金属硫蛋白对大鼠红细胞膜受羟自由基损伤保护作用的自旋标记—ESR研究

用自旋标记物5NS,16NS及MSL分别插入红细胞膜脂及标记膜蛋白,发现金属硫蛋白(10~(-5)mol/L)对羟自由基引起的膜运动性减弱和膜蛋白构象改变有明显抑制作用,说明金属硫蛋白对大鼠红细胞膜的羟自由基损伤有保护作用,并且,对于低剂量的羟自由基损伤,保护作用更为明显。     

锌_7-金属硫蛋白与镉_7-金属硫蛋白抗羟自由基保护线粒体效应

制备了Ｚｎ７－与Ｃｄ７－金属硫蛋白。分离出大鼠心肌线粒体。用电子自旋共振自旋标记方法测定线粒体膜脂流动性及膜蛋白构象、运动性。分析了线粒体Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性及４５Ｃａ摄入。羟自由基损伤使线粒体膜脂流动性下降,膜蛋白构象改变及运动性降低,线粒体Ｃａ２＋－Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性降低及４５Ｃａ摄入活性下降。Ｚｎ７－金属硫蛋白与Ｃｄ７－金属硫蛋白均有抗羟自由基、保护心肌线粒体的作用,且Ｚｎ７－金属硫蛋白的作用比Ｃｄ７－金属硫蛋白的作用更明显。原因是去金属蛋白对Ｃｄ２＋的亲和力比对Ｚｎ２＋高１００００倍,因而在近ｐＨ中性的环境中,Ｚｎ７－金属硫蛋白将释放更多Ｚｎ２＋,并暴露较多的还原态巯基。     

锌7—与镉7—金属硫蛋白对羟自由基损伤大鼠红细胞膜保护作用的比较

用电子自旋共振自旋标记物氮氧自由基硬脂酸和马来酰亚胺标记大鼠红细胞膜脂和膜蛋白,测定膜脂流动性和膜蛋白构象改变,以硫代巴比妥酸法测定脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量。结果表明,锌７－与镉７－金属硫蛋白对羟自由基引起的膜脂流劝性减低,脂质过氧化反应增强及膜蛋白构象及改变有明显的抑制作用,而且,前的作用明显强于后。     

锌_7-与镉_7-金属硫蛋白对羟自由基损伤大鼠红细胞膜保护作用的比较

用电子自旋共振自旋标记物氮氧自由基硬脂酸和马来酰亚胺标记大鼠红细胞膜脂和膜蛋白,测定膜脂流动性和膜蛋白构象改变,以硫代巴比妥酸法测定脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量．结果表明,锌7-与镉7-金属硫蛋白对羟自由基引起的膜脂流动性减低、脂质过氧化反应增强双膜蛋白构象改变有明显抑制作用,而且,前者的作用明显强于后者．     

锌7—金属硫蛋白与镉7—金属硫蛋白抗羟自由基保护线粒 …

制备了Ｚｎ７－与Ｃｄ７－金属硫蛋白。分离出大鼠心肌线粒体。用电子自旋共振自旋标记方法测定线粒体膜脂流动性及膜蛋白构象,运动性,分析了线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋－Ｍｇ６２＋－ＭＡＴＰ酶活性及＾４５Ｃａ摄入。羟自由基损伤使线粒体膜脂流动性下降,膜蛋白构象改变及运动性降低,线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋－Ｍｇ＾２＋ＡＴＰ酶活性降低及＾４５Ｃａ的摄入活性下降。     

金属硫蛋白抗内皮素损伤膜蛋白的电子顺磁共振自旋标记研究

以大鼠红细胞膜为研究对象,以脂肪酸自旋标记物５ＮＳ,１６ＮＳ插入膜脂,蛋白自旋标记物ＭＳＬ标记膜蛋白,观察内皮素（ＥＴ）损伤后膜脂流动性、膜蛋白构象的变化及金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）抗ＥＴ保护生物膜作用。结果表明ＥＴ（１×１０－９,１０－８及１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对膜脂流动性无明显影响,但在５×１０－９及１×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度下均改变膜蛋白构象,而且对膜蛋白构象的影响呈剂量依赖性。１×１０－５ｍｏｌ／ＬＭＴ能抵抗５×１０－９ｍｏｌ／ＬＥＴ对膜蛋白损伤,保护生物膜。     

锌_7与镉_7－金属硫蛋白清除羟自由基的比较

分离及纯化兔肝金属硫蛋白制备去金属金属硫蛋白、锌７与镉７金属硫蛋白．在不同ｐＨ条件下,比较后二者清除羟自由基能力;在ｐＨ６条件下,比较锌７－金属硫蛋白与有关蛋白和无机锌盐清除羟自由基效果．结论是在近生理ｐＨ条件下锌７－金属硫蛋白清除羟自由基能力远强于镉７－金属硫蛋白．金属硫蛋白清除羟自由基的能力主要来源于蛋白中处于还原态的流基．     

迷迭香酸对羟自由基所致小鼠肝线粒体损伤的保护作用

探索迷迭香酸对羟自由基致小鼠肝脏线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用。采用羟自由基(.OH),诱导小鼠肝线粒体损伤后,通过测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性等指标以确定迷迭香酸对小鼠肝线粒体羟自由基损伤的保护作用。结果迷迭香酸剂量依赖地抑制线粒体肿胀,提高膜流动性,降低MDA的生成,增强SDH活性,差异显著。本实验证明迷迭香酸可以抑制.OH所致的线粒体损伤。     

锌7与镉7－金属硫蛋白清除羟自由基的比较

分离及纯化兔肝金属硫蛋白.制备去金属金属硫蛋白、锌₇与镉₇金属硫蛋白．在不同pH条件下,比较后二者清除羟自由基能力;在pH6条件下,比较锌₇－金属硫蛋白与有关蛋白和无机锌盐清除羟自由基效果．结论是在近生理pH条件下锌₇－金属硫蛋白清除羟自由基能力远强于镉₇－金属硫蛋白．金属硫蛋白清除羟自由基的能力主要来源于蛋白中处于还原态的流基．     

超氧歧化酶(SOD)对人红细胞膜的保护作用

前文曾报道,红细胞膜经外源O₂^-_·自由基(碱性条件下,邻苯三酚自氧化产生)处理后有明显损伤作用。在此基础上,本文研究猪红细胞SOD对人红细胞膜氧化损伤的保护作用。结果表明,外源SOD对人红细胞膜有明显保护作用,表现为膜流动性和膜重封闭能力保持正常水平,膜蛋白交联作用有显著减小。     

Free radical scavenging actions of hippocampal metallothionein isoforms and of antimetallothioneins: an electron spin resonance spectroscopic study.

The high concentration of zinc in the hippocampal mossy fiber axon boutons is localized in the vesicles and is mobilized by exocytosis of the zinc-laden vesicles. Furthermore, the mammalian hippocampi contain metallothionein (MT) isoforms which regulate the steady state concentration of zinc, an important antioxidant. Indeed, zinc deprivation leads to an increased lipid peroxidation, reduces the activity of Cu++-Zn++ superoxide dismutase, and protect against oxidative stress such as exposure to ultraviolet A irradiation. By employing electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that rat hippocampal MT isoforms 1 and 2 were able to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals (*OH) generated in a Fenton reaction, and superoxide anions (O2*-) generated by the hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system. In addition, MT-1 isoform protected the isolated hepatocytes from lipid peroxidation as determined by thiobarbituric acid bound malondialdehyde. MT antibodies scavenged DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals and reactive oxygen species but not superoxide anions. The results of these studies suggest that although both isoforms of MT are able to scavenge free radicals, the MT-1 appears to be a superior scavenger of superoxide anions and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Moreover, antibodies formed against MT isoform retain some, but not all, free radical scavenging actions exhibited by MT-1 and MT-2.     

Protective effect of metallothionein to ras DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and ferric ion-nitrilotriacetic acid

Metallothionein (MT) is a strong antioxidant, due to a large number of thiol groups in the MT molecule and MT has been found in the nucleus. To investigate whether MT can directly protect DNA from damage induced by hydroxyl radical, the effects of MTs on DNA strand scission due to incubation with ferric ion-nitrilotriacetic acid and H2O2 (Fe3+ -NTA/H2O2) were studied. The Fe3+-NTA/H2O2 resulted in a higher rate of deoxyribose degradation, compared to incubation of Fe3+/H2O2, presumably mediated by the formation of hydroxyl radicals (*OH). This degradation was inhibited by either Zn-MT or Cd-MT, but not by Zn2+ or Cd2+ at similar concentrations. The Fe3+ -NTA/H2O2 resulted in a concentration dependent of increase in DNA strand scission. Damage to the sugar-phosphodiester chain was predominant over chemical modifications of the base moieties. Incubation with either Zn-MT or Cd-MT inhibited DNA damage by approximately 50%. Preincubation of MT with EDTA and N-ethylmaleimide, to alkylate sulfhydryl groups of MT, resulted in MT that was no longer able to inhibit DNA damage. These results indicates that MT can protect DNA from hydroxyl radical attack and that the cysteine thiol groups of MT may be involved in its nuclear antioxidant properties.     

金属硫蛋白抗自由基损伤研究

采用电子自旋共振技术(ESR),以马来酰亚胺自旋标记完整血红细胞和细胞膜,监测氧自由基引起的ESR波谱的变化,研究了不同亚型、不同结合金属的兔肝金属硫蛋白(MT)清除·OH和其对辐射损伤的防护作用。首次观察到四种MT清除·OH及抗辐射的能力与其亚型和结合金属种类有以下顺序的关系:ZnMT_2>ZnMT_1>CdMT_2>CdMT_1。而且还观察到MT对自由基损伤具有修复作用,其作用的强弱和清除·OH的能力大小顺序一致。对实验结果的分子机制进行了某些探讨。     

金属硫蛋白产生菌的诱变育种

采用亚硝基胍和紫外线诱变,自金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）产生菌酿酒酵母（ｄｅｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ）ＢＤ１０１－２５单倍体中获得遗传稳定的高Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋抗性突变株ＢＤ１０１－６９和ＢＤ１０１－３０。并对其重金属解毒、桔抗ｕ．ｖ．和６０Ｃｏ辐射效应、清除羟基自由基能力等生物学功能进行了研究。与出发菌株相比,上述生物学活性与酵母细胞对Ｃｉ２＋抗性、ＭＴ表达量表现出正相关性。两个突变株类ＭＴ表达量与生物学活性皆有所提高,为酿酒酵母ＭＴ的理论和应用研究打下了基础。     

Potent hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of drought-induced type-2 metallothionein in wild watermelon

Wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus sp.) has the ability to tolerate severe drought/high light stress conditions despite carrying out normal C₃-type photosynthesis. Here, mRNA differential display was employed to isolate drought-responsive genes in the leaves of wild watermelon. One of the isolated genes, CLMT2, shared significant homology with type-2 metallothionein (MT) sequences from other plants. The second-order rate constant for the reaction between a recombinant CLMT2 protein and hydroxyl radicals was estimated to be 1.2 × 10¹¹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, demonstrating that CLMT2 had an extraordinary high activity for detoxifying hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, hydroxyl radical-catalyzed degradation of watermelon genomic DNA was effectively suppressed by CLMT2 in vitro. This is the first demonstration of a plant MT with antioxidant properties. The results suggest that CLMT2 induction contributes to the survival of wild watermelon under severe drought/high light stress conditions.     

Free radical scavenging actions of metallothionein isoforms I and II

By employing electron spin resonance spectroscopy, we examined the free radicals scavenging effects of hepatic metallothionein (MT) isoforms I and II (MTs-I and II) on four types of free radicals. Solutions of 0.15mM of MT-I and 0.3mM of MT-II were found to scavenge the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (1.30 × 10¹⁵ spins/ml) completely. In addition, both isoforms exhibited total scavenging action against the hydroxyl radicals (1.75 × 10¹⁵ spins/ml) generated in a Fenton reaction. Similarly, 0.3mM of MT-I scavenged almost 90% of the superoxide (2.22 × 10¹⁵ spins/ml) generated by the hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system, while a 0.3mM MT-II solution could only scavenge 40% of it. By using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone as a “spin-trap” for the reactive oxygen species (containing singlet oxygen, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) generated by photosensitized oxidation of riboflavin and measuring the relative signal intensities of the resulting stable nitroxide adduct, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidine-1-oxyl, we observed that MT-II (0.3 mM) could scavenge 92%, while MT-I at 0.15 mM μl/ml concentrations could completely scavenge all the reactive species (2.15 × 10¹⁵ spins/ml) generated.

The results of these studies suggest that although both isoforms of MT are able to scavenge free radicals, the MT-I appears to be a superior scavenger of superoxide and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.     

Channa punctata brain metallothionein is a potent scavenger of superoxide radicals and prevents hydroxyl radical-induced in vitro DNA damage

Mammalian brain metallothioneins (MTs) have been shown to scavenge free radicals. However, a similar role for fish brain MT has not been established yet. Previously, we have reported that MT from the liver of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch, had free-radical-scavenging activity in vitro. In this study, we report on the induction of MT in brain and other tissues of C. punctata treated with a low concentration of zinc chloride. We partially purified MT (Zn-MT)-rich fraction from the brain and studied its free-radical-scavenging and DNA damage attenuating effects. Zinc exposure showed significant MT induction in brain, gill, kidney, and liver. C. punctata brain MT efficiently scavenged superoxide radicals and also attenuated hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA damage. These findings suggest that fish brain MT has a free-radical-scavenging activity, and its expression may be regulated in response to stress and chemical exposure. C. punctata has been identified as a potent biomarker fish species. It is suggested that this fish species may be a good model for the study of MTs with regard to their regulatory and biomarker functions.