冬虫夏草寄主蒲氏钩蝠蛾的生物学

蒲氏钩蝠蛾Thitarodes pui是冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis的寄主昆虫种类之一,分布在西藏色季拉山海拔4100～4650 m的高寒灌丛草甸和高寒草甸.采用野外调查和人工饲养相结合的方法,对蒲氏钩蝠蛾的生物学进行了研究.结果表明,蒲氏钩蝠蛾的世代发育需要3～4年历时约1095～1460 ...     

Ni~(2+)对不同发育阶段斜纹夜蛾虫体血淋巴能量物质的影响

研究了饲料中不同浓度的Ni2+(140mg/kg)对连续3个世代斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius6龄末幼虫、蛹和成虫血淋巴中能量物质总糖、蛋白质和脂肪含量及血淋巴中热量值的影响。结果表明,Ni2+胁迫1个世代,6龄末幼虫、蛹和成虫血淋巴中的总糖含量均低于对照,而血淋巴中的蛋白质含量则在低浓度Ni2+胁迫下增高,在高浓度Ni2+胁迫下降低;只有受120mg/kg Ni2+胁迫的6龄末幼虫血淋巴的脂肪含量高于对照,而蛹和成虫血淋巴中的脂肪含量及热量值均低于对照。在Ni2+胁迫的第2、3代,6龄末幼虫、蛹和成虫血淋巴中的总糖、蛋白含量和热量值与饲料中Ni2+浓度的反应关系均表现为低浓度Ni2+胁迫增加而高浓度Ni2+胁迫降低的趋势;然而,血淋巴中的脂肪含量随饲料中Ni2+浓度的增加而降低。因此,重金属Ni2+对S.litura能量物质的影响与虫体内能量物质的种类和虫体的发育阶段有一定的关联。     

Ni2+胁迫对斜纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴中能量物质水平的适应性调节

为明确食物中重金属胁迫对昆虫血淋巴能量物质和生长的影响,本研究测定了饲料中不同浓度的Ni²⁺ （1~40 mg/kg）对连续3个世代斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius 5龄始龄（0 h）至6龄末幼虫（分别记为0,24,48,72,96和120 h幼虫）血淋巴中能量物质总糖、蛋白质和脂肪含量,血淋巴中热量值及5龄和6龄幼虫体重的影响。结果表明：第1和2代48 h和96 h幼虫血淋巴的总糖含量均低于对照;而连续3代其他处理幼虫血淋巴中的总糖含量均在低浓度Ni²⁺（1~5 mg/kg）胁迫下增高,在高浓度Ni²⁺ （20~40 mg/kg）胁迫下降低。连续3个世代的Ni²⁺胁迫均显著降低了0~48 h幼虫血淋巴中的蛋白含量;低浓度Ni²⁺（1~5 mg/kg）胁迫增加了连续3代72~120 h幼虫血淋巴中的蛋白含量,而高浓度Ni²⁺（20~40 mg/kg）胁迫只降低了第1代72~120 h幼虫以及第2代72 h幼虫血淋巴中的蛋白含量。第1代0 h,48~72 h和120 h幼虫血淋巴中的脂肪含量在1~20 mg/kg Ni²⁺胁迫下均高于对照,但24 h和96 h幼虫血淋巴中的脂肪含量均低于对照中的含量。连续3代0~48 h幼虫血淋巴中的热量值均随饲料中Ni²⁺浓度的增加而降低;低浓度Ni²⁺胁迫（1~5 mg/kg）增加,而高浓度Ni²⁺（20~40 mg/kg）的胁迫降低第2和3代72 ~120 h幼虫血淋巴中热量值。同时,低浓度Ni2+胁迫增加而高浓度Ni²⁺胁迫降低了第3代5龄和6龄幼虫的体重。因此推测,Ni²⁺胁迫对S. litura幼虫血淋巴的能源物质含量以及热量值的影响与能量物质的种类、虫体的发育阶段和Ni²⁺的胁迫世代等都有一定的联系。     

Zn~(2+)胁迫对黑水虻幼虫血淋巴能量物质影响的研究

为了研究Zn~(2+)胁迫对黑水虻Hermetia illucens L.幼虫能量物质的影响,本文在人工饲料中添加不同浓度(75、150、300、600、1200 mg/kg)的Zn~(2+)对黑水虻幼虫进行胁迫。利用紫外分光光度法测定了连续5代Zn~(2+)胁迫对黑水虻幼虫血淋巴中三大能量物质(总糖、脂肪及蛋白质)含量的影响,并计算了血淋巴中的热量值。结果表明,黑水虻幼虫血淋巴中的总糖、脂肪、蛋白质含量及热量值有相似的变化趋势:对各处理浓度而言,低浓度Zn~(2+)(75-300 mg/kg)处理使血淋巴中三大能量物质含量及热量值随处理浓度增加而升高;高浓度Zn~(2+)(600-1200 mg/kg)胁迫则随处理浓度增加而下降。在第1、3代黑水虻幼虫中,与对照相比,75-300mg/kg的Zn~(2+)处理浓度增加了三大能量物质含量及热量值,300 mg/kg处理浓度时达到最高,且与对照相比显著增加;而600-1200 mg/kg的高剂量Zn~(2+)处理浓度降低了三大能量物质含量及热量值。第5代幼虫血淋巴中三大能量物质含量及热量值均低于对照组,并低于同一处理浓度下的第1、3代幼虫血淋巴中的数值。因此,Zn~(2+)胁迫影响了黑水虻幼虫血淋巴中三大能量物质含量及热量值,并存在发育阶段特异性和世代累积效应。     

冬虫夏草寄主蒲氏钩蝠蛾实验种群生命表

蒲氏钩蝠蛾Thitarodes pui是分布在西藏色季拉山的冬虫夏草寄主昆虫种类之一,海拔分布范围4100～4650m,完成一个世代需要3～4年,其中幼虫期漫长,经过7～9次蜕皮、历时990～1350d才能完成发育,环境条件变化及天敌因子等都对蒲氏钩蝠蛾的种群稳定产生重要影响。采用分段饲养幼虫的方法,构建了蒲氏钩蝠蛾试验种群生命表,并分析了种群增长趋势。结果表明,蒲氏钩蝠蛾的世代总存活率为2.6%,种群趋势指数为7.95,下代数量将是当代数量的7.95倍。因此,低存活率仍能维持蒲氏钩蝠蛾实验种群的稳定增长。     

蓖麻蚕血淋巴蛋白质代谢的研究

本文研究了不同发育期的蓖麻蚕血淋巴中蛋白盾、游离氨基酸和核酸的含量变动,以及氨基酸激活酶活性的改变。血淋巴蛋白质的含量在五龄中期以前增加极慢,以后则急剧上升,至预蛹期达最高峰,化蛹时减少,在蛹的前半期变动不大,至后期则显著下降。血淋巴中游离氨基酸、氨基酸激活酶和核酸的变化各与蛋白质的变动有一定的相关性,反映了这些物质与血淋巴蛋白质在代谢上的相互联系。氨基酸激活酶活性的变化和蛋白质总含量的变化基本上相一致。游离氨基酸含量的减少往往伴随着蛋白质的相应增多。而RNA:DNA比的增加则一般发生于蛋白质的增加之前。从这几种物质的变动情况及相互联系,分析了血淋巴中蛋白质合成的可能性,并讨论了血淋巴蛋白质在发育中的作用。     

贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中游离氨基酸,海藻糖的初步研究

本文报道了冬虫夏草寄主——贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中游离氨基酸种类、含量及海藻糖含量,并与感虫草菌和人工饲养的贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫进行了比较。     

阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞形态学研究

本研究采用Wright-Giemsa染色方法,利用光学显微镜观察阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫血细胞.根据鳞翅目昆虫血细胞形态特征对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞进行鉴定,计数并计算各类血细胞所占的比例.发现阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中存在原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、类绛色细胞、珠血胞和囊血胞6种细胞类型,所占比例分别为3.7％,29.9％,55.4％,2.3％,5.8％和2.9％.阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞组成及其形态与其他鳞翅目昆虫基本一致,但是与其它种属相比,同种类型的血细胞大小和占比略有不同.粒血胞和浆血胞是阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中的主要类型,其中粒血胞占比最高.该研究为深入研究阿尔泰蝠蛾血细胞形态和功能提供理论依据和基础数据.     

粘虫的血糖代谢

本文通过纸上层析和化学方法,研究了粘虫在蛹化前后各虫期血淋巴液中的总糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖和血淋巴的还原值,并与蓖麻蚕进行了比较。此外,还测定了血淋巴海藻糖酶的活性变化。结果表明:1)在蛹化前后血淋巴液中的总糖与海藻糖,自末龄幼虫进食以后开始大量积累,到幼虫老熟时达最高。在幼虫蜕皮和停食化蛹过程,血糖含量明显地减少。雌体含量均高于雄体。血淋巴液中的糖量变化与粘虫的生长发育有密切关系。2)和蓖麻蚕相似,在蜕皮和停食以后的化蛹过程,血淋巴中的还原值显著增加,这种增加主要是由于葡萄糖、核糖以及其它还原物质的出现或数量的增加所引起。3)末龄幼虫血淋巴液中的总糖及海藻糖的百分比含量,均比同虫期的蓖麻蚕的含量低2—5倍。粘虫幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖量只占总糖的66.3%—94%,而蓖麻蚕则为98%—100%。4)幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖酶活力与家蚕、蓖麻蚕的相同,均在进食期间无活力表现或活力极低;在幼虫蜕皮和化蛹过程则明显出现活力。5)血淋巴液中的糖量变化与海藻糖酶活力变化有明显的负相关。文中还分析和讨论了粘虫血糖代谢的特点以及各种糖类物质在生长发育中的作用。     

冬虫夏草菌在寄主钩蝠蛾幼虫中的潜伏侵染过程研究

冬虫夏草是青藏高原的特色名贵药材,是冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis寄生于钩蝠蛾幼虫后形成的虫生子囊真菌,其发生机理和侵染途径至今未知。本文利用real-time q PCR实时定量技术检测了寄主蒲氏钩蝠蛾Thitarodes pui幼虫表皮、脂肪体、血淋巴和肠壁等组织中冬虫夏草菌定殖量,分别建立了起始于表皮的侵染路径(R20.678)和起始于肠道的侵染路径(R20.271)两种Holt数学模型,经比较分析后,推论冬虫夏草菌随口腔摄食侵染寄主幼虫的方式具有一定合理性和可行性,揭示冬虫夏草菌可以通过进食途径实现其对钩蝠蛾幼虫的带菌生长、侵染和寄生,从而为深入阐释冬虫夏草菌与寄主钩蝠蛾幼虫相互作用关系提供重要参考。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.