油茶根际溶磷菌的分离、鉴定及溶磷能力研究

采用传统的微生物分离培养法,对油茶根际溶磷细菌进行了分离,共筛选得到17株溶磷细菌。利用透明圈法对油茶根际土壤中具有溶磷能力的细菌进行初筛;采用钼锑抗比色法测定发酵液的可溶性磷含量,对解磷菌株进行复筛,得出菌株6-Y-09溶磷活性最强。根据进行菌落形态特征、生理生化特征、16S r DNA序列和系统发育分析等研究,初步鉴定菌株6-Y-09为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。该菌株在后续微生物菌肥研制中具有较大潜力,为通过生物途径改善油茶磷素供应,促进油茶生长提供了优良的菌株资源。     

不同条件下两株溶磷菌溶磷量及葡萄糖脱氢酶基因表达与酶活分析北大核心CSCD

【目的】获得大豆根际土壤中溶磷能力较强的菌株,明确在菌株溶磷过程中葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)的作用特点及其基因的表达水平。【方法】利用溶磷圈方法分离与纯化溶磷菌株,采用Vitek 2系统和16S r RNA序列分析菌株的分类地位;测定2菌株的溶磷量、GDH活性,并根据GDH基因的保守区序列设计引物,克隆GDH基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR测定不同条件下基因的相对表达量。【结果】筛选出2株具有较强溶磷能力的溶磷菌,分别鉴定为Pseudomonas sp.和Enterobacter sp.,2菌株最高溶磷量分别为558μg/m L和478μg/m L;成功地克隆了2株溶磷菌的GDH基因,片段大小分别为2007 bp和2066 bp;2菌株在不同磷源、不同p H值培养基中GDH活性及基因表达量不同,菌株wj1在高磷条件下基因表达量最高,磷胁迫条件下基因表达量较低,而wj3在不同磷源条件下GDH基因表达量都较低。且GDH基因表达量及酶活的变化与wj3菌株溶磷量没有直接的关系。【结论】从大豆根际土壤中分离获得溶磷能力较强的菌株Pseudomonas sp.wj1和Enterobacter sp.Wj3,GDH活性及基因表达在2株菌溶磷过程中具有不同的作用特点,2菌株溶磷机制不完全相同。     

一株解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷培养条件的优化

从土壤作物根际筛选分离出的一株解磷能力较强的溶磷菌P0417,对其进行16S r DNA基因水平上的初步鉴定,测定其溶解磷的能力,并对该菌的溶磷培养基条件进行优化。结果表明,经序列分析,确定该菌株P0417为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌。且其溶磷能力与培养液p H呈显著相关性,当培养基条件为葡萄糖10 g/L、草酸铵0.5 g/L、Na Cl 1.0 g/L时,菌株P0417对Ca3(PO4)2盐培养基具有较好的解磷能力,其解磷能力可达791.84μg/m L。     

地锦草内生放线菌生物活性及活性菌株L57的鉴定

根据13株分离自药用植物地锦草(Euphorbia humifusa)的内生放线菌的酶活性以及抗菌、抗氧化等重要特征来首次探讨地锦草内生放线菌的生物活性,以期为开发新的活性物质提供参考依据。通过观察菌落周围是否有透明圈对分泌的胞外淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶等常见酶进行活性测定;使用滤纸扩散法检测菌株抗菌活性;利用PCR特异性扩增检测菌株的PKS-Ⅰ,PKS-Ⅱ,NRPS基因;对菌株发酵液乙酸乙酯粗提物进行抑菌、抗氧化活性检测,并对高活性菌株进行形态观察及16S r DNA系统进化分析鉴定。结果表明:13株菌中至少12株菌具有一种酶活性,其中2株可同时产生以上3种酶。4株具有稳定且较强的抑菌能力,13株菌生物合成基因PCR筛查结果均为阴性。1株菌对DPPH自由基有较强清除作用(清除率≥50%),2株菌对·OH自由基有较强清除作用(清除率≥50%)。其中L57的活性物质粗提物具有广谱抗菌活性,对鲍曼不动杆菌的抑菌圈直径达22. 62 mm,并对DPPH自由基具有较强清除率,经形态观察及16S r DNA序列分析初步确定L57归属为噬油微杆菌(Microbacterium oleivorans)。研究证明地锦草内生放线菌可作为探寻新型活性物质的良好资源。     

两株溶磷真菌的筛选、鉴定及溶磷效果的评价

【目的】从作物根围土壤中筛选高效溶磷菌株。【方法】结合溶磷圈筛选法和钼锑抗比色法评价菌株的溶磷能力;利用菌株的形态学特性、培养性状和微管蛋白β-tubulin基因序列分析方法进行菌株的鉴定;采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对溶磷菌的产酸物质进行分析;并用平板亲和性实验测定菌株间的兼容性。【结果】筛选得到2株高效溶磷菌株P1-1、P2-2;经鉴定,菌株P1-1为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),P2-2为塔宾曲霉(A.tubingensis)。2株溶磷菌株的产酸物质相同,均为草酸、葡萄糖酸、乳酸和甘油酸。这2株溶磷菌与杀线虫功能菌株淡紫拟青霉(Purpureocillium lilacinum)、橄榄色链霉菌(Streptomyces olivaceus)和苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense)兼容性好。2菌株分别在Ca_3(PO_4)_2、Zn_3(PO_4)_2、羟基磷灰石为磷源的无机磷固体培养基中25°C培养5 d,测定溶磷圈的直径(D)与菌落直径(d),通过计算其比值D/d的大小对比,以及在Ca_3(PO_4)_2、Zn_3(PO_4)_2、羟基磷灰石为磷源的液体培养基中培养5 d,测定发酵液中有效磷含量进行比较后判定,这2株溶磷菌溶解磷的能力强且效果相当。【结论】获得了2株高效的溶磷真菌。它们能活化多种难溶性磷源,同时伴随挥发性酸性物质的产生;2个菌株与1组杀根结线虫微生物菌群兼容性均良好。     

溶磷菌对铅胁迫下杏鲍菇氧化应激反应的影响

选择使用杏鲍菇菌丝富集重金属Pb2+,从本实验室菌种库中筛选出了8株能抗800 mg/L Pb2+的菌株。通过对其溶磷能力的检测,从中筛选到了2株溶磷能力较强的菌株CG8、FFT1以及2株溶磷能力较弱的菌株FFC6、FFC11,经16S r DNA序列分析鉴定,CG8为克雷伯菌(Klebsiella sp.),FFT1为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.),FFC6和FFC11为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.),其序列相似度均达99%。随后,研究了4株溶磷菌株对液体培养(Pb)条件下杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)菌丝的生物量、Pb富集量、脂质过氧化、巯基蛋白含量和抗氧化酶的影响。结果显示,在Pb胁迫条件下,具溶磷能力的菌株能在一定程度上增加菌丝生物量,促进菌丝对重金属的富集,同时,使菌丝的丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,菌丝抗氧化酶(SOD)和氧化物酶(POD)活性显著降低,菌丝巯基蛋白含量升高。实验证明,微生物溶磷能力可有效减轻重金属对杏鲍菇菌丝的毒害和重金属诱导的氧化胁迫。并且溶磷能力较强的菌株(CG8)对杏鲍菇菌丝富集与抵抗重金属诱导的氧化胁迫有更为明显的作用,重金属富集量增加96.1%,巯基蛋白增加量为91.3%。     

油樟内生溶磷菌的筛选及其生物学特性

筛选具有溶磷能力的植物内生细菌,并探索该类菌的促生和抗逆性能,有助于扩大溶磷微生物来源、研发微生物肥料、改善土壤磷素营养和提高农业产量。该研究以从油樟组织中分离得到的50株内生细菌为材料,通过溶磷圈法初筛得到24株具有溶磷潜能的菌株,利用钼蓝比色法测定它们的溶磷能力和培养液的pH值,并研究溶磷能力较强菌株产生吲哚乙酸( IAA)、铁载体、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸( ACC)脱氨酶、几丁质酶等促生和抗逆性能。结果表明：24株油樟内生细菌都能从磷酸钙中释放出有效磷(溶磷量为51.26~237.08μg·mL-1),其中,YG60、YG43、YG36、YG25、YG49、YG44株菌的溶磷量较高,均大于150μg·mL-1。接种油樟内生菌后,培养液的pH值均有一定程度的降低,但菌株溶磷量与培养液pH值间不存在显著相关性。6株溶磷量大于150μg · mL-1的菌株大部分具有分泌IAA、产铁载体、ACC脱氨酶活性和几丁质酶活性的能力;其中YG43、YG60和YG25分泌IAA的能力较强(IAA分泌量分别为22.55、18.75和16.41μg·mL-1),YG43和YG60产铁载体的能力较强(As/Ar小于0.6),YG43、YG60和YG25的ACC脱氨酶活性(分别为0.194、0.224、0.208 U·mg-1)较高,YG43和YG60的几丁质酶活性(分别为2.968 U和2.502 U)较高。综合菌株的溶磷、促生和抗逆性能,认为YG43、YG60和YG25菌株在促进植物生长、提高植物抗性及生物防治方面具有较好的应用前景。     

宁夏产枸杞根际溶磷菌分离及溶磷能力分析

采用常用的PKO(无机培养基)和蒙金娜有机培养基,从宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarumL.)根际分离具有溶磷能力的菌株,并利用溶磷圈法测定溶磷菌株的溶磷能力。从宁夏枸杞根际共分离出88株具有溶磷能力的菌株,其中溶解无机磷能力较强的菌株4株,其溶磷圈直经(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值(D/d)从高至低依次是NQ2、NQ4、NQ3、NQ1,D/d值为3.02~1.85;菌株NQ2、NQ1、NQ3和NQ4对无机磷的溶磷强度分别为91.2、82.5、75.5和74.8μg.mL-1。所分离的4株具有较强无机磷溶解能力的菌株在微生物肥料的开发方面有潜在应用价值。     

1株抗流感病毒H1N1红树林内生放线菌的分离与鉴定

采用CPE-MTT方法筛选从海漆叶部分离到的具有抗H1N1病毒活性的内生放线菌,对活性较强的菌株HA12207进行形态学和生理生化特性的研究,并对其16S r DNA序列进行系统发育分析。结果表明,菌株HA12207发酵液稀释20倍后对H1N1病毒的抑制率达到76.5%,HA12207与Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens IMMIBD-1397T(YI2246)的形态和生理生化特征最为接近,与其16S r DNA序列相似性为99.9%,且在发育树上聚为一个分支。因此将菌株HA12207鉴定为T.tyrosinosolvens,其发酵液具有较强的体外抗H1N1病毒活性,值得进一步研究。     

猪笼草中产蛋白酶内生菌的分离及鉴定

采用研磨法分离纯化猪笼草各组织器官中的内生菌,并采用水解圈法和摇瓶发酵法分别进行初筛与复筛,对筛选出的菌株进行16SrDNA分析鉴定。结果表明:在猪笼草叶片、捕虫囊、根和茎等4种器官中共分离出25株内生菌;进一步从中筛选出2株可产胞外蛋白酶的细菌A3、L5,其中菌株A3的产酶能力较高,水解圈/菌落直径比(D/d)值为6.5,发酵液的蛋白酶活力为17.58U/mL;菌株L5的D/d值为3.0,发酵液的蛋白酶活力为15.77U/mL;16SrDNA鉴定结果表明,菌株A3、L5与芽孢杆菌属成员具有99%的同源性,其中A3是枯草芽孢杆菌(Ba-cillus subtilis),L5可能是其的新变种或新亚种。     

大豆根瘤内抗棉花枯萎病菌株的筛选及其防病试验

【目的】采用优良抗病性内生菌资源来控制棉花枯萎病是一种有效的措施。本研究从大豆根瘤中筛选棉花枯萎病拮抗性内生细菌,探索其对棉花枯萎病菌丝的抑制作用和代表菌株特性,为发掘和应用防病、抗逆优良菌株提供理论基础。【方法】采用对峙法和代谢液培养法对大豆根瘤内生细菌进行棉花枯萎病菌抑菌性筛选,显微观察法研究筛选菌株引起病原菌菌丝变化,通过菌株培养特征、理化特性和16S r DNA序列同源性分析确定菌株系统发育地位,比色法测定DD174耐盐碱性,盆栽试验验证防病效果。【结果】经复筛和代谢液试验有5株拮抗性较强菌株,被作用病原菌菌丝畸形、细胞壁消失、自溶,菌丝基部加粗、分支增多,呈树根状;菌丝被菌苔包埋而溶解、断裂,菌丝末端球形膨大。对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制作用主要通过菌体产生胞外代谢物发挥作用。菌株DD174、DD176和DD179最相似菌株分别为Bacillus oceanisediminis H2T(GQ292772)和B.thuringiensis ATCC 10792T(AF290545),菌株DD165和DD166最相似菌株均为Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LMG 958T(X95923)。DD174能耐受6%盐浓度,p H 10生长良好,具有一定耐盐碱能力。DD174处理组防治效果达76.32%,其他防效均在62%以上,可作为棉花枯萎病的生防菌株资源。【结论】大豆根瘤内存在棉花枯萎病内生拮抗细菌,其中有些菌株具有一定耐盐碱能力,对棉花枯萎病病原菌及病害有一定抑菌和防病作用。     

Host range,RFLP, and antigenic relationships betweenRhizobium fredii strains andRhizobium sp. NGR234

Rhizobium fredii is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont from China that combines broad host range for nodulation of legume species with cultivar specificity for nodulation of soybean. We have compared 10R. fredii strains withRhizobium sp. NGR234, a well known broad host range strain from Papua New Guinea. NGR234 nodulated 16 of 18 tested lugume species, and nodules on 14 of the 16 fixed nitrogen. TheR. fredii strains were not distinguishable from one another. They nodulated 13 of the legumes, and in only nine cases were nodules effective. All legumes nodulated byR. fredii were included within the host range of NGR234. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected with four DNA hybridization probes: the regulatory and commonnod genes,nodDABC; the soybean cultivar specificity gene,nolC; the nitrogenase structural genes, nifKDH; and RFRS1, a repetitive sequence fromR. fredii USDA257. A fifth locus, corresponding to a second set of soybean cultivar specificity genes,nolBTUVWX, was monomorphic. Using antisera against whole cells of threeR. fredii strains and NGR234, we separated the 11 strains into four serogroups. The anti-NGR234 sera reacted with a singleR. fredii strain, USDA191. Only one serogroup, which included USDA192, USDA201, USDA217, and USDA257, lacked cross reactivity with any of the others. Although genetic and phenotypic differences amongR. fredii strains were as great as those between NGR234 andR. fredii, our results confirm that NGR234 has a distinctly wider host range thanR. fredii.     

Identification and characterization of Cr-, Cd-, and Ni-tolerant bacteria isolated from mine tailings

Eleven bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples collected from mine tailings. Bacterial strains were checked for tolerance against heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni), using the agar dilution method. All the strains showed multiple tolerances against heavy metals, but the most promising results appeared in strains BCr3, BCd33, and BNi11: they were tolerant to 15 mM of Cr⁶⁺, 7.5 mM of Cd²⁺, and 10 mM of Ni²⁺, respectively. The effect of heavy metals on bacterial growth was tested together with their ability to grow in different pH, NaCl, and temperature values. Bacterial isolates grew well between pH 7.5 and 8.5. The optimum temperature for maximum growth was between 35 and 37°C, and no significant change in bacterial growth was observed in the presence of 2% NaCl. In addition, the bioaccumulation potential of bacterial strains was investigated. Bacterial strains BCr3, BCd33, and BNi11 showed high bioaccumulation ability of Cr (68.7%), Cd (72.4%), and Ni (69.8%), respectively. All bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Analysis of plasmid content revealed that all bacterial isolates contained a single plasmid. Further, polymerase chain reaction together with DNA sequence analysis was used to screen all bacterial strains for the presence metal tolerance genes (czcD, chrA, chrB, czcB, czcC, nccA, and cadA) on both plasmid and chromosomal genomes.     

Phage susceptibility and plasmid profile analysis of Sinorhizobium fredii

This is the first report identifying bacteriophages and documenting megaplasmids of Sinorhizobium fredii. Plasmid DNA content and bacteriophage typing of eighteen strains of S. fredii were determined. S. fredii strains fell into ten plasmid profile groups containing 1 to 6 plasmids, some evidently larger than 1000 MDa. Twenty-three S. fredii lytic phages were isolated from soil, and they lysed six different S. fredii strains. The host range and plaque morphology of these phages were studied. Susceptibility to S. fredii phages was examined for S. meliloti; Rhizobium leguminosarum bvs. viceae, trifolii and Phaseoli; R. loti; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; B. elkanii and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis). Several phages that originally lysed S. fredii strain USDA 206 also lysed strains of all three S. fredii serogroups described originally by Sadowsky et al. Phages that infected S. fredii strains USDA 191 and USDA 257 were highly specific and lysed only serogroup 193 strains. S. meliloti strains L5-30 and USDA 1005 were lysed by three of the phages that lysed S. fredii strain USDA 217. No other Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium strain tested was susceptible to lysis by any of the S. fredii phages. The present investigation indicates that phage susceptibility in conjunction with plasmid profile analysis may provide a rapid method for identification and characterization of strains of S. fredii.     

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by fast- and slow-growing rhizobia strains of soybean on several temperate and tropical legumes

Three slow-growingBradyrhizobium japonicum (G₃, USDA-110 and KUL-150) of diverse origins and two fast-growing strains ofRhizobium fredii (USDA-192 and USDA-193) were tested with a cropped soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivar, two cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), one mung-bean (Phaseolus radiata), one winged-bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and one field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties.TheR. fredii strains nodulated and fixed Nitrogen as effectively as the strains ofB. japonicum in a modern european soybean cultivar, namely Fiskeby V. The other western bred soybeans tested were not nodulated by theseR. fredii strains. All of the soybean rhizobia produced nodules in both cowpeas and in mung-bean; theR. fredii strains showed effective N₂-fixation in the cowpeas, particularly USDA-193, yielding shoot dry weights greater than those from theB. japonicum. The symbiotic performance of theR. fredii strains with soybean and other legumes indicated that they should be placed in an intermediate group between the slow-growingB. japonicum and cowpearhizobium sp.The hydrogen uptake activites suggested a possible host effect on the expression of such genes in one out of theB. japonicum strains tested. Furthermore, the slow-growing rhizobia showed significantly higher nitrate-reduction than theR. fredii in the nodules.     

Biosurfactant production by two isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa

Two strains of biosurfactant-producing bacteria, identified asPseudomonas aeruginosa, were isolated from injection water and crude oil-associated water in Venezuelan oil fields. Both biosurfactants resembled rhamnolipids and produced stable emulsions of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils, reducing the surface tension of water from 72 to 28 dynes/cm. Tenso-active properties of the biosurfactants were not affected by pH, temperature, salinity or Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ at concentrations in excess of those found in many oil reservoirs in Venezuela.     

Physiological aspects of hydrocarbon emulsification, metal resistance and DNA profile of biodegrading bacteria isolated from oil polluted sites

The production of biosurfactants was evaluated for seven bacterial strains isolated from different oil contaminated sites by the Emulsification Index using diesel oil as the hydrocarbon source. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Cu²⁺ were determined to identify the less sensitive bacteria in order to select the best strains for bioremediation. Plasmid extraction was also performed in order to search for gene sequences involved with biosurfactant synthesis. All strains were able to emulsify diesel oil. Rhodococcus ruber AC239 presented the best index (58%), followed by other Rhodococcus strains. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, R. ruber AC239, AC87 and R. erytropolis AC272 presented smallest sensitivities to heavy metals used, being suitable for use in sites contaminated with high concentrations of them. No plasmid DNA was detected showing that biosurfactant coding genes should be in the chromosomal DNA.     

Characterization ofR. fredii QB1130, a strain effective on commercial soybean cultivars

Summary Two rhizobial strains (QB1130 and C3A) from northeast China were identified asRhizobium fredii on the basis of growth rate, media acidification and growth on a wide range of carbon substrates. The strains were shown to be distinct from USDA 191 on the basis of plasmid number and size. Bothnif and commonnod genes were located on the 295 kb plasmid of strains QB1130 and USDA 191, while onlynif genes were identified on this plasmid in C3A. When used to inoculate four commercial soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, one of the strains (C3A) was found to be ineffective, while the other (QB1130) was at least as effective as USDA 191, a strain ofR. fredii reported to be widely effective on North American cultivars of soybean. Further, QB1130 was capable of more effective nodulation of cowpea or the uncultivated soybean line, Peking, than either USDA 191 or the slow-growingBradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 16. Strain QB1130 should be useful for studies directed at improving symbiotic performance in soybean, or for studies of the comparative physiology and genetics of FG and SG strains on a single host.     

Genetic diversity of fast-growing rhizobia that nodulate soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr)

The fast-growing Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, isolated from Papua New Guinea, and 13 strains of Sinorhizobium fredii, isolated from China and Vietnam, were fingerprinted by means of RAPD, REP, ERIC and ARDRA. ERIC, REP and RAPD markers revealed a considerable genetic diversity among fast-growing rhizobia. Chinese isolates showed higher levels of diversity than those strains isolated from Vietnam. ARDRA analysis revealed three different genotypes among fast-growing rhizobia that nodulate soybean, even though all belonged to a subcluster that included Sinorhizobium saheli and Sinorhizobium meliloti. Among S. fredii rhizobia, two strains, SMH13 and HH303, might be representatives of other species of nitrogen-fixing organisms. Although restriction analysis of the nifD–nifK intergenic DNA fragment confirmed the unique nature of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, several similarities between Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and S. fredii USDA257, the ARDRA analysis and the full sequence of the 16S rDNA confirmed that NGR234 is a S. fredii strain. In addition, ARDRA analysis and the full sequence of the 16S rDNA suggested that two strains of rhizobia might be representatives of other species of rhizobia.     

药用植物青蒿不同种类的内生菌抑菌活性分析

为了研究青蒿不同种类的内生菌抑制细菌和抑制真菌的活性,该研究采用组织块法和研磨法从青蒿的根、茎、叶中分离内生细菌、放线菌和真菌,以大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)(CICC 23657)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(CICC 10275)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(CICC 10384)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)(CICC 2487)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)(CICC 33032)为指示菌,采用琼脂块法和双层平板法检测内生菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:(1)从青蒿植株中共分离到76株内生菌,其中内生细菌19株、内生放线菌34株、内生真菌23株。从分离部位来看,56株来自于茎段、17株来自于根段、3株来自叶片。(2)内生细菌中抑菌活性菌株占总菌株的比例最高,为95%,内生放线菌和内生真菌中抑菌活性菌株的比例分别为41%、35%。(3)内生细菌的抗菌谱较广;虽然内生放线菌的抗菌谱较窄,但其中高抗菌株较多,尤其对酿酒酵母的抑菌效果好。综上结果显示,药用植物青蒿中存在着丰富的有抑菌活性的内生菌,且不同种类的内生菌抑菌活性不同。