药用植物内生放线菌的分离、筛选及活性菌株YIM 61470鉴定

从云南西双版纳热带雨林多种药用植物中分离到272株内生放线菌,活性筛选表明 146株菌的发酵产物具有抗菌活性,其中94株菌具有拮抗病原细菌活性,127株菌具有抑制病原真菌的功能.分离菌株YIM 61470具有广谱抗菌活性,通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞化学分类特征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的相似性分析等研究,菌株YIM 61470被鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)氢化链霉菌(S.llydrogenans)的一个菌株.     

北部湾近海珊瑚礁区系沉积物抗菌活性放线菌类群

通过对大肠埃希菌和枯草芽胞杆菌抗菌活性初步筛选,从北部湾近海珊瑚礁区5个沉积物样品中成功分离得到51株具有不同抗菌活性的放线菌,其中9株具有较强抗菌能力。根据这9株放线菌的菌落和孢子形态,可确定它们都属于链霉菌属。 RAPD-PCR分析表明这9株放线菌为6种不同类型,16S rDNA序列和系统发生树分析表明,9株放线菌可划分到4个大的类群6种不同类型,且结果显示RAPD-PCR聚类分析与16S rDNA序列聚类分析的结果具有较大的一致性。生理生化鉴定结果表明,分离株与亲缘关系最近的放线菌模式菌株的生理生化特征均存在差异,这说明分离株为放线菌新种的可能性比较大。这6种放线菌具有较为广谱的抑菌活性,并且抑菌活性均存在一定的差异,说明其可能分泌出多种结构功能不同的活性次生代谢产物。研究结果表明,广西北部湾近海珊瑚礁区系沉积物蕴藏着丰富的可供药物开发的放线菌资源。     

鸡肠源芽胞杆菌的分离、鉴定和抗菌活性

从人工饲养的健康三黄肉鸡的盲肠和大肠中分离出10株芽胞杆菌,对其进行菌落形态观察、革兰染色、芽胞染色和生理生化特性鉴定,确定为枯草芽胞杆菌、地衣芽胞杆菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、球形芽胞杆菌、短小芽胞杆菌、凝结芽胞杆菌。同时测定了它们对动物病原性大肠埃希菌和链球菌的抑菌活性。其中有9株芽胞杆菌对大肠埃希菌有抑制作用,8株芽胞杆菌对链球菌有抑制作用。结果表明芽胞杆菌分离株Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8具有作为益生菌开发的潜力。     

土壤放线菌P3-2的分类鉴定及抗菌活性研究

对从贵州土壤微生物中筛选到的放线菌菌株P3-2进行了分类学和抗菌活性的研究。采用多相分类法,对该菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA基因序列进行了研究。结果表明,放线菌P3-2菌株属于链霉菌属;16SrDNA序列长度为1 456 bp,序列分析和系统进化树分析表明其序列与Streptomyces recifenis ST100的同源性最高,为99.4%。但与S.recifenis ST100相比较,P3-2菌株的培养特征和生理生化特性中多项指标都存在着不同,初步确定菌株P3-2为链霉菌属中S.recifenis ST100的一个亚种,暂定名为Streptomyces sp.P3-2。P3-2菌株的10倍稀释发酵液对油菜菌核病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌及半夏立枯病菌的抑制率高达99%,对烟灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌等9种病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑制作用。     

地锦草内生放线菌生物活性及活性菌株L57的鉴定

根据13株分离自药用植物地锦草(Euphorbia humifusa)的内生放线菌的酶活性以及抗菌、抗氧化等重要特征来首次探讨地锦草内生放线菌的生物活性,以期为开发新的活性物质提供参考依据。通过观察菌落周围是否有透明圈对分泌的胞外淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶等常见酶进行活性测定;使用滤纸扩散法检测菌株抗菌活性;利用PCR特异性扩增检测菌株的PKS-Ⅰ,PKS-Ⅱ,NRPS基因;对菌株发酵液乙酸乙酯粗提物进行抑菌、抗氧化活性检测,并对高活性菌株进行形态观察及16S r DNA系统进化分析鉴定。结果表明:13株菌中至少12株菌具有一种酶活性,其中2株可同时产生以上3种酶。4株具有稳定且较强的抑菌能力,13株菌生物合成基因PCR筛查结果均为阴性。1株菌对DPPH自由基有较强清除作用(清除率≥50%),2株菌对·OH自由基有较强清除作用(清除率≥50%)。其中L57的活性物质粗提物具有广谱抗菌活性,对鲍曼不动杆菌的抑菌圈直径达22. 62 mm,并对DPPH自由基具有较强清除率,经形态观察及16S r DNA序列分析初步确定L57归属为噬油微杆菌(Microbacterium oleivorans)。研究证明地锦草内生放线菌可作为探寻新型活性物质的良好资源。     

中华真地鳖共附生放线菌DB2C2的筛选和鉴定

利用稀释平板法从中华真地鳖体内分离得到52株共附生放线菌,活性筛选表明菌株BD2C2具有较好的抗菌活性,其发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径超过23mm,对枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌圈直径约17.5mm,对大肠杆菌也有一定的抑制作用。进一步研究表明其活性物质主要集中在中等极性部位。在供试浓度为每张滤纸片30μg时,菌株BD2C2发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别约27.5、22.4和10.7mm,其抑制活性与阳性对照硫酸庆大霉素相当。利用形态学观察和分子生物学方法初步鉴定该菌为Streptomyces sp.,为一个潜在新种。作为微生物源杀菌剂,DB2C2具有一定开发潜力,值得进一步研究。     

一株皱叶南蛇藤内生放线菌的分离、鉴定及活性研究

目的:分离具有抗肿瘤作用与抗菌作用的内生放线菌,并对其进行分子鉴定和系统发育分析.方法:从皱叶南蛇藤中分离内生放线菌,通过滤纸片法和SRB法对其进行抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性筛选,然后利用菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析对活性菌株进行鉴定结果:从皱叶南蛇藤中分离到10株内生放线菌,其中内生放线菌LCB369具有较好的抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性,该菌对5种致病菌和肝癌细胞株HepG2均有抑制作用.经分子分类学分析鉴定,该菌与Streptomyces microflavus 在同一个分支上,同源性为99%.结论:皱叶南蛇藤内生菌LCB369具有明显抗菌和抗肿瘤作用,经鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces microflavus.     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗放线菌Da08006的筛选与鉴定

以尖孢镰刀菌4号小种为指示菌株,对海南尖峰岭原始森林和发病香蕉园健康植株根际土壤的放线菌进行筛选,获得一株具有较强拮抗作用、遗传稳定的放线菌Da08006.通过形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列及其系统发育分析研究,鉴定菌株Da08006为Streptomyces morookaense.     

细菌群体感应抑制活性微生物Zou 03的筛选与鉴定

从近海区生态环境中分离纯化98株海洋菌株,以根癌农杆菌WCF47为敏感检测菌株,筛选出1株具细菌群体感应抑制活性的菌株Zou03,对其进行形态、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA分子鉴定。结果显示,Zou03具枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的典型特征,其16S rDNA序列通过对比分析,与GenBank中枯草芽胞杆菌16SrDNA的部分序列同源性为100%。综合形态、生化特征及16S rDNA序列对比分分析,鉴定菌株Zou03为枯草芽胞杆菌。表明近海区生态环境中存在具有抑制细菌群体感应活性的微生物,有利于海洋微生物资源开发,为以致病菌群体感应系统为靶点的新型疗法提供新技术。     

角额壁蜂共生放线菌分离、鉴定及其发酵产物抗菌活性研究

近年来,昆虫与共生菌的关系受到越来越多的关注,研究昆虫共生菌的种类及生物学功能具有重要意义。对从烟台、威海采集的角额壁蜂及其巢室进行放线菌的分离、纯化和16S rRNA序列测序并构建系统发育树,分别采用菌块对峙法和纸片扩散法测定菌株及其发酵液抗真菌和抗细菌活性。共计得到37株放线菌,鉴定结果表明共生菌菌株分别归属于7个属:链霉菌属26株,小单孢菌属3株,拟诺卡氏菌属2株,珊瑚状放线菌属1株,马杜拉放线菌属3株、假诺卡氏菌属1株和疣孢菌属1株。Streptomyces sp.OC1611-8A和Streptomyces sp.R1706-8菌体抗真菌作用较强,对杨生盾壳霉和云南刺盘孢抑菌圈直径更是达到了25~32 mm;Micromonospora sp.OC1403-4发酵液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有较好的抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径达到了16~19 mm。本研究为进一步分离角额壁蜂共生菌的发酵产物,鉴定具有新型结构的抗菌化合物提供了参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.