用脉冲电泳技术和普通凝胶电泳在其中12株放线菌中检测到线型质粒,其中3株放线菌中检测到环型质粒.这是首次在中度嗜酸和中度嗜碱的放线菌中报道线型和环型质粒.     

嗜盐放线菌的研究进展

嗜盐放线菌是极端微生物的重要组成部分 ,也是一类极具应用前景的微生物资源。就嗜盐菌的分类标准、嗜盐放线菌的分离、分布及系统学研究的历史、现状及其发展趋势、应用前景进行了概述。同时还讨论了嗜盐放线菌的分离及其生理学、分类学研究中存在的问题及困难     

碱性环境中的放线菌的生物学研究*

碱性环境中存在有一些嗜碱放线菌（Alkalophilic actinomycetes）,这些放线菌具有特殊的生理特征及代谢途径,可产生多种碱性酶及生物活性物质。综述了近20年来嗜碱放线菌的分类学研究,嗜碱菌的嗜碱机理,应用方面的研究进展,并展望了嗜碱放线菌的应用前景。     

嗜碱放线菌生理学特性的初步研究*

对从新疆、青海采集的盐碱土样中分离获得的29株嗜碱放线菌(AlkAlipbilic actinomyeetes)及1株模式菌株Nocardiopsis prasina的pH实验,不同碱性物质KOH、K2CO3、NaOH、Na2CO3对生长的影响,及对NaCl、KCl耐受性进行了研究。结果发现,少数嗜碱放线菌对Na^ 有一定的依赖性,对K^ 碱性物质敏感;一些嗜碱放线菌对CO3^2-敏感,NaCl、KCl对一些嗜碱放线菌的生长有抑制作用;4种碱性物质对Nocardiopsis菌株生长无影响,且它们可耐受高浓度NaCl、KCl。因此提出高碱性环境中是否存在K^ 、CO3^2-专一性依赖的嗜碱放线菌的推测。     

Rare actinomycetes: a potential storehouse for novel antibiotics

New antimicrobial agents are desperately needed to combat the increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms. Natural products remain the most propitious source of novel antibiotics. It is widely accepted that actinobacteria are prolific producers of natural bioactive compounds. We argue that the likelihood of discovering a new compound having a novel chemical structure can be increased with intensive efforts in isolating and screening rare genera of microorganisms. Screening rare actinomycetes and their previously under-represented genera from unexplored environments in natural product screening collections is one way of achieving this. Rare actinomycetes are usually regarded as the actinomycete strains whose isolation frequency is much lower than that of the streptomycete strains isolated by conventional methods. Many natural environments are still either unexplored or under-explored and thus, can be considered as a prolific resource for the isolation of less exploited microorganisms. More and different ecological niches need to be studied as sources of a greater diversity of novel microorganisms. In this review, we wish to update our understanding of the potential of the rare actinomycetes by focusing on the ways and means of enhancing their bio-discovery potential.     

可培养海洋放线菌生物多样性的研究进展

海洋放线菌是新药开发和天然活性产物的重要来源,海洋放线菌的生物多样性是代谢产物功能多样性的基础,因此研究可培养放线菌的生物多样性具有重要的意义。综述了近年来可培养的海洋放线菌生物多样性的研究进展,尤其是海绵共附生放线菌、深海放线菌和海洋固有放线菌的研究进展,对可培养的海洋放线菌的分离培养方法,包括样品处理、培养基的选择等进行了重点介绍,并对未培养海洋放线菌的分离培养进行了探讨,强调了建立区域性海洋放线菌菌种及基因资源库的重要性。     

Rare actinomycetes: a potential storehouse for novel antibiotics

New antimicrobial agents are desperately needed to combat the increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms. Natural products remain the most propitious source of novel antibiotics. It is widely accepted that actinobacteria are prolific producers of natural bioactive compounds. We argue that the likelihood of discovering a new compound having a novel chemical structure can be increased with intensive efforts in isolating and screening rare genera of microorganisms. Screening rare actinomycetes and their previously under-represented genera from unexplored environments in natural product screening collections is one way of achieving this. Rare actinomycetes are usually regarded as the actinomycete strains whose isolation frequency is much lower than that of the streptomycete strains isolated by conventional methods. Many natural environments are still either unexplored or under-explored and thus, can be considered as a prolific resource for the isolation of less exploited microorganisms. More and different ecological niches need to be studied as sources of a greater diversity of novel microorganisms. In this review, we wish to update our understanding of the potential of the rare actinomycetes by focusing on the ways and means of enhancing their bio-discovery potential.     

基因组挖掘技术在海洋放线菌天然产物研究开发中的应用及展望

利用微生物的基因组信息预测其合成特定天然产物的潜能, 进而进行新化合物分离纯化和结构鉴定的基因组挖掘技术, 已经成为国内外研究的热点, 并在多种细菌和真菌的天然产物发现中得到成功应用。本文综述了基因组挖掘技术的最新进展, 包括生物信息分析和结构预测、基因组指导的天然产物的发现、沉默基因的激活和异源表达技术等, 以及我国学者开发的转录组挖掘技术, 并重点综述了影像质谱技术在基因组挖掘中的应用。目前对海洋放线菌进行基因组挖掘的研究还比较少, 而基因组挖掘技术的发展, 将极大地促进对海洋放线菌天然产物的发现和鉴定。未来除了充分挖掘可培养微生物的基因组, 对未培养微生物宏基因组的挖掘将进一步深入。此外, 除了开发利用基因组中合成天然产物的结构基因和调节基因, 还应该充分开发利用其他不同的遗传元件, 包括不同转录活性和响应不同环境条件和信号的启动子, 以及具有调节作用的RNA等。     

Biodiversity,bioactive natural products and biotechnological potential of plant-associated endophytic actinobacteria

Endophytic actinobacteria, which exist in the inner tissues of living plants, have attracted increasing attention among taxonomists, ecologists, agronomists, chemists and evolutionary biologists. Numerous studies have indicated that these prolific actinobacteria appear to have a capacity to produce an impressive array of secondary metabolites exhibiting a wide variety of biological activity, such as antibiotics, antitumor and anti-infection agents, plant growth promoters and enzymes, and may contribute to their host plants by promoting growth and enhancing their ability of withstanding the environmental stresses. These microorganisms may represent an underexplored reservoir of novel species of potential interest in the discovery of novel lead compounds and for exploitation in pharmaceutical, agriculture and industry. This review focuses on new findings in the isolation methods, bio- and chemical diversity of endophytic actinobacteria and reveals the potential biotechnological application. The facing problems and strategies for biodiversity research and bioactive natural products producing are also discussed.     

Resuscitation-promoting factors: distribution among actinobacteria, synthesis during life-cycle and biological activity

We have identified new members of the resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) protein family in numerous as yet unsequenced actinobacteria suggesting that Rpfs are common in this bacterial group. Formation and final delivery of the Rpf proteins varied from strain to strain and were dependent on growth conditions. Rpfs were found to act complementary to resuscitate other actinobacteria and might therefore be useful tools for the isolation of new actinobacterial species, especially from soil samples in which lots of microorganisms may have adopted dormant states.     

孟加拉虎粪便放线菌的分离及其多样性

【目的】建立有效分离动物粪便放线菌的方法,认识孟加拉虎粪便放线菌的多样性。【方法】从预处理、抑制剂、培养基三个方面考虑,采用平板稀释的分离方法。用细菌通用引物扩增获得放线菌菌株的16SrRNA基因,根据系统发育分析进行鉴定。【结果】孟加拉虎粪便样品中,可培养放线菌的菌落平均数量为1.10×108cfu/g(粪便湿重);对分离到的110株纯培养放线菌的16S rRNA基因部分序列分析表明:它们分布于10个科、12个属,主要是一些菌丝分化程度低的放线菌,如:Arthrobacter、Dietzia、Kocuria、Corynebacterium、Microbacterium等;产丝的放线菌主要以Streptomyces占优势,约占分离到放线菌总数的64%。【结论】干热处理粪便样品可以大大提高放线菌的出菌率;添加多种抑制剂及不含天然成分的组合培养基较适合粪便放线菌的分离;孟加拉虎粪便中可培养放线菌的多样性较丰富。本研究提供的分离动物粪便放线菌的有效方法,为动物粪便放线菌资源的研究和开发利用提供了借鉴作用。     

Biologically active metabolites of marine actinobacteria

Data on the chemical structures and biologic activities of metabolites of obligate and facultative marine actinobacteria published between 2000 and 2007 are reviewed. The structural features of five groups of metabolites related to macrolides and compounds containing lactone, quinone, and diketopiperazine residues; cyclic peptides; alkaloids; and compounds of combined nature are discussed. The review shows the large chemical diversity of metabolites of actinobacteria isolated from marine ecotopes. In addition to metabolites identical to those previously isolated from terrestrial actinobacteria, marine actinobacteria produce compounds not found in other natural sources, including microorganisms. Probably, the biosynthesis of new chemotypes of bioactive compounds by marine actinobacteria is related to the chemical adaptation of microorganisms to the marine environment. The review emphasizes the importance of chemical studies of metabolites produced by marine actinobacteria. These studies will provide new data on marine microbial producers of biologically active compounds and the chemical structures and biologic activities of new natural lowmolecular-weight bioregulators.     

8种贵州药用植物内生放线菌的分离及多样性研究

【背景】药用植物内生菌能产生多种活性较好的次级代谢产物,是新抗生素发现的重要来源。目前,药用植物内生菌的研究主要集中在内生真菌,内生放线菌研究相对较少,是一个尚未充分开发的新领域。【目的】研究贵州药用植物内生放线菌多样性,以期发现新种放线菌或产新活性物质的放线菌,为微生物药物研究奠定基础。【方法】药用植物样品表面消毒后用粉碎机粉碎,采用9种不同分离培养基分离放线菌;通过提取放线菌基因组DNA,PCR扩增16S rRNA基因序列,测定序列并提交EzBioCloud数据库进行序列比对,构建系统进化树,进行内生放线菌多样性分析。【结果】通过形态特征初步排重,从8种药用植物样品中共分离得到内生菌62株,测定其16S rRNA基因序列,序列比对结果表明其中的57株菌分布于放线菌域的5目8科16属,分别是短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、植物杆菌属(Plantibacter)、原小单孢菌属(Promicromonospora)、动球菌属(Kineococcus)、壤球菌属(Agrococcus)、沼杆菌属(Patulibacter)、气微菌属(Aeromicrobium)、拉贝达氏菌属(Labedella)、叶居菌属(Frondihabitans)、冷杆菌属(Frigoribacterium)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、动孢菌属(Kineosporia)、Amnibacterium属,其中短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)为优势菌属,菌株M8JJ-5和M2KJ-4的16S rRNA基因序列分别与有效发表菌株AmnibacteriumkyonggienseKSL51201-037T(FJ527819)和Aeromicrobiumfastidiosum DSM10552T (Z78209)的相似性最高,相似性分别为97.29%和98.95%,可能为潜在新物种。【结论】贵州药用植物中蕴藏着多样性丰富的放线菌且具有从中发现新放线菌的潜力,能为新抗生素的发现提供菌种储备,也为今后对该地区放线菌资源的认识和开发利用提供理论依据。