放牧制度对草地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

研究不同放牧制度草场水土流失过程,对草原生态环境保护和治理具有重要的理论意义。以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原不同放牧草场为研究对象,设置选取三种放牧制度草场(自由放牧、轮牧、休牧),采用人工模拟降雨的方法进行0.74mm/min和1.5mm/min雨强的降雨模拟试验,测定径流量,含沙量,径流和泥沙中总氮,总磷浓度,并探讨植被截留对径流的影响规律。结果表明:植被截留对减少降雨径流具有明显的作用,休牧草场径流系数减小最多,自由放牧草场减小最少,产沙量显示为自由放牧草场轮牧草场休牧草场。降雨强度对径流中的氮磷浓度影响显著,自由放牧草场总氮浓度和休牧草场总磷浓度受雨强影响最大,氮磷流失过程浓度变化曲线更符合幂函数分布。休牧草场泥沙氮含量和泥沙磷含量均为最高,自由放牧草场与休牧草场的总氮富集率基本相等且均大于轮牧草场,总磷富集率为自由放牧休牧轮牧,三种放牧草场氮磷和泥沙流失主要影响因素为径流量和含沙量。因此,适当的将呼伦贝尔草原自由放牧草场向休牧和轮牧草场转变,将有利于减少草场水土营养元素流失及草原生态可持续发展。     

广东省2004-2016年植被冠层降雨截留模拟及时空变化特征

评价植被冠层降雨截留能力,是生态系统水循环的重要研究内容。以广东省中小流域为例,结合地面监测站点的降雨量数据和MODIS叶面积指数遥感数据,利用植被冠层降雨截留模型,定量模拟和分析了广东省流域尺度2004-2016年的地表植被冠层降雨截留能力及其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）2004-2012年广东省年均植被冠层降雨截留率持续下降,2016年略有上升,并且随着时间的推移,流域之间的植被冠层降雨截留率差异越来越小。（2）广东省植被冠层降雨截留能力呈现山区东西两翼高,山区中部以及沿海地区低的显著空间差异格局,这种空间格局与植被覆盖LAI主要呈现由珠三角向外围递增的圈层空间格局特征密切相关,而与由南向北逐渐递减的降雨空间格局特征相关性不大。（3）森林覆盖对流域植被冠层降雨截留能力有着一定的影响,其中流域内阔叶林占森林面积的比例对这种影响的程度起着最为关键的作用。     

基于修正的Gash模型对南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林林冠截留的模拟

Gash解析模型及其修正的模型是估算和预测林冠截留的有效工具,探讨其在南亚热带森林植被冠层截留模拟中的适用性,是认识该区域结构相对复杂的自然林分冠层的降雨截留能力及其相关科学问题的重要基础。基于2009年鼎湖山国家级保护区内季风常绿阔叶林样地降雨及其他气象因子的观测数据,采用修正的Gash模型对南亚热带地带性顶极群落季风常绿阔叶林的冠层截留量及其组分进行了模拟量化。结果表明:2009年,季风常绿阔叶林林内穿透雨量、树干径流量和林冠截留量分别为1310.9、85.5和498.9 mm,分别占林外总降雨量的69.2%、4.5%和26.3%。基于修正的Gash模型对林冠降雨截留量的同期模拟值为473.0 mm,模拟截留量比实测值低25.9 mm,相对误差为5.2%。对干季降雨截留模拟的相对误差较小(1.8%),湿季稍大(6.8%)。从林冠截留量的构成来看,降雨停止后的林冠蒸发(231.4 mm)是林冠截留的主要组成部分,占总截留量的48.9%。整体上,国内基于Gash及其修正模型对森林冠层截留的模拟相对误差在0.2%~35.0%。林冠持水能力被视为模型准确估算林冠截留量的先决条件,国内运用不同方法估算的不同林分林冠持水能力大致处于0.23~2.86 mm。修正的Gash模型适用于南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林林冠截留的模拟应用。     

基于Horton 模型的涟江流域马尾松林冠截留模拟

喀斯特地区林冠截留对降水再分配和水源涵养起到重要的作用。以涟江流域马尾松为研究对象, 以植被截留观测数据为基础, 基于Horton 模型建立涟江流域马尾松林冠截留模型。结果表明: 观测期内, 涟江流域降雨总量为520.67 mm, 叶面积指数平均为0.39; 马尾松林冠截留总量的模拟值为67.79 mm, 与实测值误差16.55 mm, 两者间的决定系数(R²)为0.75, 模型模拟效果较好; 流域内马尾松林冠截留量占全年降水总量的17.04%, 且流域林冠截留空间分布呈现由东北部向南部递减的规律, 流域内黄壤与石灰土上的马尾松林冠截留量较大, 而不同地貌对林冠截留量的影响较小。总体而言, 构建的模型能达到较好的模拟效果, 涟江流域马尾松林具有较强的林冠截留作用。     

岷江上游两种生态系统降雨分配的比较

植被的降雨分配作用对理解生态系统的水文功能具有重要的意义。该文对四川岷江上游岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)针叶林和川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)灌丛两种生态系统的降雨分配及降雨截留的影响因素进行了研究,探讨了植被分配降雨及截留降雨的影响机制和影响因素。文中采用定位观测的方法研究降雨分配。针叶林中冠层降雨截留占33.33%,树干茎流占0.07%,穿透雨占66.60%;而灌丛的冠层截留降雨为24.95%,穿透雨为75.05%;针叶林地被物的蓄留水能力(1.746 mm)要大于灌丛地被物的持水能力(0.941 mm);针叶林土壤的容积含水率(39.66%)也要高于灌丛土壤的容积含水率(38.19%);两种生态系统中的穿透雨率与降雨量的关系均可用逻辑斯谛方程较好地模拟。文中还选取了降雨量、降雨强度、降雨持续时间、两次降雨的间隔时间和次降雨期间的气温等5种因子分析影响两种生态系统降雨截留的主要因素。根据截留降雨与上述5种因子的偏相关分析结果:针叶林冠层的降雨截留主要受降雨量、降雨持续时间和间隔时间的影响;灌丛的降雨截留主要受降雨量、气温与降雨持续时间的影响。文中从当地的降雨特征与两种生态系统微气候差异的角度分析了两种生态系统降雨分配及降雨截留影响因素差异的原因。     

六盘山华山松(Pinus armandii)林降雨再分配及其空间变异特征

利用2004和2005年生长季(6～9月份)六盘山自然保护区的香水河小流域内华山松天然林的穿透降雨、树干径流和冠层截留量观测资料,通过对华山松林降雨再分配特征和穿透降雨空间变异及其影响因素的综合分析,所得结果表明华山松天然林的穿透降雨量、树干径流量和冠层截留量,分别占大气降雨量的84.34%、0.72%和14.94%.穿透降雨在林内具有较大的空间变异,其变异程度随降雨量的增加而减小,冠层对穿透降雨具有一定的聚集效应,降雨量越高时效应越明显; 华山松冠层结构特征是影响穿透降雨的重要因素, 叶面积指数、冠层覆盖度、冠层厚度及距树干的距离等都会影响穿透降雨的空间分布,其中以叶面积指数的影响最大.由分析结果可知,冠层结构特征是决定大气降雨再分配和空间变异的重要生态因素之一.     

放牧管理模式对高寒草甸鼢鼠鼠丘群落演替的影响

高寒草甸放牧利用下高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)等危害的发生是草地管理的关键难题,分析放牧管理模式对鼢鼠鼠丘植被群落演替的影响能为草地管理提供重要依据。研究选择划区轮牧(RG)、生长季休牧(GSG)、连续放牧(CG)和禁牧(PG)4种放牧管理模式,以及各模式下不同年限鼠丘(一年(ZM1)、两年(ZM2)、三年(ZM3)和多年鼠丘(ZMM))与对照(CM)草地。分析不同放牧管理模式对鼠丘植被群落特征和生物量等的影响,结果发现:PG和GSG下所有年限鼠丘的植被高度、地上生物量均高于RG和CG;RG和GSG下ZM1和ZM2物种Shannon-wiener指数均高于对照样地物种Shannon-wiener指数。主成分分析表明:RG下地上生物量和物种丰富度指数是影响鼠丘植被群落演替的重要因子,PG下地上生物量、盖度、Shannon-wiener指数和均匀度指数是鼠丘植被群落演替的重要因子,CG下物种丰富度和重要值是影响鼠丘植被群落演替的重要指标,GSG下Shannon-wiener指数、盖度和高度是影响鼠丘植被群落演替的重要指标。可见,不同放牧制度对鼠丘植被群落演替的影响不同,禁牧和生长季休牧管理模式能够较好地恢复鼠丘植被群落演替。     

女儿寨小流域3种植被类型林冠层对降水再分配研究

对女儿寨小流域3种植被类型林冠层林冠层对降水再分配过程进行了研究。研究结果表明: 观测期内降雨量达到1971.80 mm, 降雨次数为83次。不同植被类型杜仲林、枫樟混交林和马尾松林的林冠截留量分别为289.75 mm、358.78 mm和351.46 mm, 林冠截留率分别为14.69%、18.19%和18.79%。随着降雨量增大, 不同植被类型的林冠截留量也增大, 二者呈正相关关系。混交林的穿透雨量和林冠截留量大于纯林, 而纯林的树干茎流量大于混交林; 不同植被类型林冠层对降雨的分配表现为穿透雨最多, 其次是林冠截留, 树干茎流最小。     

六盘山主要植被类型冠层截留特征

通过野外观测和模型模拟,研究了六盘山主要森林类型的冠层截留量、冠层截留容量和冠层截留模拟参数的变化.结果表明：六盘山主要森林类型的冠层截留率在8.59%～17.94%,穿透降雨率超过80%,树干茎流率在0.23%～3.10%;冠层截留容量在0.78～1.84 mm,其中叶截留容量在0.62～1.63 mm,枝干截留容量在0.13～0.29 mm,且针叶林的冠层截留容量高于阔叶林.考虑冠层叶面积指数的冠层截留改进模型较原有模型具有更好的模拟精度, 其中,研究区红桦林、华山松林、李灌丛和辽东栎-少脉椴混交林的模拟效果较好,辽东栎林、油松林和华西四蕊槭 石枣子灌丛模拟效果相对较差,这可能与冠层结构、叶面积指数以及降水特性等差异有关.     

川西亚高山不同暗针叶林群落类型的冠层降水截留特征

在林分和小流域尺度上,应用模型研究了四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林冠层的降水截留特征.结果表明:生长季节(5—10月),箭竹-岷江冷杉原始林冠层截留系数在33%～72%之间,平均48%;冠层截留量与降水量之间呈显著的线性关系,截留系数与降水量之间呈负指数函数关系;试验小流域内,植被冠层最大截留量的平均值为1.74mm,不同林分间的差异显著,其顺序为藓类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>草类-箭竹-岷江冷杉林>藓类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>草类-杜鹃-岷江冷杉林>杜鹃灌丛;冠层最大截留量与叶面积指数(LAI)之间呈极显著的线性关系;冠层截留量、冠层最大截留量、附加截留量分别占同期降水量的39%、25%和14%.所选模型对整个生长季平均截留量的模拟效果较好,相对误差为9%～14%.     

呼伦贝尔草原区CO2源、汇及时空分布模拟研究

近年来,随着全球气候变化和人为影响加剧,半干旱草地生态系统的碳循环受到剧烈影响。半干旱草原区域CO_2模拟研究主要集中于已有观测资料的地区,然而,观测资料缺乏的草原区CO_2通量模拟却鲜少有人研究。因此选择缺通量资料的呼伦贝尔草原地区为主要研究对象,并将VPRM模型应用于缺资料地区,模拟了该区域内2016年的NEE时空分布。结果表明:(1)在特旱年的气候条件下2016年全年都表现为微弱的碳源(全年NEE值为47.27 gC/m~2),且其变化趋势与降水和气温在年内变化趋势相近。(2)空间上,根据趋势来看NEE在空间分布由草原区向草甸区、森林区逐渐降低。基于植被分布情况,不同植被类型的区域碳排放顺序为:克氏针茅草原和大针茅草原羊草草原杂草草甸草原(以线叶菊等为主)。(3)干旱胁迫是该地区表现为碳源的主要原因之一,而且降水与NEE表现出极显著的二次函数关系(R~2=0.938,P0.001),说明了干旱气候条件下,随着月降水量的增加,草原生态系统出现碳源向碳汇转移的趋势。(4)地上生物量(AGB)与GPP和Reco表现出了极显著的正相关关系(R~2分别为0.89和0.9,P0.01),与NEE表现出了极显著的负相关关系(R~2=0.68,P0.01),说明了草原的地上生物量增加能有效地降低二氧化碳排放。     

Asymmetric effects of grazing intensity on macroelements and microelements in grassland soil and plants in Inner Mongolia Grazing alters nutrient dynamics of grasslands

Grazing is a traditional grassland management technique and greatly alters ecosystem nutrient cycling. The effects of grazing intensity on the nutrient dynamics of soil and plants in grassland ecosystems remain uncertain, especially among microelements. A 2‐year field grazing experiment was conducted in a typical grassland with four grazing intensities (ungrazed control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing) in Inner Mongolia, China. Nutrient concentration was assessed in soil and three dominant plant species (Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis, and Cleistogenes squarrosa). Assessed quantities included four macroelements (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg)) and four microelements (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)). Soil total C, total N, total P, available N, and available P concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity but soil Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn concentrations had no significant response. Plant C concentration decreased but plant N, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity. In soil, macroelement dynamics (i.e., C, N, and P) exhibited higher sensitivity with grazing intensity, conversely in plants, microelements were more sensitive. This result indicates macroelements and microelements in soil and plants had asymmetric responses with grazing intensity. The slopes of nutrient linear regression in C. squarrosa were higher than that of S. krylovii and L. chinensis, indicating that C. squarrosa had higher nutrient acquisition capacity and responded more rapidly to heavy grazing. These findings indicate that short‐term heavy grazing accelerates nutrient cycling of the soil–plant system in grassland ecosystems, elucidate the multiple nutrient dynamics of soil and plants with grazing intensity, and emphasize the important function of microelements in plant adaptation in grazing management.     

荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿冠层截留特征

以荒漠草原人工中间锦鸡儿（Caragana intermedia）为研究对象,利用2016-2017年监测获取的26次降雨事件,对比分析了两组灌丛（自然组和人工组）的冠层截留特征。结果表明：（1）试验期间共观测到有效降雨33次,总降雨量为251 mm,次平均降雨量和降雨强度分别为7.6 mm和1.14 mm/h,以雨量<2 mm,雨强<1 mm/h和降雨历时2-5 h的降雨出现次数最多;（2）自然组和人工组中间锦鸡儿平均截留量分别为1.11 mm和0.72 mm,平均截留率分别为24.81%和15.95%,两组灌丛截留存在极显著差异（P < 0.01）;（3）在雨量级>15 mm时,自然组（4.57%,CV=73.38%）和人工组（5.25%,CV=51.96%）平均截留率变异性相差最大;（4）自然组和人工组截留量与降雨量,降雨历时和降雨强度之间的关系可以用幂函数描述,截留率与三者的关系均用指数函数描述较好。在降雨特征相同的情况下,灌丛形态特征是影响中间锦鸡儿冠层截留的关键因素。     

Plant volatiles inhibit restoration of plant species communities in dry grassland

Benefits from livestock grazing have declined in regions where vegetation has been degraded by overgrazing. The vegetation can be restored by excluding livestock for a period, but it takes longer in drier regions. Here we propose a possible mechanism for delays in the recovery of poor vegetation for livestock grazing in dry grassland, introducing a case in Mongolia where steppe vegetation dominated by Stipa krylovii, a palatable grass, can become dominated by Artemisia adamsii, an unpalatable forb, when the grassland is overgrazed. Our long-term field experiment shows that the exclusion of livestock has not enhanced the recovery of palatable species in 6 years, indicating that A. adamsii is a strong competitor in the plant community. To understand why livestock exclusion is ineffective, we examined the ecological significance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by A. adamsii. In ex situ experiments, the VOCs promoted photosynthesis of S. krylovii with enhanced stomatal conductance, and S. krylovii grew faster and consumed more water when exposed to the VOCs even with water deficiency. These findings imply that S. krylovii would be more likely to face severe drought before the next rain falls. We therefore conclude that plant volatiles may reduce the resilience of overgrazed vegetation in arid environments.     

Can water responses in Stipa tenacissima L. during the summer season be promoted by non-rainfall water gains in soil?

This article reports on quantified soil water gains and their possible effects on summer water relationships in a semiarid Stipa tenacissima L. grasslands located in SE Spain. We believe that the net soil water gains detected using minilysimeters could be from soil water vapour adsorption (WVA). Our study of high water-stress showed stomatal conductance (21.8–43.1 mmol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹) in S. tenacissima leaves unusual for the summer season, and the evapotranspiration from S. tenacissima grassland, estimated by a multi-source sparse evapotranspiration model, closely corresponding to total WVA. This highlights the importance of summer soil WVA to stomatal conductance and vital transpiration in S. tenacissima. This study measured pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψ) response to sporadic light rainfall, finding that a light summer rainfall (1.59 mm day⁻¹) was sufficient to vary ψ in S. tenacissima from −3.8 (close to the turgour loss point) to −2.7 MPa. We hypothesize that soil WVA can supply vegetation with water vital to its survival in seasons with a severe water deficit, giving rise to a close relationship between soil water dynamics and plant water response.     

Effects of restoration with cattle grazing on plant species composition and richness of semi-natural grasslands

Restoration of semi-natural grasslands by cattle grazing is among the most practical options for reversing the decline of northern European floristic diversity, but no studies on this subject are available. In this work the success of restoration of abandoned, privately owned mesic semi-natural grasslands by farmers receiving support from the EU agri-environmental support scheme was studied in southwestern Finland. Three kinds of grasslands were compared: old (continuously cattle grazed), new (cattle grazing restarted 3–8 years ago) and abandoned pastures (grazing terminated >10 years ago). Plant species composition of the three pasture types was floristically different in multivariate analyses (non-metric multidimensional scaling). Total species richness, richness of grassland plants, indicator plants and rare plants were highest in old and lowest in abandoned pastures in all studied spatial scales (0.25–0.8 ha, 1 and 0.01 m²). The results were congruent with different scales and species list definitions, suggesting that species density scale (1 m²) can be used as a partial surrogate for large scale species richness. Species richness of new pastures was 20% higher on 0.25–0.8 ha, 40–50% higher on 1 m² and 30% higher on the 0.01 m² scale compared to abandoned grasslands. Rare species showed insignificant response to resumed grazing. Despite problems in management quality, this study showed promising results of restoration of abandoned grasslands by cattle grazing on private farms. However, populations of several rare grassland plants may not recover with present cattle grazing regimes. Management regulations in the agri-environmental support scheme need to be defined more precisely for successful restoration.     

Soil characteristics and nitrogen resorption in Stipa krylovii native to northern China

Nitrogen (N) resorption from senescing tissues enables plants to conserve and reuse this important nutrient. As such, it is expected that plant species adapted to infertile soils could have a higher N-resorption efficiency (percentage reduction of nitrogen between green and senescing tissues) and/or higher N-resorption proficiency (absolute reduction of nitrogen in senescing tissues) than those adapted to fertile soils. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationships among soil characteristics (total N, nitrate-N, ammonium-N, pH and moisture) and N resorption in Stipa kryloviiRoshev., a species occurred widely in natural grasslands of northern China. N contents in green and senescing tissues were 6.7±0.1 and 3.3±0.1 mg g^–1, respectively. The mean value of N-resorption efficiency was found to be 72.1%. The N-resorption efficiency in S. kryloviiwas independent of soil characteristics. The N-resorption proficiency in S. kryloviiwas dependent on soil nitrate- and ammonium-N, but it was relatively independent of soil total N. The N-resorption proficiency was negatively correlated with soil pH and moisture. There was a positive correlation between N concentration in green tissues and resorption efficiency. However, N-resorption efficiency was not correlated significantly with N concentration in senescing tissues. These results indicate that the intraspecific variation in N resorption of Stipa kryloviiRoshev. is associated with soil regimes and that higher N resorption on N-poor soils is an adaptive strategy for S. kryloviito maximize N use under conditions of limited N supply.     

放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原植物多样性的影响

放牧干扰对草原植物多样性影响机制是放牧生态学研究的核心问题。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗的短花针茅荒漠草原的长期放牧控制实验为平台,系统研究了放牧调控下植物多样性随组织尺度转换的影响,为荒漠草原植物多样性尺度推绎提供理论基础。结果显示:1)现存草地物种数未放牧最高,适度放牧次之,重度放牧最低,差异体现在多年生杂类草和一年生草本2个功能群上,且各功能群的权重基本不受放牧强度影响;2)群落尺度,放牧强度没有显著影响丰富度指数,未放牧小区的植物Simpson生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数大于适度放牧小区,显著大于重度放牧小区(P0.05);功能群尺度,多年生禾草与一年生草本的多样性指数对放牧无显著响应,多年生杂类草的多样性指数未放牧小区最高,适度放牧小区次之。3)Godron群落稳定性指数显示,适度放牧的小区稳定性高于未放牧小区和重度放牧小区。研究表明,放牧强度的上升使短花针茅荒漠草原不同组织尺度植物多样性降低,但群落稳定性结果显示适度放牧的草地表现出了更高的稳定性,植物多样性与稳定性的权衡将是合理制定区域科学放牧强度的重要途径。     

长期封育对不同类型草地碳贮量及其固持速率的影响

基于4个长期封育草地,采用成对取样方法(封育-自由放牧草地)分析了长期封育和自由放牧草地地上生物量、地表凋落物、0-100 cm根系和土壤的碳氮贮量,探讨了长期封育草地的碳固持速率。实验结果表明:长期封育显著提高了草地碳氮贮量;经30a围封处理后,草地碳固持量为1401-2858 g C m^-2,平均2126 g C m^-2;草地碳固持速率为46.7-129.2 g C m^-2 a^-1,平均84.2 g C m^-2 a^-1。长期封育草地氮固持速率为2.8-14.7 g N m^-2 a^-1,平均7.3 g N m^-2 a^-1。封育草地碳和氮固持速率表现为:针茅草地＜羊草草地＜退化羊草草地＜补播黄花苜蓿+羊草草地。长期封育草地0-40 cm土壤碳固持速率相对较高,但下层土壤对草地碳固持的贡献也比较大,因此,未来的相关研究应给予下层土壤更大关注。内蒙古典型草地具有巨大的碳固持潜力,长期封育(或禁牧)是实现其碳固持效应最经济、最有效的途径之一。