模拟增雨对荒漠植物幼苗生长和根系形态的影响

降雨是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子,荒漠植物幼苗对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。为探讨荒漠植物对未来降雨格局变化的响应,选取乌兰布和沙漠两种典型荒漠植物幼苗(白刺和油蒿)为研究对象,根据生长季内(6—9月)每次降雨量,进行不同梯度的人工模拟增雨试验(CK:自然降雨、A:增雨25%、B:增雨50%、C:增雨75%、D:增雨100%),研究两种植物幼苗生长和根系形态特征对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明:(1)不同增雨处理对白刺和油蒿幼苗的地上部生长有显著影响(P0.05),增雨处理的白刺和油蒿幼苗的株高、平均冠幅和基径显著高于CK,并随着增雨量的增大而增大(白刺基径除外);(2)增雨处理之间、白刺和油蒿之间在总根长、总表面积、平均直径、总体积、根尖数和分叉数均有显著差异(P0.05)。对白刺幼苗而言,B处理和C处理的根系参数均显著大于CK、A和D处理,且B和C处理之间没有显著差异(平均直径除外);对油蒿幼苗而言,随着增雨量的增加,油蒿总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数和分叉数呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而平均直径呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在B处理下达到最大值。(3)增雨处理显著降低了白刺幼苗的根冠比,而对油蒿幼苗的根冠比没有显著影响,并且白刺幼苗根冠比显著大于油蒿幼苗。(4)白刺和油蒿幼苗的根系主要分布在0—0.5 mm和0.5—1 mm内,2 mm的细根比例分别在B和D处理下达到最大值。这表明白刺和油蒿幼苗能够通过调整地上部生长和根系形态来适应降雨的变化。     

干旱荒漠区不同生活型植物生长对降雨量变化的响应

降水是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子,荒漠生态系统中的植物物种对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。根据生长季内每次降雨量,进行不同梯度的人工模拟降雨试验(减雨50%、减雨25%、增雨25%、增雨50%、增雨100%),以自然降雨为对照,研究植物生长对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明:生长季降雨量影响植物的生长和初级生产力,不同生活型植物对降雨量变化的响应显著不同;减雨处理减缓了柠条、油蒿新枝生长,但影响不显著;增雨25%未能显著促进柠条、油蒿新枝生长;50%增雨未能促进柠条新枝生长而能促进油蒿的新枝生长;5—7月,增雨100%能显著增加油蒿新枝生长量,仅能增加柠条6—7月生长量;1年生草本植物地上部分生物量随降雨量增加呈线性增加趋势,减雨50%显著降低了草本植物株高,而其他降雨处理对株高影响不显著。     

长期模拟增雨对荒漠植物形态特征及空间分布格局的影响

研究降雨变化对荒漠优势植物形态特征、空间点格局及空间关联性的影响有助于预测荒漠生态系统对全球气候变化的响应.以乌兰布和沙漠典型荒漠植物唐古特白刺和油蒿为研究对象,进行了连续10年的模拟增雨试验,运用Programita软件,采用Ripley K函数和Monte Carlo随机模拟方法,对长期模拟增雨条件下两种植物形态特征、空间格局及空间关联性进行研究.结果表明: 不同增雨处理下唐古特白刺和油蒿植株的数量、高度、平均冠幅和基径均存在显著差异,增雨处理的唐古特白刺和油蒿植株数量、高度、平均冠幅和基径均显著大于对照,并随着增雨量的增大而增大.当增雨量小于72 mm时,白刺枝条具有明显的聚集分布趋势;当增雨量大于72 mm后,随着增雨量的增大,白刺枝条表现出聚集强度明显降低的趋势.油蒿植株随着增雨量的增加空间分布格局表现为随机分布-聚集分布-随机分布.就空间关联性而言,对照处理下唐古特白刺枝条与油蒿之间表现为负关联,随着增雨量的增加两者呈现无关联或正关联,当增雨量达到144 mm时,空间关联由负关联向正关联转变.未来降雨增加条件下,土壤水分明显改善,两种荒漠植物对水分的竞争减弱,更有利于白刺和油蒿的共存生长.     

控雨对荒漠草原植物、微生物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,于2014—2015年设置了降雨量变化(减雨50%、减雨30%、自然降雨、增雨30%和增雨50%)的野外模拟试验,测定了植物、微生物和土壤C、N、P含量,同时调查了植物群落组成和土壤含水量等指标,研究了各组分C、N、P化学计量特征对连续两年降雨量变化的响应,分析了土壤C∶N∶P和含水量分别与植物生长、养分利用以及微生物量积累的相关性。结果表明,控雨改变了植物叶片C∶N∶P,且其影响程度随物种不同而异:减雨50%提高了牛枝子(Lespedeza potanimill)绿叶N和P以及猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)绿叶P摄取能力,增雨(30%和50%)降低了猪毛蒿绿叶N摄取能力。增雨提高了猪毛蒿绿叶C∶N,增雨30%提高了苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)绿叶C∶N。增雨降低了猪毛蒿绿叶N∶P,增雨30%降低了白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum)绿叶N∶P。相比之下,控雨条件下枯叶C∶N∶P的变化幅度较小;随降雨量增加微生物量C、N以及C∶N逐渐增加,但增雨50%使微生物量C和C∶N降低;控雨对土壤C∶N∶P的影响较小,但增雨提高了土壤水分有效性,因此促进了植物和微生物生长;试验期内,相对稳定的土壤C∶N∶P不能很好地指示植物和微生物生长发育的养分受限状况;干旱时提高叶片养分摄取、湿润时增强叶片养分回收,可能解释了牛枝子对降雨量变化的弹性适应能力。     

哈巴湖国家级自然保护区油蒿群落生态化学计量特征对群落生物量和物种多样性的影响

以宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区内的油蒿群落为研究对象,测定了油蒿群落不同发育阶段植物叶C、N、P含量,分析了植物叶C∶N∶P比化学计量特征,探讨了油蒿群落生态化学计量特征对物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在哈巴湖国家级自然保护区,油蒿群落发育早期,植物生长受N限制,发育中后期,植物生长受P限制;油蒿群落发育早期阶段的植物具有较高的叶C∶N比和较低的叶N∶P比,而油蒿群落发育后期阶段的植物具有较低的叶C∶N比和较高的叶N∶P比。随着叶C∶N比的增大,油蒿群落生物量呈指数函数显著降低,物种多样性呈对数函数降低的趋势,但不显著;而随着叶N∶P比的增大,油蒿群落生物量和物种多样性均呈幂函数显著增加,表明生态化学计量特征对油蒿群落的物种多样性和生物量有重要影响。     

民勤荒漠区主要灌木叶片C、N、P化学计量特征的季节变化

为探究不同灌木叶片C、N、P化学计量特征季节变化规律,揭示荒漠植物对环境的适应策略,以民勤荒漠区4种主要灌木梭梭、沙拐枣、唐古特白刺、柠条锦鸡儿为研究对象,分析不同荒漠植物在生长季内叶片的C、N、P含量及其计量比变化特征。结果表明:(1)沙拐枣、柠条锦鸡儿叶片C含量显著高于唐古特白刺、梭梭(P<0.05),且唐古特白刺显著高于梭梭,沙拐枣与柠条锦鸡儿差异不显著;唐古特白刺叶片N含量显著高于其他3种植物叶片;唐古特白刺叶片P含量最高,并显著高于柠条锦鸡儿,但两者均与梭梭和沙拐枣差异不显著。(2)4种荒漠植物叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比各指标在生长季节内的变异系数表现为:P(28.34%)>C∶P(24.70%)>N∶P(19.07%)>N(17.49%)>C∶N(16.89%)>C(2.91%)。(3)C含量与N、P含量呈不显著正相关关系;除沙拐枣,其他叶片N含量与P含量呈显著正相关关系,4种荒漠植物叶片N∶P值的变化主要由P含量变化决定。(4)植物叶片C、N、C∶N、C∶P和N∶P含量的变异主要受植物种类影响,植物叶片P含量的变异主要受生长季节影响。研究发现,民勤荒漠4种灌木植物叶片C、N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P和N∶P在生长季内因物种而不同,它们在生长季内变异系数在植物种之间也存在差异。     

短期增温对贡嘎山峨眉冷杉幼苗生长及其CNP化学计量学特征的影响

2009年5月至10月,在中国科学院贡嘎山高山森林生态系统观测站附近,采用红外灯加热人工模拟气候变暖研究了增温对峨眉冷杉(Abies fabiri (Mast) Craib)幼苗生长和养分及其化学计量特征的影响。由于红外灯的增温作用,在幼苗的整个生长季节,增温样地地表下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm处土温平均高于对照样地5.04 ℃、4.81 ℃、4.35 ℃,而土壤含水量则分别降低了7.03%、6.10%、6.40%;地表20 cm处空气温度相比对照样地上升了1.12 ℃,而空气相对湿度则降低了6.30%。除茎重比外,增温处理降低了峨眉冷杉幼苗的根长、基径、株高、总生物量、根重比、叶重比、根冠比和比叶面积。经方差分析发现,增温处理后幼苗根、茎和叶的C平均含量与对照差异性均不显著(P>0.05),其中除茎的提高了2.76%外,根和叶分别降低了7.15%和2.29%;N平均含量除茎显著降低之外(P<0.05),根、叶分别提高了9.78%和5.70%;幼苗根、茎、叶的P平均含量均低于对照11.97%、10.69%和2.99%,并且根和茎与对照存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。增温处理后幼苗根、茎、叶各器官的C︰N、C︰P 、N︰P与对照均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),其中C︰P均大于对照,而C︰N和N︰P与对照相比,均有不同程度的减小;C︰N、N︰P和C︰P的平均值(标准差)大小顺序依次为茎(92.594.92)>根(61.891.65)>叶(60.813.23)、叶(4.990.22)>根(4.440.58)>茎(3.640.10)和茎(336.358.70)>叶(302.854.49)>根(274.865.27)。实验结果表明：增温对幼苗生长和生物量积累具有明显的限制作用,对叶片生长的阻碍作用尤为突出;增温改变了幼苗根茎叶的CNP含量及其化学计量比格局;在养分供应上,增温和对照处理下幼苗生长均受N素限制。     

干旱胁迫对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理(即80%、65%、50%和35%田间持水量),研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量的影响.结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,干旱胁迫导致C含量在叶、茎、粗根和细根中增加,N含量在叶、茎和粗根中增加,P含量在叶、茎和粗根中下降,在细根中增加,C:N在叶和茎中下降,C:P及N:P在叶、茎和粗根中增加,在细根中下降.各器官间C含量呈显著正相关,而各器官间N与P相关性均不显著.土壤含水量与各器官C含量,叶N含量,细根P含量及C:N,叶、茎和粗根C:P及N:P呈显著负相关,而与细根N含量,叶、茎和粗根P含量,细根C:P及N:P呈显著正相关.因此,干旱胁迫影响榆树幼苗对N、P的吸收及向上运输,幼苗生长主要受N限制;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶、茎和粗根生长受P限制作用增强.     

塔里木盆地南缘不同生境下芦苇生态化学计量特征

以塔里木盆地南缘克里雅河流域旱生芦苇为研究对象,分析不同样区芦苇根、茎、叶生态化学计量特征,探讨生境和器官对芦苇生态化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:芦苇各器官C、N、P含量均表现为叶茎根,C∶N和C∶P值大小顺序均为根茎叶,N∶P则为叶茎根。不同生境芦苇各器官C、N、P含量及其比值存在一定的差异性,芦苇根、茎、叶C含量均为河岸显著高于绿洲边缘和荒漠,荒漠中芦苇茎的N含量显著低于河岸和绿洲边缘,其他器官N含量在不同生境均无显著差异;芦苇叶片的P含量为绿洲边缘显著高于荒漠,茎和根的P含量河岸显著高于其他两个生境;芦苇根、茎、叶C∶N值无显著差异;河岸和荒漠芦苇的茎和根的C∶P值有显著差异;各生境芦苇N∶P无显著差异,且都小于14,说明芦苇的生长主要受N限制。C∶N、C∶P与相应的N和P含量呈负相关,N与P之间呈显著的正相关,体现了芦苇体内两元素需求变化的一致性。GLM(general linear model)分析表明,器官对C、N以及C∶N和N∶P的影响最大,生境对P、C∶P的影响最大。     

干旱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对七子花非结构性碳水化合物积累及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以濒危植物七子花二年生幼苗为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究干旱胁迫和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理对幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量关系和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响。试验共设计4个处理:对照(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、接种AMF(AMF)、干旱胁迫和接种AMF(D+AMF)。结果表明: 在干旱胁迫下七子花根系AMF的侵染率显著下降,但接种AMF处理植株的株高、叶片数显著高于未接种处理。接种AMF显著提高了干旱胁迫下植株根、叶可溶性糖和NSC含量及茎、叶淀粉含量,且茎和叶可溶性糖与淀粉比显著下降。干旱胁迫导致植株C含量在根和叶中显著增加,P含量在茎中显著减少;与干旱胁迫相比,胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎、叶P含量及叶C含量显著提高,而根C、N含量及茎C含量显著降低。胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和叶N∶P均显著低于单一胁迫处理。NSC与C∶N∶P计量比的相关性分析表明,根、叶P含量与可溶性糖和NSC含量呈显著正相关,茎P含量与淀粉和NSC含量呈显著正相关,各器官N∶P与NSC含量呈显著负相关。综上,干旱胁迫显著抑制了七子花幼苗的生长,接种AMF通过提高植株根和叶的可溶性糖含量、根的可溶性糖/淀粉,增加地上部分淀粉含量,促进P元素吸收和降低各器官N∶P来增强植株耐旱性,从而提高七子花幼苗在干旱环境中的存活率。     

秋华柳和枫杨幼苗对镉的积累和耐受性

以秋华柳和枫杨当年实生幼苗为研究对象,采用向土壤添加外源镉(CdCl₂ · 2.5H₂O)的形式设置了0(对照组)、10 、20 、50、100 mg/kg 5个处理,研究了镉胁迫下秋华柳和枫杨幼苗的生长、生物量变化和根茎叶镉含量,并评价了两树种的耐性指数(Ti)、转移系数(Tf)和生物富集系数(BCF)。结果表明:(1)在镉含量为10 mg/kg时,秋华柳和枫杨幼苗基于生长和生物量参数的耐性指数(Ti)分别为91.72和91.62,与对照组相比无显著变化,其余各组(20、50、100 mg/kg)则显著低于对照植株(P<0.05);(2) 土壤镉浓度小于20mg/kg时,秋华柳植株茎、叶镉积累量分别高达61.73 mg/kg、163.04 mg/kg,根镉积累量为91.05 mg/kg;枫杨植株茎、叶镉积累量最高分别为7.9 mg/kg、5.25 mg/kg,仅为秋华柳茎、叶的12.8%和3.2%,根镉积累量高达190.68 mg/kg;(3) 除对照外,秋华柳幼苗各部分镉含量为叶＞根＞茎,转移系数(Tf)介于0.789-1.513之间,枫杨幼苗各部分镉含量为根＞茎＞叶,转移系数(Tf)介于0.037-0.044之间,远远小于秋华柳Tf;(4)秋华柳和枫杨幼苗在土壤镉浓度为10 mg/kg时具有很高的生长适应性和耐性,秋华柳根吸收的镉向地上部分转移能力、地上部分积累镉的能力都远远大于枫杨,生物富集系数(BCF)进一步证实了这一特性。研究证明,秋华柳植株具有很高的镉耐性、镉转移能力及地上部分积累镉的能力,适合于镉污染严重区域的植物修复。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

NaCl处理对西伯利亚白刺幼苗生长及离子平衡的影响

以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、200、400mmol·L~(-1))处理对幼苗生长及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的吸收、运输与分配的影响,探讨西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制。结果表明:(1)200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理促进了西伯利亚白刺幼苗的生长及叶片肉质化程度,400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理显著抑制其生长。(2)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量显著增加,且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根中;根系中K~+含量显著增加;根、茎、叶中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量在200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下保持平稳或上升,而在400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下显著下降。(3)各器官中K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值总体随NaCl处理浓度的升高呈下降趋势,且根部离子比值始终高于叶片和茎。(4)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根-茎SK,Na显著下降,而根-茎SCa,Na、SMg,Na及茎-叶SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na逐渐提高。研究发现,西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制主要是通过植株的补偿生长效应及叶片对Na~+的聚积作用实现的,同时也与根系对K~+的扣留及茎叶对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)选择性运输能力增强有关。     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.