三江源国家公园长江源园区人熊冲突现状与牧民态度认知研究

大型哺乳动物肇事导致人类与野生动物之间的关系恶化,报复性猎杀严重威胁到野生动物的生存。三江源国家公园内人熊冲突问题严重,棕熊肇事不断突破了当地牧民的容忍度,严重影响其保护的积极性,了解人熊冲突现状和牧民态度认知对于制定和实施有效的防熊措施至关重要。通过分析2014年1月—2017年12月三江源国家公园长江源园区内上报的296起棕熊肇事案件,同时结合半结构式访谈法对71户牧民进行访谈,以期了解该地区人熊冲突现状和牧民对棕熊的态度认知。研究结果表明:(1)棕熊主要肇事类型为入侵房屋,同时也捕食少量牲畜,以绵羊和山羊为主;(2)每年6—8月为人熊冲突高发期,8—10月为案件上报高峰期;(3)年纪较小和经历过棕熊肇事的受访者对棕熊的态度更为消极;(4)多数受访者认为过去10年里棕熊种群数量有所增加,其主要原因是新枪支政策的执行;(5)大部分受访者在防熊措施选择偏好上较为保守,认为修筑水泥墙和找人看守是保护财产最有效的两种途径。建议地方政府完善当前野生动物肇事补偿制度,促进利益相关者参与人熊冲突管理过程;提升电围栏防控技术,选择合适地点建立棕熊补饲站;为了保护人身安全,允许牧民在一定范围内合法使用防熊喷雾;未来应加强牧民生产生活方式的改变与棕熊行为之间关系的研究。

The human-bear conflicts and herder attitudes and knowledge in the Yangtze River Zone of Sanjiangyuan National Park

Damage from large mammals often deteriorates the relationship between human and wildlife, prompting retaliatory killings that threaten wildlife survival. In Sanjiangyuan National Park, human-bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) conflicts have emerged as a serious problem, decreasing community tolerance for species conservation. Understanding the current status of these conflicts and herders'' attitudes towards bears is crucial to formulate and implement effective mitigation measures. We analyzed 296 reported incidents of conflict (from January 2014 to December 2017) and conducted 71 semi-structured household interviews in and surrounding the Yangtze River Zone of Sanjiangyuan National Park. The results showed that (1) the main conflict types consisted of house break-ins and predation of a small number of livestock (sheep and goats); (2) The conflicts primarily happened from June to August, with cases commonly reported between August and October; (3) The respondents who were younger and experienced brown bear attack had more negative attitudes towards brown bears; (4) Most respondents reported a perceived increase in the brown bear population over the past 10 years due to the implementation of a new policy banning firearms; (5) Most respondents were conservative in their choice of mitigation measures, and believed that building concrete walls and human guardianship were the two most effective ways to protect their properties. We suggest that the local government improve the current wildlife damage compensation program and promote stakeholder participation in the management process of human-bear conflicts. For mitigation measures we suggest the improvement of electric fence technology and choosing suitable locations to implement diversionary feeding. To protect human life, we recommend permission for the legal ownership of bear spray within certain limits. Future research efforts should explore the relationship between changes in herders'' practice and brown bears'' behavior.