自然旅游地居民自然保护态度的影响因素——中国九寨沟和英国新森林国家公园的比较

居民的自然保护态度对自然旅游地的自然保护与旅游可持续发展至关重要,自然旅游地居民自然保护态度的影响因子及影响方式,已经成为自然旅游地管理的重要内容,但相关研究薄弱。以中国九寨沟和英国新森林国家公园(New Forest National Park,NF)为例,根据实地问卷调查数据,从两地居民的人口属性、旅游环保期望、旅游环境影响感知及旅游环境伦理观与其自然保护态度关系的角度,进行定量比较研究。研究发现:(1)两地居民的自然保护态度受不同因子的影响,存在明显的中外差异;(2)人口属性特征如性别、年龄、居住年限、教育水平及旅游业参与情况对新森林国家公园社区居民的自然保护态度没有影响;但性别、旅游业参与情况却影响九寨沟居民的自然保护态度,女性及旅游业参与者更支持对九寨沟进行自然保护;(3)新森林国家公园居民的自然保护态度受其旅游环保期望及旅游环境伦理观的影响:旅游环保期望较高、持保护主义环境伦理观的新森林国家公园居民,更有可能支持对新森林国家公园进行自然保护;(4)九寨沟居民的自然保护态度不受其旅游环保期望及旅游环境伦理的影响,但受其旅游环境影响感知的影响;居民的旅游环境影响感知越消极,越支持对九寨沟进行自然保护。     

文化与自然灾害对四川居民保护旅游地生态环境行为的影响

探讨文化与自然灾害对四川居民保护旅游地生态环境行为影响的机理,并对九寨沟与青城山-都江堰进行对比分析。通过多群组结构方程模型分析方法对调研数据进行定量研究。结果发现文化与自然灾害对四川居民保护旅游地生态环境行为有着显著的间接影响;受文化相似性影响两地具有完全相同的结构模型,而且居民利他价值观、生态环境信念及保护旅游地生态环境行为因子均值不具有显著差异;受地方文化与环境状况差异性影响两地居民个人规范、日常环保习惯和灾害后果认知因子均值具有显著性差异,而且对应的路径系数九寨沟样本均大于青城山-都江堰样本。加强传统文化教育、普及环境与灾害知识、增强居民环境责任感等措施有利于旅游地生态环境可持续发展。     

广州社区中老年居民营养知识、态度及饮食行为调查

采用自行设计的KAP问卷,调查广州市白云区柯子岭社区330位中老年居民营养知识、态度、行为现况,用计分评价和统计学对调查结果进行分析讨论。该社区中老年居民营养知识、态度、行为得分及格率分别为9.9%、90.05%、49.52%,总体得分及格率为60.87%,营养知识、态度、行为三者间存在正相关。该社区中老年居民营养态度良好,但对营养知识的掌握不足,饮食行为有待改善。     

基于扎根理论的社区参与国家公园建设与管理的机制研究

大量研究表明自然保护地周边社区居民对保护地的态度是影响社区参与保护，实现保护地管理目标的主要因素，由此建立了"认知-态度-参与"的行为逻辑。中国国家公园体制建设希望进一步推进社区与保护地的关系，全面提升自然保护管理效率，也建立在对这一行为逻辑的认同之上。为验证社区认知与行为的关系，并为促进不同利益相关者参与国家公园建设与管理提供科学支持，研究试图分析武夷山国家公园体制试点区社区居民的国家公园的"认知-态度-参与"的行为逻辑以揭示社区参与国家公园建设与管理的深层机制。与一般研究不同在于，本研究是针对正在建设中的国家公园，使得本地利益相关方的态度有机会影响国家公园建设进程。为获得社区"认知-态度-参与"核心观念，探索社区参与的过程和方式，提出促进社区参与的方法，研究采用扎根理论这一质性研究方法，基于对本地利益相关者采用半结构化开放问题的深度访谈，归纳出概念与范畴，形成社区参与国家公园建设与管理的理论。研究首先形成45个概念与13个范畴，通过范式模型研究发现，稳定资源使用权利、引导社区参与决策、保障社区发展权利、创新社区产业模式、提高个体适应能力、降低政策风险影响等六个主范畴能够解释社区居民对国家公园的认知-态度-参与这一行为逻辑。通过归纳主范畴，研究进一步提炼出社区参与国家公园建设与管理的理论核心在于社区自然资源管理的自主性、创新性与适应性，其内在机制在于社区参与是一个自主性提高的动态过程，需要通过保障社区生计资源禀赋来实现长期的价值转化，最终使其成为社会-生态系统适应性治理的组成部分。在理论阐释基础上，研究提出从改善社区认知、提升社区参与角度推进国家公园建设的路径。研究也指出，所提出的社区参与机制理论能够提炼量化指标评价社区参与，追踪武夷山国家公园体制试点进程。     

野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用及机制——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

野生动物肇事补偿是缓和人与野生动物冲突的常用措施之一，其核心目的是补偿社区居民的经济损失并最终改善社区居民对于肇事动物的态度，实现人与野生动物的和谐共处。以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例，研究了目前以及假设补偿后社区居民态度的变化及其影响因素和作用机制。在对态度进行多维特征划分的基础上，使用Wilcoxon秩和检验、二元logistic回归模型等方法探究野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用以及影响因素。研究发现：野生动物肇事补偿可显著改变社区居民对于肇事动物的态度，且均发生了积极的改变，但对不同维度态度的改变作用不同。其中，喜厌态度的改变最明显，其次是捕杀态度和保护态度，最后是期望态度。肇事补偿对于社区居民的态度及其改变作用受到其社会经济特征的影响，其中是否受到过野生动物破坏、耕作总收入或总收入中耕作收入比重以及受教育程度显著影响社区居民的态度，农地总面积、牲畜数量、玉米地面积会显著影响社区居民情感态度的改变，玉米地损失面积会显著影响社区居民行为态度的改变。论文进一步讨论了各个影响因素的作用机制，并根据研究结果提出了普及肇事补偿制度、完善肇事补偿机制、调整生计策略和种植结构、通过多种...     

保障国家公园体制试点区社区居民利益分享的公平与可持续性——基于社会-生态系统意义认知的研究

建立国家公园旨在保护生态系统完整性并为民众提供多样化的使用机会,保障利益相关者利益分享的公平与可持续性。对国家公园社区居民的资源使用而言,需要他们认可保护地管理中的利益分享规则,从而规范行为,促进系统的稳健性。影响规则认可与相应行为的关键在于各个资源使用者如何评估资源价值,以及如何形成价值共识。基于社会-生态系统理论,研究利用一个界定资源价值与形成使用规则的分析框架,通过对资源价值界定的情境认知、对生态系统的意义认知和对可能规则的态度进行分析,研究武夷山国家公园体制试点建设进程中社区对"利益"的动态认知与形成原因、潜在行为变动对系统"稳健性"的影响和促进利益分享规则形成的路径。分析发现,①在保护地管理发展过程中,社区认为其以往存在和国家公园的出现有利于资源的生计带动;②武夷山生态系统的意义首先在于其多样化的物质供给,其次是作为文化遗产和商品所带来精神满足,同时具有生态保护价值;③社区对利益分享规则的态度取决于规则在时空上的应用是否影响他们对生态系统意义所认定的优先次序。因此,研究提出一个用于规则形成的协商空间,从不同资源使用者利益认知角度引导其认知趋同,最终提高社区对规则的接受程度与行为规范,保证社会-生态系统的稳健性。     

全球重要农业文化遗产普洱古茶园

正2012年8月,"普洱古茶园与茶文化系统"成功申报为全球重要农业文化遗产(以下简称GIAHS),使GIAHS保护名录中首次出现了"茶文化"这一类型,有力推动了中国茶文化走向世界。专家们认为,以澜沧县景迈山、宁洱县困鹿山和镇沅县千家寨等为代表的"普洱古茶园与茶文化系统",具有丰富的生物多样性,体     

基于组合评价法的湖南省农业可持续发展区域分异

从农业资源与环境、农业生产与经济、农业人口与社会3个评价维度构建了区域农业可持续发展指标体系, 运用主成分分析法、熵值法、模糊Borda法、因子分析法及聚类分析法和GIS技术, 通过组合评价方法定量研究湖南省农业可持续发展区域分异现状。结果表明: 湖南省农业可持续发展在区域上总体呈现出不平衡的发展状态, 农业可持续发展综合水平以长株潭城市群为核心, 由东至西递减; 农业人口与社会可持续发展水平南北低中部高, 东部强西部弱; 农业生产与经济可持续发展水平围绕湘北洞庭湖农业区和湘南农业综合区向外围递减; 农业资源与环境可持续发展水平表现为一横两纵优势带和南北两个落后圈。     

新疆哈密市某地区居民营养知识知晓率调查

目的：了解新疆哈密市某地区居民营养知识、态度、行为的现状及其影响因素。方法：采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取新疆哈密市某地区1 820名居民进行问卷调查。结果：新疆哈密市某地区居民营养知识、态度与行为的平均得分分别为4.90±2.29、5.55±1.31、3.54±1.38分;营养知识的主要影响因素是文化程度（β=0.313,P＜0.01）,其次是接受营养健康教育的机会（β=0.193,P＜0.01）;营养态度的主要影响因素是接受营养健康教育的机会（β=0.292,P＜0.01）;营养行为的主要影响因素亦为接受营养健康教育的机会（β=0.233,P＜0.01）。结论：新疆哈密市某地区居民营养知识、态度及行为总体水平一般,表现为态度现行,知识和行为相对滞后,营养健康教育和文化程度是居民营养知识、态度及行为最主要的影响因素;今后应该重点加强营养健康教育。     

三江源国家公园长江源园区人熊冲突现状与牧民态度认知研究

大型哺乳动物肇事导致人类与野生动物之间的关系恶化,报复性猎杀严重威胁到野生动物的生存。三江源国家公园内人熊冲突问题严重,棕熊肇事不断突破了当地牧民的容忍度,严重影响其保护的积极性,了解人熊冲突现状和牧民态度认知对于制定和实施有效的防熊措施至关重要。通过分析2014年1月—2017年12月三江源国家公园长江源园区内上报的296起棕熊肇事案件,同时结合半结构式访谈法对71户牧民进行访谈,以期了解该地区人熊冲突现状和牧民对棕熊的态度认知。研究结果表明:(1)棕熊主要肇事类型为入侵房屋,同时也捕食少量牲畜,以绵羊和山羊为主;(2)每年6—8月为人熊冲突高发期,8—10月为案件上报高峰期;(3)年纪较小和经历过棕熊肇事的受访者对棕熊的态度更为消极;(4)多数受访者认为过去10年里棕熊种群数量有所增加,其主要原因是新枪支政策的执行;(5)大部分受访者在防熊措施选择偏好上较为保守,认为修筑水泥墙和找人看守是保护财产最有效的两种途径。建议地方政府完善当前野生动物肇事补偿制度,促进利益相关者参与人熊冲突管理过程;提升电围栏防控技术,选择合适地点建立棕熊补饲站;为了保护人身安全,允许牧民在一定范围内合法使用防熊喷雾;未来应加强牧民生产生活方式的改变与棕熊行为之间关系的研究。     

土地流转背景下不同经营规模青田稻鱼共生系统的环境影响差异——基于碳足迹的实证研究

在快速工业化和城镇化的影响下,农业文化遗产的保护与管理正面临着适龄劳动力大量外流、土地抛荒、传统知识体系难以维持等诸多威胁与挑战。推动土地流转、进行适度规模经营,可在农业文化遗产的保护中产生积极作用。土地流转在给遗产地带来经济效益的同时,对当地生态环境产生的影响变化同样值得关注,但现有研究却少有涉及。本研究以全球重要农业文化遗产——浙江青田稻鱼共生系统为例,将不同经营规模的稻鱼共生系统分为小农户经营模式和规模化经营模式,运用生命周期法对两种模式的碳足迹进行核算。结果表明: 小农户经营模式和规模化经营模式的碳足迹分别为6510.80和5917.00 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2,单位产值碳足迹分别为0.13和0.10 kg CO₂-eq·yuan^-1。与小农户经营模式相比,规模化经营模式温室气体排放更少,单位产值的环境影响更小。农户扩大经营规模后,当地温室气体排放减少了4097.20 kg CO₂-eq。农业生产过程中积累的CH₄在碳足迹中占比最大,农业生产资料中复合肥是仅次于CH₄的第二大温室气体排放来源。对于小农户经营模式,饲料中使用的玉米和小麦也对温室气体排放有重要的影响。因此,推动土地适度规模经营,有利于传统农业系统实现经济效益和环境效益的双赢,对于农业文化遗产保护具有重要作用。     

Autonomic Nervous Responses According to Preference for the Odor of Jasmine Tea

The effect of jasmine tea odor on the autonomic nervous system was investigated by a power spectral analysis of the heart rate variability. We assigned eight volunteers to two groups with either a predilection for or antipathy toward the jasmine tea odor. We tested both high- and low-intensity jasmine tea odors. The low-intensity odor was produced by diluting 20-fold the jasmine tea used for the high-intensity odor test. The low-intensity odor produced an increase in parasympathetic nervous activity in both the predilection and antipathy groups. The high-intensity odor produced an increase in parasympathetic nervous activity in the predilection group, but an increase in sympathetic nervous activity in the antipathy group. The odor of Chinese green tea, a basic ingredient of jasmine tea, produced no effects similar to those of the jasmine tea odor. These results suggest that the jasmine tea odor activated the parasympathetic nerve, whereas the higher-intensity odor activated the sympathetic nerve in those subjects who disliked the odor.     

Reform of the school system as an anthropological problem--an example from the history education

The article is a longitudinal review of experimental research of high didactic systems effects in history teaching over the last 30 years. The aims of research are to evaluate: 1. position of adolescent, especially neurotic pupils in the teaching process; 2. possibilities to enhance the level of restructured matter (historical anthropology) in programmed and problem-solving teaching; 3. influence on the anxiety, attitudes and success of pupils with changes in the teaching process. Authors conclude, that the teaching process can influence the emotional state of the neurotic pupil. Higher didactic systems in a short time can influence the enhanced level of knowledge in relation to the traditional teaching systems. In the new systems, the attitudes of the pupils towards the teaching can change positively. Experiments carried out point to the possibility of changes of national identity and the necessity of an anthropological approach to reform the educational system.     

Flavor Constituents of Pouchong Tea and a Comparison of the Aroma Pattern with Jasmine Tea

The aroma constituents of the highest quality pouchong tea were characterized by GC–MS. Forty-eight components, including five newly identified compounds were characterized. GC peak area percentages of the main components in pouchong tea were compared with those of jasmine tea to differentiate compounds contributing to the aroma characteristics of pouchong tea with superior floral elegant flavor. Nerolidol, jasmine lactone, methyl jasmonate, indole, benzyl cyanide and linalool oxides were found in much higher concentration in pouchong tea than in jasmine tea. These compounds seemed to contribute to the aroma characteristics of the highest quality pouchong tea.     

Autonomic nervous responses according to preference for the odor of jasmine tea

The effect of jasmine tea odor on the autonomic nervous system was investigated by a power spectral analysis of the heart rate variability. We assigned eight volunteers to two groups with either a predilection for or antipathy toward the jasmine tea odor. We tested both high- and low-intensity jasmine tea odors. The low-intensity odor was produced by diluting 20-fold the jasmine tea used for the high-intensity odor test. The low-intensity odor produced an increase in parasympathetic nervous activity in both the predilection and antipathy groups. The high-intensity odor produced an increase in parasympathetic nervous activity in the predilection group, but an increase in sympathetic nervous activity in the antipathy group. The odor of Chinese green tea, a basic ingredient of jasmine tea, produced no effects similar to those of the jasmine tea odor. These results suggest that the jasmine tea odor activated the parasympathetic nerve, whereas the higher-intensity odor activated the sympathetic nerve in those subjects who disliked the odor.     

Some aspects of the socio‐cultural adjustment of recent Soviet immigrants to the United States*

While Europe is unifying, it is also becoming more diverse, making multiculturalism one of the most hotly debated political issues in Western Europe. Minority citizens occupy an important place in the landscape of this challenging issue. Using the Eurobarometer 53 survey of European citizens, I look at the gap between Europeans who claim minority heritage and those who do not in support for multiculturalism in fifteen European Union member nations, taking into account percentage of extreme right-wing vote. This contextual factor has a persistent significant effect on the difference between minority and non-minority attitudes. High levels of support for extreme right-wing parties may have a polarizing effect, heightening awareness of personal heritage and making ethnic identity more salient in attitudes towards multiculturalism. This suggests an extension of group threat theory in which conceptions of what constitutes both a group and a threat can be created at the level of discourse.     

游客和居民视角下武夷山市生态系统文化服务感知比较研究

生态系统文化服务(CES)的核心是人与自然之间的情感连接,利益相关者视角下的参与式制图是感知与保护热点文化服务地区的有效方法。采用参与式制图与访谈、问卷相结合的方式调查了游客和居民2类群体对武夷山市CES的感知情况;利用空间分析、热点分析和相关性分析比较分析了游客和居民CES的感知差异特征、影响因素及其空间分布格局。结果表明：(1)除了居民月收入对感知有影响外,游客和居民对武夷山市CES认知基本不受人口学特征(性别、年龄、职业和文化程度)的影响(P>0.05);(2)居民的CES价值人均支付保护意愿较游客高。文化遗产、游憩与生态旅游、教育、美学价值是游客和居民都重视的4类子文化服务。游客对文化遗产价值服务的支付意愿最高,而居民则对教育价值服务支付意愿最高。(3)居民对CES价值感知分布空间范围较广,几乎涵盖了武夷山市大部分乡镇;而游客则相对集中,主要位于旅游点密集区域,对其他地区的感知程度较低。CES价值冷热感知程度与旅游点分布呈现相同的空间分布格局,游客和居民对CES价值热点区的感知强度从南向北逐渐降低。(4)从不同文化服务类型权衡/协同关系上看,除了“精神与宗教价值”和“游憩...     

意大利遗址公园规划设计探究——以罗马图拉真考古遗址公园为例

遗址公园作为遗址保护、展示教育与考古研究的有效途径,在世界范围内得以广泛推广与发展。意大利在文化遗产保护领域走在世界前列,其完备的法律保护制度、成熟的遗产保护理念和文物保护技术都有一定的借鉴意义。以罗马图拉真遗址公园为例,通过对其历史沿革的梳理,从遗址的空间结构和历史时序性上解读遗址时空特性,探讨其在坚持遗址原真性的基础上,如何从遗址保护理念、规划设计策略和实施技术路径3个层面对遗址进行保护与阐释,旨在解析意大利在遗址公园规划设计中的理念与方法,探讨其对于遗址公园建设实践的价值。     

Implicit Attitudes towards People with Intellectual Disabilities: Their Relationship with Explicit Attitudes,Social Distance,Emotions and Contact

Implicit attitude research has expanded rapidly over the last decade and is seen as very promising as it counters biases present in much attitude research such as social desirability. However, most research in the area of intellectual disabilities has focused on explicit attitudes alone. This study examined implicit attitudes to this population and also examined their association with emotional reactions and contact, which have previously been found to have a significant influence on attitudes and stigma. A web based survey consisting of a single target Implicit Association Test, measures of explicit attitudes, social distance, and emotional reactions towards and contact with individuals with intellectual disabilities was completed by 326 adult UK residents. Implicit attitudes were not significantly associated with explicit attitudes, social distance or emotional reactions. Instead there were small to moderate associations between emotional reactions and explicit attitudes and social distance. Implicit attitudes did not vary according to participants’ level of contact with individuals with intellectual disabilities, type of the contact relationship (voluntary versus involuntary), gender or educational attainment. In contrast, these participant characteristics did affect explicit attitudes and social distance. Implicit attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disabilities were somewhat negative and, unlike explicit attitudes and stigma, did not vary according to participant demographics or contact. As they may have a negative impact on the lives of people with intellectual disabilities, implicit attitudes merit increased attention in research and interventions in the intellectual disabilities field.     

An Exploratory Framework for the Empirical Measurement of Resilience

Deliberate progress towards the goal of long-term sustainability depends on understanding the dynamics of linked social and ecological systems. The concept of social-ecological resilience holds promise for interdisciplinary syntheses. Resilience is a multifaceted concept that as yet has not been directly operationalized, particularly in systems for which our ignorance is such that detailed, parameter-rich simulation models are difficult to develop. We present an exploratory framework as a step towards the operationalization of resilience for empirical studies. We equate resilience with the ability of a system to maintain its identity, where system identity is defined as a property of key components and relationships (networks) and their continuity through space and time. Innovation and memory are also fundamental to understanding identity and resilience. By parsing our systems into the elements that we subjectively consider essential to identity, we obtain a small set of specific focal variables that reflect changes in identity. By assessing the potential for changes in identity under specified drivers and perturbations, in combination with a scenario-based approach to considering alternative futures, we obtain a surrogate measure of the current resilience of our study system as the likelihood of a change in system identity under clearly specified conditions, assumptions, drivers and perturbations. Although the details of individual case studies differ, the concept of identity provides a level of generality that can be used to compare measure of resilience across cases. Our approach will also yield insights into the mechanisms of change and the potential consequences of different policy and management decisions, providing a level of decision support for each case study area.