分子.形态.进化（续）

分子·形态·进化（续）马德如（南开大学分子生物学研究所,天津３０００７１）关键词异位同形盒,发育,进化Ｗ．ＭｃＧｉｎｎｉｓ等（１９９０）的转基因果蝇实验表明,人ＨＯＸＤ４基因可替代果蝇Ｄｆｄ基因,鼠ＨｏｘＢ６基因可替代果蝇Ａｎｔｐ基因,在果蝇胚胎发育...     

哈巴德布鲁克生态系统（H. B. E.）及其五号流域（W-5）研究

一、前言哈巴德布鲁克实验林(Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest)位于美国东北部新罕布什尔州中部的白山国家森林中。该地区位于典型温带湿润气候区内,年平均降水量为129.5cm,全年月平均降水量变化不大,冬雪夏雨。蒸发蒸腾量以每年6—9月为最大(Likens等,1977;Bormann等,1979)。该实验林为北美温带落叶阔叶林,属红果云杉(Picea rubens)-阔叶林。Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study(HBES)是开始最     

Taxonomic revision of Lepisorus （J. Sm.） Ching sect. Lepisorus （Polypodiaceae） from China

The taxonomy of Lepisorus （J. Sm.） Ching sect. Lepisorus in China was revised based on herbarium specimen examinations, field observations, and microscopic study of rhizome scales, soral paraphyses, leaf epidermis, and spores. As a result, nine species were recognized： Lepisorus macrosphaerus （Baker） Ching, Lepisorus asterolepis （Baker） Ching, Lepisorus marginatus Ching, Lepisorus kuchenensis （Y.C. Wu） Ching, Lepisorus megasorus （C. Chr.） Ching, Lepisorus kawakamii （Hayata） Tagawa, Lepisorus subsessilis Ching ＆ Y.X. Lin, Lepisorus affinis Ching, and Lepisorus nudus （Hook.） Ching. Lepisorus kawakamii （Hayata） Tagawa was reinstated; Lepisorus gyirongensis Ching ＆ S.K. Wu and Lepisorus longus Ching were reduced to synonyms ofL. nudus and L. affinis, respectively. The subdivision ofLepisorus macrosphaerus was not accepted. Rhizome scales and paraphyses are the most useful characters for species delimitation as well as for infrageneric classification. Characteristics of the leaf epidermis and spore ornamentation are usually stable and thus of great significance in understanding the relationships among groups within the genus.     

苍术（Atractylodeslancea（Thunb.）DC.）种内遗传多样性分析

分析了苍术５种等位酶１２个倍点２５个等位基因的分化特征。结果表明：群体内多态位点比例平均为０．６１，每们位点的平均杂合率为０．２６，每个位点发现的平均等位基因数为１．７８。     

云南YiYi（Docynia delavayi（Frach.）Schneid.）黄酮成分研究

本处次对采自云南西双版内的ＹｉＹｉ树皮的主要成分进行了研究,从其乙醚提取物中分离出四种黄酮尖化合物,通过ＮＭＲ、ＭＳ和ＩＲ等波谱手段鉴定出它们分别为：白杨素（Ｃｈｙｙｓｉｎ,１）柚皮素（Ｎａｒｉｎｇｅｎｉｎ,２０,槲皮素（Ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ,３）和广寄生甙（Ａｖｉｅｕｌａｒｉｎ,４）。     

A revision of Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. （ Ranunculaceae ）

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis L.的单性铁线莲组sect. Aspidanthera Spach s.l.进行了全面修订,确定此组共含72种和15变种,这些种被归类于6个亚组中,其中包括首次描述的1系、5种和2变种,以及做出的2新等级.对单性铁线莲组的分类学简史和地理分布做了介绍.写出了组、亚组、系的形态特征和地理分布,分亚组检索表及各亚组的分种检索表;以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图.在研究了此组全部种类的标本之后,观察到此组几个重要形态特征的演化趋势(1)萼片在数目上由4枚演变到8枚,在开展方向上由平展到直上展,在形状上由长圆形到狭条形,在长度上由比雄蕊稍长到2-4倍长于雄蕊,其卷叠式由镊合状到次生的覆瓦状;(2)花药药隔顶端由不具突起到具短或长的突起;(3)雌花退化雄蕊的数目由多数到定数、少数,以至完全消失;(4)花序自当年生枝的叶腋发生演变到与数叶同自老枝的一腋芽中发出.根据上述演化趋势推断本组各亚组间的亲缘关系如下subsect. Dioicae (34种,广布于北美洲和南美洲)的花构造(萼片4,镊合状排列,平展,通常呈长圆形,稍长于雄蕊或近等长,外面边缘被短绒毛;雄蕊花药呈长圆形,药隔顶端无突起;雌花具多数退化雄蕊;花序自当年生枝的叶腋发出)与具两性花的威灵仙组欧洲铁线莲亚组sect. Clematis subsect. Clematis 的花极为相似,区别主要在于本亚组的花为单性,由此判断subsect. Dioicae可能是单性铁线莲组sect. Aspidanthera的原始群,源出于欧洲铁线莲亚组.本组的第二亚组subsect. Lasianthae(2种,分布于北美西南部)与subsect. Dioicae 在亲缘关系上极为相近,区别只在于其花序或具花当年生枝与数叶一同由老枝的一个腋芽中发出,此亚组当是从subsect. Dioicae衍生出的一个小群.第三亚组subsect. Microphyllae(7种,特产澳大利亚)也与subsect. Dioicae相近缘,但此亚组的萼片变狭长,多呈条形或狭条形,常2-4倍长于多少变短的雄蕊,雌花的退化雄蕊数目变少,16-2枚,根据这些进化特征,推测此亚组也源出于subsect. Dioicae.第四亚组subsect. Aristatae (16种,分布于澳大利亚、新几内亚及邻近岛屿)与subsect. Microphyllae 在亲缘关系上相近,但本亚组的花药药隔顶端具短或长的突起而不同,根据此进化特征,推测本亚组系由后者演化而出.第五亚组subsect. Hexapetalae (11种,特产新西兰)的花构造与分布于澳大利亚的subsect. Microphyllae相似,但其萼片为覆瓦状排列,外面边缘不被短绒毛,在多数种多于4枚,为5-8枚而不同.据Godley 的研究,本亚组中的C. afoliata的花有4枚萼片,排成2轮,每轮的2枚萼片均为近镊合状排列;另外,在C. paniculata花的6枚萼片中,4枚为覆瓦状排列,其他2枚有时内向镊合状排列.从上述情况可见此亚组的萼片覆瓦状卷叠式可能是由镊合状卷叠式演变而来的一种次生现象,并由此推测,此亚组可能与subsect. Microphyllae相同,也源自美洲的subsect.Dioicae.最后一个亚组subsect. Insidiosae(2种,特产马达加斯加)的雌花萼片直上展,退化雄蕊完全消失,具有这些进化特征,当是单性铁线莲组的进化群,可能源出自具定数或少数退化雄蕊的subsect. Microphyllae.     

Triterpenoid Saponins from Pulsatilla cernua （Thunb.） Bercht. et Opiz.

To investigate saponins from the roots of Pulsatilla cernua （Thunb.） Bercht. et Opiz., two new compounds together with five known trlterpenold saponins were isolated. The structures of the two new trlterpenoid saponins, named cernuasides A and B, were elucidated as 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl（1-）2）]-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1-）4）]-α-L- arablnopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester （compound 1） and 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl（1→）3）]- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl （1→）2）]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester （compound 2） by 1D, 2D-NMR techniques, ESIMS analysis, as well as chemical methods.     

Water-Soluble Constituents of Cudrania tricuspidata （Carr.） Bur.

In order to find new structural and biologically active compounds, the constituents of the bark of Cudrania tricuspidata （Carr.） Bur. were investigated and a new 6-p-hydroxybenzyltaxifolin glucoside, named tricusposide （compound 1）, together with 16 known compounds, was isolated by solvent partition, macroporous adsorption resin AB-8, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Using spectroscopic methods, the structures of the compounds were elucidated as 6-p-hydroxybenzyl taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside （compound 1）, dihydroquerctin-7-O-β-D-glucoside （compound 2）, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside （compound 3）, dihydroquercetin （compound 4）, peonoside （compound 5）, sphaerobioside （compound 6）, quercimeritrin （compound 7）, genistein （compound 8）, aromadendrin （compound 9）, kaempferol （compound 10）, genistin （compound 11）, 3,4-dihydroxystyryl alcohol （compound 12）, sucrose （compound 13）, 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone （compound 14）, gericudranin E （compound 15）, gericudranin C （compound 16）, and orobol （compound 17）. Compounds 2-6, 8, 9, 12-14, and 17 were isolated from this genus for the first time.     

Labdane Diterpenoids from Coleus forskohlii （Willd.） Briq.

in order to investigate the active substances of Coleus forskohlii（Wiiid.） Brlq., a new labdane dlterpenold, 12- hydroxy-8,13E-labdadlen-15.olc acid, together with two 8,13-epoxylabd-14-ene-11-one dlterpenolds, 6-acetyl-1- deoxyforskolln and 6-acetyl-1,9-dldeoxyforskolln, was Isolated on the basis of various chromatographic technlques and spectroscopic methods.     

萍蓬草（Nuphar pumilum（Thimm.）DC.）营养器官的形态解剖观察

对萍蓬草（Ｎｕｐｈａｒｐｕｍｉｌｕｍ（Ｔｈｉｍｍ．）ＤＣ）根,茎,叶的形态结构和腺毛的发育进行形态解剖观察分的,茎中维管束散生,无形成层,茎端周围及幼叶,叶柄部位着生能力分泌粘液的腺毛,不定根为多元型,有髓;侧根对着原生木质部脊着生,根表面具有短缩的根毛,根顶端原始细胞具有分层特征,属封闭型。     

Two New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Spiraea japonica L. f. var.fortunei （Planchon） Rehd.

Two new hetisine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids named spiraqine (1) and 6-hydroxylspiraqine (2), and four known alkaloids, namely spiredine (3), spiradine A (4), spiradine B (5), and spirasine V/VI (6),were isolated from Spiraea japonica L. f. var.fortunei (Planchon) Rehd. The structures of the alkaloids were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, DEPT, HMQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry data.     

New Diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata （Burm. f.） Nees

To investigate diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata （Burm. f.） Nees, three new ent-labdane diterpenoids, namely 19-norandrographolides A-C （compounds 1-3）, were isolated from the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata. Their structures were established by HRESIMS and NMR spectral data in combination with X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

A Cytotoxic Neolignan from Schisandra propinqua （Wall.） Baill.

In the course of our study of bioactive natural products from Schisandra plants, we isolated a neolignan from an EtOAc extract of the stems of Schisandra propinqua （Wall.） Baill. The structure of the new com- pound was determined to be 4, 4-di （4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenly）-2, 3-dimethylbutanol （compound 1） on the basis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra and 2D NMR methods. Eight known compounds, compounds 2-9, were also isolated and identified, of which compounds 3, 4, 6 and 9 were isolated for the first time from this plant. In addition, compounds 1-4 were evaluated for cytotoxicity by an 3-（4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl）-2,5-diphenyl-2H- tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. Compound 1 showed significant potential cytotoxic ability in the bioassay.     

A New Isoflavonoid from Belamcanda chinensis （L.） DC.

A new isoflavonoid, 5, 6, 7, 3＇-terahydroxy-8, 4＇, 5＇-trimethoxyisoflavone （1）, along with 10 known isoflavonoids, namely 5, 6, 7, 4＇-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone （2）, irilone （3）, genistein （4）, tectorigenin （5）, irigenin （6）, irisflorentin （7）, dichotomitin （8）, dimethyltectorigenin （9）, iridin （10）, and tectoridin （11）, was isolated from the alcohol extract of the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis （L.） DC. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of results of spectroscopic analysis.     

A New Steroidal Glycoside from Ophiopogon japonicus （Thunb.） Ker-Gawl.

To study the chemical constituents from traditional Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus （Thunb.） Ker-Gawl., a new steroidal glycoside, named ophiopojaponin C （1）, together with two known ones, was isolated by column chromatography. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence revealed the structures to be ophiopogenin 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）]-β-D-xylopyranosyl（1→4）-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, diosgenin 3-O-[2-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）]-β-D-xylopyranosyl（1→3）-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, and ruscogenin 1-O-[2-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）]-β-D-xylopyranosyl（1→3）-β-D-fucopyranoside （3）.     

Cyclopeptidic Constituents from Arenaria oreophila J. D. Hooker （Caryophyllaceae）

To further investigate the cyclopeptldes of the Caryophyllaceae family, two new cyclopeptldes, named Arenarlphilin E （compound 1） and Arenariphilin F （compound 2）, were obtained from Arenaria oreophUe J. D. Hooker using some Isolation methods, e. g. normal and reverse silica gel. By detailed spectroscopic analysis, such as FAB^＋-MS, 1 D NMR, 2D NMR, the structures of Arenariphilin E （compound 1） and Arenariphilln F （compound 2） were determined as cyclo（lle^1-Gly-Val^1-Ala-Leu-lle^3-lle^2-Val^2-Pro） and cyclo（Pro^2-Pro^1-Gly^2-lle-Val-Leu-Gly^1-AiaThr- Gly^3）, respectively.     

Two New Triterpenoid Saponins from Akebia quinata （Thunb.） Decne.

Two new triterpenoid saponins, hederagenin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-α-L-arabinopyranoside named akeboside La （compound 1）, oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-β-D-glucopyranoside named akeboside Lb （compound 2）, along with five known saponins, oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-α-L- arabinopyranoside （compound 3）, hederagenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-α-L-arabinopyranoside （compound 4）, oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→〉3）-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-α-L-arabinopyranoside （compound 5）, 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉4）-α-D- glucopyranosyl-（1→〉6）-β-D-glucopyranoside （compound 6）, 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉2）-α-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→〉4）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→〉6）-β-D-glucopyranoside （compound 7） were isolated from the n-butanol part of the 80% ethanol extracts of the dried stems of Akebia quinata （Thunb.） Decne. Compound 5 was isolated from plants of genus Akebia for the first time. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data.     

The identity of Alpinia jianganfeng T.L.Wu（Zingiberaceae）

Alpinia jianganfeng T.L.Wu is conspecific with A.sichuanensis Z.Y. Zhu,and thus is reduced to synonymy.