黄柏果实提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用

在室内测定了芸香科植物黄柏(Phellodendron chinese Schneid.)果实乙醇粗提物及其4个不同极性溶剂的萃取部分在浓度为1 mg/mL时对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、番茄镰刀菌萎焉病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium vasinfectum)、棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niverum)、梨黑星病菌(Venturia piri-na)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)等11种植物病原真菌的抑制作用.乙酸乙酯部分和正丁醇部分对植物病原菌均表现出较强的抑制活性,其中乙酸乙酯部分对两种丝核菌小麦纹枯病菌和稻纹枯病菌的生长抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为100.00%和89.36%;正丁醇部分对两者的抑制率分别为97.32%和61.32%.实验结果表明,黄柏果实中的抗真菌活性成分主要存在于乙醇粗提物中的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取部分中.     

杀真菌素链霉菌AL-04的筛选与鉴定

对13株来源于青藏高原土壤的放线菌进行活化,再分别采用琼脂扩散法、生长速率法、孢子萌发抑制法和离体叶片法筛选出一株抗菌活性高且抗性稳定的菌株AL-04。抗菌活性结果表明,该菌株对4种常见的土传病害病原真菌:辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)都有较强的抑制效果,抑菌率均在70.0%以上,其中对辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)抑菌率高达93.0%。通过形态特征、生理生化特征分析和16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为杀真菌素链霉菌(Streptomyces fungicidicus)。     

两种测定化合物对真菌菌丝生长抑制活性方法的比较

采用带毒平板法和液体培养法测定两种植物抗菌化合物血根碱和白屈菜红碱对植物病原真菌水稻纹枯病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、番茄枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporium f．sp．lycopersici）和棉花枯萎病菌（F.oxysporium f.sp．vasinfectum）的抑制活性。论文对两种测定方法进行了比较和讨论,结果发现：和带毒平板法相比,采用液体培养法获得的化合物半抑制浓度要低。     

生物制剂4号——可湿性粉剂生物防治效果研究

从山西省蟒河自然保护区土样中分离得到拮抗链霉菌—MH4菌株。它对棉花枯萎病菌[FusariumoxysporumSchl.F.sp.vasinfectum(Atk.)Synder and Hansen]、棉花立枯病菌(Rhizctonia solaniKünn)、棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliaeKelb)等10多种植物病原真菌抑菌效果明显[1]。将其配制成生物制剂—可湿性粉剂制剂(以下简称生物制剂4号)进行室内棉花试验、抑菌试验和药敏试验。日光温室试验及田间试验均显示出对棉花枯萎病菌[F.oxysporumSchl.F.sp.vasinfectum(Atk.)Synder and Hansen]、棉花黄萎病菌(V.dahliaeKelb)、棉花立枯病菌(R.solaniKünn)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(F.oxysporumSchl.f.sp.CucumerimumOwen)、西瓜枯萎病菌[F.oxysporumf.sp.niveum(E.F.Sm)Synder et Hensen]及棉苗根病有较好的防治效果,特别是用在瓜类枯萎菌上防治效果较为突出。     

抗菌蛋白产生菌TG26的筛选及其培养条件

从丝瓜(Luffa cylindrica(L.)Roem.)根部分离纯化并筛选出强烈抑制小麦赤霉病菌(Gibberella zeae)生长、产大量抗菌蛋白的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)TG26菌株。用异步培养法检测了该菌株的抗菌活性,比对照菌株 B.subtilis A014和 B_(?)的活性强;平板扩散法测定的 TG26抗菌谱表明,该菌株除抑制小麦赤霉病菌外,对烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria longipes)、棉花枯萎病菌(F.oxysporum f.vasinfectum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(F.oxysporum f.niveum)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)等植物病原真菌以及烟草青枯病菌(Psendomonassolanaceanum)和水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzae)等植物病原细菌均表现出很强的拮抗作用。TG26菌株产抗菌蛋白的最适培养条件为:选用 BPY 液体培养基,起始 pH7.0。接种后30℃振荡培养36小时的培养液经70%饱合度(NH_4)_2SO_4盐析得到130 mg/L 以上的粗蛋白。该蛋白对温度不敏感,对蛋白酶 K 部分敏感。     

五种新疆植物的抗真菌活性

对采自新疆的黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)、北艾(Artemisia vulgaris)、梭梭(Halaxylon ammodendron)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)和多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)抗植物病原真菌的活性进行了研究,植物病原真菌包括番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium axysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)和瓜果腐霉(Pythium aphani-dermatum),其中黄花蒿对真菌菌丝生长、多枝柽柳对稻瘟病菌孢子萌发表现出强的抑制活性。本研究为植物病害防治和新疆植物资源的开发和利用提供了依据。     

金荞麦和苦荞麦抗菌活性内生真菌的筛选及鉴定

从药用植物金荞麦和苦荞麦的根、茎、叶、花中分离到62株内生真菌,并以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)[CMCC(B)63501]、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cu-cumerinum)和绵腐病菌(Pythium aphanidermatum)6种微生物为指示菌对分离到的内生真菌进行抗菌活性检测。结果发现,分离的内生真菌菌株KQH-01、KQH-02和JQY-1的发酵醇提取物具有较好的抑菌活性。形态学特征和分子鉴定确定菌株KQH-01为炭角菌属(Xylaria sp.)真菌,菌株KQH-02为球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum),菌株JQY-1为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)。     

苹果树内生菌筛选及其对苹果腐烂病防治效果

为了获得苹果腐烂病菌的内生拮抗菌株,并初步研究其拮抗特性以及防治效果,用平板对峙法从苹果树根部、茎部、叶片筛选到具有拮抗作用的内生菌,明确其无菌滤液的抑菌效果,并测定拮抗菌株对苹果离体果实腐烂病害的防治效果。从分离纯化的56株内生菌中筛选出12株苹果腐烂病菌的拮抗菌,其中G2、G9、J32和Y40的抑菌效果比较明显,分别为69.64%、58.93%、67.86%、67.88%,当G2和G9的无菌滤液浓度达到8%时,其抑制率最高,分别达到了78.26%、76.29%,J32和Y40的无菌滤液浓度达到8%时抑制率均达到72.33%;在苹果果实离体试验中,G2、Y40的抑制率分别达到32.56%和26.89%;所筛选的这4株菌株对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusa Hum graminearum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria longipes)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporun f.sp.vasinfectum)、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae Cav)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerium)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)均有一定的抑制作用,其中抑制率最高达79.65%;4株菌对苹果腐烂病病原菌的抑制大多数会导致病原菌菌丝畸形。试验结果表明拮抗真菌G2、G9、J32和Y40均对苹果腐烂病菌有较强拮抗作用,为进一步开展苹果主要病害的生物防治研究提供了潜在资源菌。     

应用PCR-RFLP和巢式PCR检测黄瓜尖镰孢菌

以3株黄瓜尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumarinum)、23株镰孢菌属(Fusariumspp.)真菌和分离自土壤的20株真菌、6株细菌和7株放线菌为材料,采用化学裂解法提取总DNA,进行PCR-RFLP和巢式PCR检测,试验证明PCR-RFLP程序不能完全区分Fusarium属内不同种,而巢式PCR对黄瓜尖镰孢菌具有特异性.运用优化的PCR-RFLP和巢式PCR检测程序对染病黄瓜组织进行了检测,结果表明,两种方法均可在接种发病早期(未显症时)检测出黄瓜枯萎病菌,PCR-RFLP在感病品种接种后3d即可检测到病原菌,而巢式PCR在接种后5d才能检测到病原菌.     

红火蚁共生链霉菌Streptomyces sp. DF-5的分离培养及其发酵液对植物病原真菌的抑制活性研究

自入侵中国以来红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren受到广泛关注,明确与该蚁共生或者伴生的微生种类及其生物学功能具有重要意义。本研究从红火蚁工蚁体中筛选出一个共生菌株,观察、分析了其生长、生理生化特性和16S rRNA同源序列特征,应用菌丝生长速率法测定了该菌株发酵液滤液对3种植物病原真菌的抑菌作用。鉴定结果表明该菌株属于链霉菌属Streptomyces,命名为Streptomyces sp.DF-5,其发酵液滤液对常见植物病原真菌如荔枝霜疫霉病菌Peronophythora litchii、香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense和稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae具有较好的抑制效果,抑制率均在70%以上,其中对荔枝霜疫霉病菌的抑制效果高达94.5%。本研究可为利用红火蚁共生菌开发新型生物农药提供参考。     

欧美107杨树提取物体外对植物病原真菌的抑制活性

制备了欧美107杨树枝条和叶的乙醇粗提物及不同极性溶剂的萃取部分,并测定了它们对植物病原真菌的抑制活性。枝条和叶的乙醇粗提物对棉花枯萎病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、番茄早疫病菌、番茄枯萎病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉以及玉米弯孢等7种植物病原真菌均具有一定的抑制作用。而枝条的乙醇粗提物对杨树溃疡病菌的菌丝生长有一定的促进作用。抗菌活性成分主要集中在乙酸乙酯萃取部分。     

Visualization of interactions between a pathogenic and a beneficial Fusarium strain during biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot

The soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici causes tomato foot and root rot (TFRR), which can be controlled by the addition of the nonpathogenic fungus F. oxysporum Fo47 to the soil. To improve our understanding of the interactions between the two Fusarium strains on tomato roots during biocontrol, the fungi were labeled using different autofluorescent proteins as markers and subsequently visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were as follows. i) An at least 50-fold excess of Fo47over F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was required to obtain control of TFRR. ii) When seedlings were planted in sand infested with spores of a single fungus, Fo47 hyphae attached to the root earlier than those of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. iii) Subsequent root colonization by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was faster and to a larger extent than that by Fo47. iv) Under disease-controlling conditions, colonization of tomato roots by the pathogenic fungus was significantly reduced. v) When the inoculum concentration of Fo47 was increased, root colonization by the pathogen was arrested at the stage of initial attachment to the root. vi) The percentage of spores of Fo47 that germinates in tomato root exudate in vitro is higher than that of the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Based on these results, the mechanisms by which Fo47 controls TFRR are discussed in terms of i) rate of spore germination and competition for nutrients before the two fungi reach the rhizoplane; ii) competition for initial sites of attachment, intercellular junctions, and nutrients on the tomato root surface; and iii) inducing systemic resistance.     

鄂西北产苍耳子甲醇粗提物抑菌活性及其清除DPPH能力的初步评价

采用生长速率法、孢子萌发法及DPPH自由基清除法,对产自鄂西北的野生植物苍耳子粗提物体外抑菌活性及抗氧化性进行了初步测定.结果表明,苍耳子甲醇粗提物对绿色木霉、黄瓜灰霉菌、黑曲霉、终极腐霉、尖镰孢菌黄瓜专化型五种病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中无论是抑制菌丝生长还是孢子萌发,均对黑曲霉显示出了显著的抑制活性.实验结果也...     

Horizontal gene and chromosome transfer in plant pathogenic fungi affecting host range

Plant pathogenic fungi adapt quickly to changing environments including overcoming plant disease resistance genes. This is usually achieved by mutations in single effector genes of the pathogens, enabling them to avoid recognition by the host plant. In addition, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and horizontal chromosome transfer (HCT) provide a means for pathogens to broaden their host range. Recently, several reports have appeared in the literature on HGT, HCT and hybridization between plant pathogenic fungi that affect their host range, including species of Stagonospora/Pyrenophora, Fusarium and Alternaria. Evidence is given that HGT of the ToxA gene from Stagonospora nodorum to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis enabled the latter fungus to cause a serious disease in wheat. A nonpathogenic Fusarium species can become pathogenic on tomato by HCT of a pathogenicity chromosome from Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici, a well-known pathogen of tomato. Similarly, Alternaria species can broaden their host range by HCT of a single chromosome carrying a cluster of genes encoding host-specific toxins that enabled them to become pathogenic on new hosts such as apple, Japanese pear, strawberry and tomato, respectively. The mechanisms HGT and HCT and their impact on potential emergence of fungal plant pathogens adapted to new host plants will be discussed.     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜枯萎病的影响

Pot experiment was conducted to explore whether nursery inoculation of cucumber with Glomus etunicatum could alleviate fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Four-week-old seedlings inoculated with Glomus etunicatum were infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum by pouring conidial suspension. Biomass, contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), soluble sugar and free proline in roots, as well as the quantity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere were determined. The results indicated that the root dry weight of seedlings preinoculated with Glomus etunicatum increased by 9.3%; contents of soluble sugar and free proline in roots increased, and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased significantly. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were reduced. On the contrary, root dry weight of seedlings without inoculation with Glomus etunicatum was reduced by 28.0%. It is concluded that Glomus etunicatum is beneficial to biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber seedlings.     

Methoxybifurcarenone: an antifungal and antibacterial meroditerpenoid from the brown alga Cystoseira tamariscifolia.

A meroditerpenoid metabolite has been isolated from the brown alga Cystoseira tamariscifolia and characterized as methoxybifurcarenone, by spectral analysis. Methoxybifurcarenone possesses antifungal activity against three tomato pathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum sp. mycopersici and Verticillium alboatrum and antibacterial activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Escherichia coli.     

Isolation and Structure Elucidation of a New Antifungal and Antibacterial Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces sp. 201

An antibacterial and antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. 201, and its structure was determined as 2-methyl-heptyl isonicotinate by extensive use of NMR spectroscopy. The compound exhibited marked antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Shigella sp., Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium moniliforme, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani.     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜枯萎病的影响

盆栽条件下播种黄瓜Cucumis sativus同时接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus etunicatum,4周后对接种处理和对照黄瓜苗分别浇灌Fusairum oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum分生孢子悬液,2周后测定幼苗生物量、根内丙二醛、可溶性糖与游离脯氨酸含量及根围真菌和细菌数量。结果表明:接种Glomus etunicatum根系干重增加了9.3%,提高了根内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量,显著减少了根围真菌数量,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的发病率和病情指数。而不接种Glomus etunicatum的黄瓜苗根系干重减少了28.0%。研究认为AM真菌Glomus etunicatum对黄瓜枯萎病具有一定的生防价值。     

Antagonism and Action Mechanism of Antifungal Metabolites from Streptomyces rimosus MY02

The genus of Streptomyces , a saprophytic Gram-positive bacterium, has properties, which make them useful as pharmaceutical and biocontrol agents. A streptomyces strain MY02 from soil samples showed significant antagonism against 14 plant pathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum . Antifungal metabolite(s) SN06 from the culture of the strain MY02 were extracted with n -butanol and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The minimum concentration of SN06 inhibiting any visible fungal growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum is 12.5 μg/ml by twofold serial dilutions method. The mycelia of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum treated with SN06 were observed under the normal optics microscope. The results showed that some cells of hyphae began to dilate and formed some strings of beads. The cytoplasm oozed out of the cells with the culture time and so most of the cells became empty. The hyphae broke into many segments and then collapsed after 48 h. After inoculated in potato dextrose medium for 48 h, the filtrate of mycelia treated with 1% NaCl containing 12.5 μg/ml SN06 was scanned using ultraviolet spectrophotometer and absorption peak at 260 nm showed that the mycelia cell membrane of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum was broken and that nucleic acid oozed out of the cell.