石竹科齿瓣无心菜属2新组合名称

基于近年来分子系统学研究结果,石竹科无心菜属(Arenaria L.)齿瓣亚属[subgen.Odontostemma(G.Don)Williams]在属水平的地位得以恢复,该亚属中相关物种名也因此被组合至齿瓣无心菜属(Odontostemma Benth.ex G.Don)之中。然而,中国所产道孚无心菜(A.dawuensis A.J.LiQ.Ban)与神农架无心菜(A.shennongjiaensis Z.E.ZhaoZ.H.Shen)在相关处理中被遗漏,故在此给予其新的组合名称:O.dawuense(A.J.LiQ.Ban)G.Yao和O.shennongjiaense(Z.E.ZhaoZ.H.Shen)G.Yao。     

On the races of Arenaria tetraquetra L. (Caryophyllaceae)

FAVARGER, C. & NIETO FELINER, G., 1988 On the races of Arenoria tetraquetra L. (Caryophyllaceae). The caryological study of some Betic populations of Arenaria tetraquetra northwards from Sierra Nevada has proved that they are polyploids ( 3x, 4x, 5x ). Even though their Rowers are pentamerous, they differ from the Nevadean Arenaria tetraguetra subsp. amabilis (2x ) not only by the chromosome number but also by the micromorphology of the seed coat and the hairiness of the stem internodes. They also differ from Arenaria tetraquetra subsp. tetraquetra , the Rowers of which are tetramerous and the degree of polyploidy higher (6x in the Pyrenees, 7x in the Sierra de Pela eastwards from Sierra de Guadarrama). The authors proposed to give a subspecific status to such Betic polyploid populations with a new combination. They suggest a hypothesis to explain the evolution of the A. tetraguetra polyploid complex.     

黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属系统学研究

簇毛黄耆亚属以其柱头上具簇毛等形态特征与黄耆属其它类群相区别,约含49种（变种）。主要分布在青藏高原及其邻近地区,绝大多数种类分布于横断山区。本文基于形态特征和分支系统学方法分析亚属内种系发生关系。结果表明,49种（变种）可分为9组。其中双小苞组Sect.Bibracteolati含种类最多,是一个并系类群。借助于分支图,分析了6个较重要的鉴定特征的演化,习性,茎的着生方式,小苞片,果实形态,柱头具簇毛,果实膨胀状况等。最后作出了这个亚属的一个分类纲要。     

青藏高原4种无心菜属植物的细胞学研究

以四川康定和稻城两个居群的无心菜属（Arenaria）雪灵芝亚属（A. subgen.Eremogoneastrum）的雪灵芝（A.brevipetala Y.W.Tsui et L.H.Zhou）、西藏八宿业拉山和安久拉山两个居群的八宿雪灵芝（A.baxoiensis L.H.Zhou）、西藏当雄和工布江达两个居群的瘦叶雪灵芝（A.ischnophylla Williams）以及西藏拉萨居群的藓状雪灵芝（A.bryophylla Fernald）为研究材料,采用植物根尖常规压片法,对它们的细胞分类学特征进行研究。结果显示：7个居群中,4种植物的染色体数目均为2n=22,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=22=22 m,核型不对称性属于Stebbins's-1A型,AI值在1.75~0.32范围内变化。结合无心菜属已有细胞学资料,推断雪灵芝亚属核型特征原始,染色体数目及倍性稳定。本研究中4种植物的染色体数目和核型资料均为首次报道,补充了青藏高原无心菜属的细胞学资料。     

论无心菜属的地理分布

全世界无心菜属植物有306种,隶属10亚属24组,主要分布于欧、亚、美三洲和北非,基本上是北温带分布属。文章分析了亚属的系统位置及其分布式样。地中海区到西亚亚区和中亚亚区的西北部是其分布区中心,也可能是它的起源地,中国横断山脉到青藏高原是其次生分布中心。起源时间至少应该追溯到白垩纪中期。最后,讨论了它的散布途径和现代分布式样的形成及其原因。     

Confirmation of clonal reproduction of Fagus crenata Blume from Sado Island,Niigata Prefecture

While clonal growth is important in the East Asian Fagus subgenus Engleriana and the North American Fagus grandifolia (subgenus Fagus), for other subgenus Fagus species the vast majority of regeneration involves sexual reproduction with clonal growth only rarely observed. Here we aim to confirm using nuclear microsatellite markers whether clonal growth occurs in the Japanese endemic species Fagus crenata (subgenus Fagus) by investigating the origin of multi-stemmed clumps found within a high-elevation dwarf beech forest on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture. We found that all stems collected from three separate clumps belonged to the same clump-specific multi-locus genotypes. The maximum size of clones was 3–4 m in diameter, comparable in size to those seen in the predominantly asexually regenerating Japanese species Fagus japonica (subgenus Engleriana). The species capacity for clonal growth is likely to underlie its ability to persist at high-elevation exposed sites at the limits of its ecological range.     

Rediscovery of the lost little dogwood Cornus wardiana (Cornaceae)—Its phylogenetic and morphological distinction and implication in the origin of the Arctic‐Sino‐Himalayan disjunction

The dwarf dogwoods (subgenus Arctocrania) have been widely known to consist of three circumboreal species Cornus suecica, Cornus canadensis, and Cornus unalaschkensis. A fourth putative species was discovered from the northern Myanmar in 1937, but it had never been formally reported on. Here, we formally report the species on the basis of phylogenetic and morphological evidence and name it Cornus wardiana Rushforth & Wahlsteen (sp. nov.). We conducted phylogenetic and morphometric analyses to determine its evolutionary relationship and differentiation from the existing relatives. We dated the phylogeny using molecular data and conducted a biogeographic analysis to gain insights into the evolution and biogeography of the Arctic‐Sino‐Himalayan disjunction. The phylogenetic analysis used sequences of the nrITS and plastid matK and rbcL genes and included all four dwarf dogwoods and 20 other species representing the three other major lineages of Cornus and the outgroup. The morphometric analyses included 60 populations and 102 specimens of dwarf dogwood, representing the entire range of the subgenus. The results showed that C. wardiana diverged first within subgenus Arctocrania in the Miocene, from a wide‐spread ancestor. Results from principal component analysis and discriminant analysis also showed that the Myanmar samples are well separated from the others. Taken together, these results suggest that the dwarf dogwood lineage split from the big‐bracted dogwoods in Asia or Asia‐western North America during the late Paleocene and spread widely to form a Eurasia‐North America distribution; the Arctic‐Sino‐Himalayan disjunction was the result of southward migration in the Miocene followed by extinction in the intervening highland areas.     

Floral ontogeny of Annonaceae: evidence for high variability in floral form

Background and Aims

Annonaceae are one of the largest families of Magnoliales. This study investigates the comparative floral development of 15 species to understand the basis for evolutionary changes in the perianth, androecium and carpels and to provide additional characters for phylogenetic investigation.

Methods

Floral ontogeny of 15 species from 12 genera is examined and described using scanning electron microscopy.

Key Results

Initiation of the three perianth whorls is either helical or unidirectional. Merism is mostly trimerous, occasionally tetramerous and the members of the inner perianth whorl may be missing or are in double position. The androecium and the gynoecium were found to be variable in organ numbers (from highly polymerous to a fixed number, six in the androecium and one or two in the gynoecium). Initiation of the androecium starts invariably with three pairs of stamen primordia along the sides of the hexagonal floral apex. Although inner staminodes were not observed, they were reported in other genera and other families of Magnoliales, except Magnoliaceae and Myristicaceae. Initiation of further organs is centripetal. Androecia with relatively low stamen numbers have a whorled phyllotaxis throughout, while phyllotaxis becomes irregular with higher stamen numbers. The limits between stamens and carpels are unstable and carpels continue the sequence of stamens with a similar variability.

Conclusions

It was found that merism of flowers is often variable in some species with fluctuations between trimery and tetramery. Doubling of inner perianth parts is caused by (unequal) splitting of primordia, contrary to the androecium, and is independent of changes of merism. Derived features, such as a variable merism, absence of the inner perianth and inner staminodes, fixed numbers of stamen and carpels, and capitate or elongate styles are distributed in different clades and evolved independently. The evolution of the androecium is discussed in the context of basal angiosperms: paired outer stamens are the consequence of the transition between the larger perianth parts and much smaller stamens, and not the result of splitting. An increase in stamen number is correlated with their smaller size at initiation, while limits between stamens and carpels are unclear with easy transitions of one organ type into another in some genera, or the complete replacement of carpels by stamens in unisexual flowers.     

Description of Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) brazilorum sp. nov. a new fossil species from the Dominican Republic (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

A sand fly fossil was found in amber; a vegetal resin, which allows all the external phlebotomine structures to be seen. The piece that contains the new species is 14 mm long x 8 mm wide x 3 mm high. All the structures from the head, thorax, and abdomen were examined under the microscope and measured with a calibrated micrometric eyepiece. The morphological aspects of the new species suggest its inclusion in the Pintomyia genus, Pifanomyia subgenus though it is not possible to include it in any of the series known for this subgenus. The presence of two atrophied spines on the gonostyles and gonocoxites without tufts of setae permit the exclusion of the new species from the other species of the subgenus Pifanomyia. The new species is named Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) brazilorum sp. nov.     

Araucnephia iberaensis n. sp., a neotropical black fly with a peculiar distribution (Diptera-Simuliidae)

Araucnephia Wygodzinsky & Coscarón is a Neotropical black fly genus in which only one species from Central Chile is known. Another species has now been found in Corrientes province on the eastern side of the Iberá tropical swamps of Argentina, on the western border of the mountainous region of southern Brazil. This new species, A. iberaensis, is herein described and illustrated and information on its bionomics is recorded. It is an interesting species because previous to its discovery no black fly genus or subgenus from Central Chile region has been found in tropical areas, because these two regions are separated by the Monte and Pampas realms. Similarly, no Brazilian genus or subgenus has crossed the Andes mountains to Chile. A comparison with other Neotropical, Nearctic, Ethiopian (Afrotropical) and Australian Prosimuliini (sensu Crosskey & Howard) showed Araucnephia to be a valid taxon most closely related to Araucnephioides (sympatric in Chile). Araucnephia also shows great affinities with Lutzsimulium from Southeast Brazil and Argentina and Paracnephia from South Africa.     

Types of Androecium in the Fabaceae of SW Europe

We studied the morphology of the androecium in 168 species andsubspecies of Fabaceae from SW Europe and its relationship withnectar production. Six androecium types were recognized: monadelphous;pseudomonadelphous without basal fenestration; pseudomonadelphouswith basal fenestration; diadelphous; reduced diadelphous; andandroecium with free stamens. The monadelphous androecium appearsin the tribe Genisteae, inOnonis, and inGalega officinalis,andthe pseudomonadelphous without basal fenestration only in thegenusCoronilla,with both types having the same functionality—theyare linked to the absence of nectar from an intrastaminal nectary,their taxa being mostly polliniferous. The pseudomonadelphousandroecium with basal fenestration appears in around 38% ofthe taxa studied and has the same functionality as the diadelphousandroecium: there is nectar secretion from an intrastaminalnectary in both. The reduced diadelphous androecium only appearsin three species (Biserrula pelecinus, Vicia pubescensandAstragalusepiglottis), and its functionality could be related to the syndromeaccompanying autogamy in Angiosperms. The free stamen androeciummay imply a greater nectar production than other types.Copyright1999 Annals of Botany Company. Fabaceae, Leguminosae, androecium, nectar, floral biology.     

Beetle evolution in the Asian highlands: insight from a phylogeny of the scarabaeid subgenus Serica (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

Abstract.  The phylogeny of the species of the scarabaeid subgenus Serica (genus Serica MacLeay, 1819) was inferred from a parsimony analysis and the use of 117 morphological characters of adults. Successive weighting was employed to further evaluate the phylogenetic relationships, and the geographical changes in the distribution in certain lineages were explored. Four major lineages may be recognized from the strict consensus tree within the ingroup: (1) Calloserica ; (2) Gastroserica + Neoserica ; (3) Lasioserica ; and (4) Serica including the representatives of Taiwanoserica . Pachyserica proved to be monophyletic only after successive weighting based on the retention index. The taxa of Taiwanoserica are nested within the species of Serica . Consequently, Taiwanoserica ( stat.n. ) is ranked as a subgenus of Serica . The clade Serica (subgenus Serica ) comprised the majority of the species included in this study. Serica ( sensu stricto ) species of the Himalayas are a polyphyletic group. Several major younger clades of Serica ( sensu stricto ) are not restricted to just one geographical region, but cover widely distant ranges (such as the Himalaya and eastern Tibet). Dispersal is hypothesized multiple times from the Himalaya to eastern Tibet/Indochina and vice versa, and also between the Japanese islands and eastern Tibet. Several hypotheses are discussed for an important role of the entire Himalaya–south-eastern Tibet orogenic system for the evolution of the subgenus Serica . More recently, the progressive uplift of the Tibetan Plateau provided an efficient barrier to the westward dispersal of eastern Palaearctic species.     

A new species of Rhus (Anacardiaceae), endemic to serpentine near Barberton, Mpumalanga (Eastern Transvaal), South Africa

Rhus pygmaea , a new species endemic to amphibolitic serpentine soils near Barberton, Mpumalanga (Eastern Transvaal) is described and illustrated. It has affinities with R. pondoensis Schonl., but differs primarily in its dwarf habit, narrower leaflets, reduced inflorescence and male flowers having a conical pistillode.     

Genetic variation and taxonomic analysis of the subgenus Profundulus

The current taxonomy within the subgenus Profundulus was reviewed and at least five different species were recognized on the basis of unique genetic characters. Two of them are considered to be new species not yet described: one is known only from a single spring in the Tehuantepec basin (Mexico); the second extends mainly through springs in the Mixteca region of Mexico. The maximum Nei distances were found between P. oaxacae and the rest of the species belonging to this subgenus. Compared with the other Profundulus species, the new species from Mixteca also had high Nei values, which suggest separation of these species probably during the Miocene period. Therefore, the previously postulated old Central American origin of Profundulus is supported by our data. The mountain uplift that gave rise to the current division of Pacific and Atlantic rivers may be the reason for the current distribution pattern of the subgenus Profundulus . The sporadic presence of this subgenus in the headwaters of some Atlantic rivers has been interpreted as the result of fluvial captures during the Pleistocene period.     

Analyses of cpDNA matK sequence data place Tillaea (Crassulaceae) within Crassula

Analysis of cpDNA matK sequences for a total of 43 members of the succulent plant family Crassulaceae, including 24 taxa of Crassula, recovered a well-supported clade comprising Crassula species that is sister to the remainder of the family. The resulting topologies do not support the monophyly of the currently recognized subgenera of Crassula, as one member of subgenus Disporocarpa (C. crenulata) is placed as sister to an otherwise monophyletic subgenus Crassula. The major synapomorphy that has been used to recognize the latter subgenus is a base chromosome number of x = 7 versus a base of x = 8 in the other subgenus. We cannot assess the utility of this feature for defining subgenus Crassula because a chromosome count of C. crenulata has yet to be published. The five accessions of the recently resurrected segregate genus Tillaea (of 24 total Crassula species) included here were placed in four separate, well-supported lineages, one of which is greatly removed from the other four accessions. This suggests that this genus is not valid and should not be recognized. An initial examination of the evolution of habit indicates that a perennial habit is ancestral and that the annual habit is a feature that has been derived at least twice in the genus.     

Systematic revision of the genus Aglyptodactylus Boulenger, 1919 (Amphibia: Ranidae), and analysis of its phylogenetic relationships to other Madagascan ranid genera (Tomopterna, Boophis, Mantidactylus, and Mantella)

Recent field studies revealed two new species of the genus Aglyptodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae), which was hitherto considered as monotypic and confined to humid eastern Madagascar. Both new species, Aglyptodactylus laticeps sp. n. and Aglyptodactylus securifer sp. n. , occur syntopically in the deciduous dry forest of Kirindy in western Madagascar. In comparison to Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis from eastern rainforests, the new species A. laticeps shows a remarkable morphological divergence, which may be partly due to adaptations to burrowing habits in dry environments. Despite of the morphological differentiation, advertisement calls and osteology indicate that all three species of Aglyptodactylus are closely related. A phylogenetic analysis of the Madagascan ranid genera Aglyptodactylus, Mantella, Mantidactylus, Boophis , and Tomopterna (the latter including species from Madagascar, Africa, and Asia) strongly supports a sister group relationship of Aglyptodactylus with the ranine genus Tomopterna . We therefore transfer Aglyptodactylus from the Rhacophorinae to the Raninae and discuss implications of this rearrangement for ranoid systematics. The existence of the endemic genus Aglyptodactylus in Madagascar as well as its close phylogenetic relationships to Tomopterna confirm that the Raninae were already present on the Madagascan plate before its separation from Africa. The Madagascan Tomopterna labrosa shows several important differences both to Asian and to African species of the genus, and is therefore transferred from the subgenus Sphaerotheca (now restricted to Asia) to a new subgenus Laliostoma subgen. n .     

A new species of Ascocotyle (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, off Patagonia, Argentina

We describe a new heterophyid species, Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) patagoniensis n. sp., based on specimens collected from the intestines of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens from Patagonia (Argentina). Ascocotyle (A.) patagoniensis n. sp. is distinguished from the other species of the subgenus by the number of circumoral spines, which are arranged in 2 rows of 18 to 23. The new species also differs from the other species in having a gonotyl without papillae. The specimens exhibited the widest seminal receptacle described for a species of this subgenus. Species of the subgenus Ascocotyle usually infect fish-eating birds or mammals in freshwater or brackish habitats. Ascocotyle (A.) patagoniensis n. sp. is the first species of the subgenus described from a marine mammal. However, no metacercariae of Ascocotyle spp. were found in 542 marine teleosts from 20 species collected in the same locality. The life cycle of the marine species from the Ascocotyle -complex infecting pinnipeds remains elusive.     

Floral Ontogeny of Two Species in Magnolia L.

Floral ontogeny is described in two species of genus Magnolia （Magnollaceae）, Magnolia alboserlcea Chun et C. Tsoong, and M. amoena Cheng, representing subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Yulani In Magnolia, by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The sequence of Initiation of floral organs Is from proximal to distal. The three distinct outermost and middle organs are Initiated in sequence, but ultimately form a single whorl, thus their ontogeny Is consistent with a sepal Interpretation. The last three tepals （petals） alternate with the preceding tepal whorl. The members of androeclum and gynoeclum arise spirally, although the androecium shows some Intermedlacy between a spiral and whorled arrangement. The carpel prlmordia initiate in group of four to five. The order of stamen Initiation within each tier Is not determined. The floral ontogeny Is remarkably homogeneous between the subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Yulani that does not support the resuming of genus Yulani.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dalea</Emphasis> ser. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Versicolores</Emphasis> (Leguminosae: Amorpheae) from Durango,Mexico

Dalea conetensis, a new species from the central part of the State of Durango, Mexico, is described and illustrated. It is referred to Dalea subgenus Parosela sect. Parosela series Versicolores. It is morphologically similar to D. pinetorum var. pinetorum but can be distinguished by its shorter stipules, leaves, bracts, calyx teeth, petals, androecium, fewer and shorter leaflets, and the calyx pubescence.     

Revision of the Malagasy species of the genus Tricalysia (Rubiaceae)

The Malagasy representatives of the large African genus Tricalysia (tribe Coffeeae s.l.) are revised. Three Malagasy species were hitherto recognized in the genus, namely T. cryptocalyx , T. madagascariensis , and T. ovalifolia . In this study, two species, T. boiviniana and T. leucocarpa , are transferred from the genus Hypobathrum and seven new species and two new subspecies are described, raising the species number for Tricalysia to a total of 12. This marked increase in species number is a recurring pattern for many Malagasy genera in systematically poorly known families such as Rubiaceae. All the species are described in detail and illustrated, and a list of exsiccatae and a distribution map are provided. Furthermore, the characters of the Malagasy taxa are compared with those of the continental African species, and their infrageneric status is discussed. With the exception of T. ovalifolia , a member of subgenus Empogona , all Malagasy species belong to subgenus Tricalysia . Because of their unisexual flowers, these species cannot be accommodated within one of the four existing sections in subgenus Tricalysia . A new section, Androgyne , is therefore recognized.  © 2007 National Botanic Garden of Belgium. Journal compilation © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 83–126.