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中国壳斗科栎亚科花粉形态研究 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
本文应用光学显微镜与扫描电子显微镜观察了壳斗科所属栎亚科2属26种2变种的花粉形态,并以本科其它属一些代表种作对比,试图从孢粉学方面为栎亚科的系统分类提供依据。 花粉外壁纹饰在扫描电镜下可分三种类型,即水青冈型(含水青冈属),栎型(含栎属和三棱栎属),栗型(含栗属、锥属和柯属),花粉的类型与植物形态分类的三个亚科一致。 栎亚科的花粉外壁纹饰在扫描电镜下为颗粒聚集成的种种形状。栎属可区分为四种类型,即颗粒状、颗粒——蠕虫状、聚颗粒及芽孢状,其中类型一、二、三为常绿种类,类型四为落叶种类。花粉纹饰在常绿与落叶种类之间有较明显的差异,而青冈亚属和栎亚属之间却没有界线。因此,栎属仍以包含两个亚属为宜。三棱栎属花粉纹饰则介于栎属的类型二与三之间。 相似文献
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基于细胞核rDNA ITS片段的水青冈属的分子系统发育 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对山毛榉科水青冈属6种、1亚种、1栽培变种的ITS区片段进行了测序和分析,并对其中2个具有ITS序列多态性的分类群进行了ITS区克隆。水青冈属ITS系统发育树聚成两支,位于基部的是分布于北美的大叶水青冈,另一分支则包括了欧洲和东亚的类群。在欧洲和东亚分支中,又包括两支,其中日本北部的波叶水青冈位于基部,台湾水青冈和欧亚大陆的水青冈形成另外一支。ITS区分析与现行的水青冈属基于形态学性状的属下分类系统有一定差异,而与本属现存物种的地理分布格局较为一致。各类群间TIS区序列差异较小,显示属内现存物种的分化时间不是太长。 相似文献
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基于93个形态形状,采用13个被子植物基部类群做为外类群,对49个单子叶植物科级分类阶元进行了分支系统学分析。经过简约性分析,得到了1684棵同等最大简约分支树。严格一致树的分支结构图表明:1)古草本类植物和单子叶植物是姐妹群关系;2)具有网状脉的类群,薯蓣科,菝葜科,百部科是单子叶植物的最基部类群。由于性状状态间存在着较多的平行和逆转进化,这在一定程度上影响了系统发育重建的准确性;所选择的性状状态之间的演化很可能是平行的、多次的或者是特化的状态,因此这样复杂的演化关系的探索关键在于找到一些能确切反映其系统演化关系的形态性状。目前很难通过简约化的形态分支分析来解开整个单子叶植物的起源和演化之谜。为了避开对系统学分析造成干扰的误导性状,形态数据结合DNA序列分析很可能是必需的。 相似文献
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壳斗科的地质历史及其系统学和植物地理学意义 总被引:43,自引:1,他引:42
在收集整理现有壳斗科化石资料的基础上,讨论了壳斗科及其各属的起源时间、地史分布和地史
演替过程以及这些化石资料在系统学和植物地理学上的意义。白垩纪尚无壳斗科可靠的大化石记录,
微化石需要进一步研究才能确定亲缘关系以及古新世壳斗科已经分化出两个类群。从以上这些事实推
论壳斗科起源于白垩纪晚期,而壳斗科现代各属出现的时间应不晚于古新世。最早发现的壳斗科化石和现代栗亚科和水青冈亚科在形态结构上非常相似,这一事实表明,壳斗科分为两个亚科的观点更接近客观事实。在水青冈亚科中,三棱栎类的化石最早出现;在栎属中,青冈亚属更接近祖先类群;在地史中全缘栎类较具齿栎类出现早,粗齿的落叶栎类出现最晚。三棱栎属、栲属和石栎属的化石在老第三纪出现于北美和欧洲的事实说明,北美、欧洲和东亚在老第三纪时有一个相通的壳斗科植物区系。南美的三棱栎是通过北美进入南美的。中国横断山、欧洲地中海沿岸和北美西北部有一类形态特征相似、亲缘关系相近的硬叶栎类,它们之间有相同的地质演替历史,它们现代分布边界可能就是古地中海的边界。美洲的栎类有两个来源,常绿硬叶栎类是通过古地中海沿岸而经北美-欧洲陆桥到达的,落叶栎类则是在中新世以后通过白令海峡到达的。 相似文献
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杉科植物的系统发育分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文以形态学为依据,参考其他学科的研究成果,用分支分类方法并结合表征分类方法探讨了杉科植物的系统演化关系,提出了新的分类系统。在分支分类中,金松科被选作外类群。主要根据外类群比较原则、化石原则和一般的演化规律,确定了性状的祖征和衍征,采用最大同步法、综合分析法、演化极端结合法及最小平行进化法共四种方法进行分支分析,选择最简约的分支图作为本文讨论基础。在表征分类中,选取59个性状,利用距离系数和类平均法,对金松属和杉科各属进行了聚类运算,得出表征图。综合两种分析结果,主要结论如下:(1)属间关系:柳杉属是现存杉科植物中最原始的类群。水松属和落羽杉属关系密切,二者与柳杉属近缘。巨杉属和北美红杉属关系密切,是中级进化水平的类群。水杉属与巨杉属和北美红杉属的亲缘关系相对较近。杉木属、密叶杉属和台湾杉属关系密切,是杉科植物中的高级进化类群,其中又以台湾杉属演化水平最高。(2)系统排列:支持金松科的成立,将杉科分成5族,即柳杉族(仅含柳杉属)、落羽杉族(含水松属、落羽杉属)、北美红杉族(含巨杉属、北美红杉属)、水杉族(仅含水杉属)和杉木族(含杉木属、密叶杉属及台湾杉属)。 相似文献
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为探究花椒属种水平系统进化关系以及为新品种培育研究奠定理论基础,该研究以芸香科物种的叶片为材料,采用改良CTAB法提取叶绿体DNA,利用BGISEQ-500平台进行叶绿体基因组测序,并对叶绿体基因组进行组装、注释,联合NCBI数据库数据,共获得芸香科19属49个物种的全叶绿体基因组序列。构建了芸香科属间系统进化关系。结果表明,(1)基于叶绿体基因组序列矩阵(总长196 641 bp),ML和BI 2种方法得到的系统发育树的拓扑结够基本一致,系统发育树各分支具有较强的支持率,叶绿体基因组数据可以解决芸香科属间的系统发育关系。(2)芸香科为单系类群,并进一步形成两大分支,其中柑橘亚科为单系,与芸香亚科内的芸香属聚为分支I,分支Ⅱ由芸香亚科和飞龙掌血亚科组成,两亚科均不是单系,其中飞龙掌血亚科的香肉果属,茵芋属与芸香亚科的白鲜属,臭常山属是最早分化出来的类群,其次是蜜茱萸属和山油柑属;黄檗属和吴茱萸属与花椒属类群形成姊妹群,飞龙掌血属的物种飞龙掌血嵌套于花椒属分支中,支持飞龙掌血物种并入花椒属的处理。 相似文献
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The present paper deals with the pollen morphology of 103 species belonging to sixgenera-Castanea, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus, Fagus and Trigonobalanus in threesubfamilies-Castaneoideae, Quercoideae and Fagoideae. All pollen grains were examinedunder light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and those of some species were ex-amined under transmission electron microscope. The results may be summarised as follows:1. Pollen morphology of Fagaceae, seems to support division of the family into threesubfamilies. Fagoideae, Castaneoideae and Quercoideae.2. Four types of pollen grains are recognized in Fagaceae:1) Fagus-type (representative genus: Fagus): pollen granis are oblate-sphaeroidal,(31.5-39.9) x (35.7 46.2) μm in size, 3(-4)-colporate, peritreme or goniotreme, granulate-ornate under LM., granulate or verrucate under SEM.2) Trigonobalanus-type (T. doichangensis): pollen grains are suboblate-sphaeroidal,(23.1-29.4) ×(25.2-29.4) μm in size, 3-colporate, goniotreme, obscurely granulate-ornateunder LM, densely granulate or verrucate under SEM.3) Quercus-type (Quercus): pollen grains are subspheroidal-subprolate, (21-44.3)× (16.8-39.9) μm in size. 3-colporoidate (-3-colpate), peritreme, crassgranulate or finely-gra-nulate under LM, tuberculate verrucate or spinate under SEM.4) Castanea-type (including Castanea, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus): Pollen grains areprolate-supraprolate, (14.7-23.1)×(10.5-16.8)μm in size; 3-colporate, peritreme, obscu-rely ornate or subpsilate, under LM, rugulose, striate-rugulate or crass-striate under SEM.3. Pollen grains of Cyclobalanopsis age very similar to those of Quercus, and there-fore we support the treatment of Cyclobalanopsis as a subgenus of Quercus.4. On the basis of shape, type of aperture and exine structure, pollen of Trigonobalanusis distinguishable from those of the other genera in Fagaceae and it may be a new type of Fagaceae;5. On the basis of pollen morphology, morphological characters and geological stratification a scheme of phylogeny of Fagaceae is here presented. 相似文献
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Ho Tien-Hsiang 《植物分类学报:英文版》1981,19(3):271-278
In the present paper, 3 species of Fagus, 6 of Castanea, 24 of Castanopsis, 26 of
Lithocarpus, and 34 of Quercus (sens. lat.), totaling 219 specimens (slides) collected
mainly from the province of Kwangtung and the vicinity have been compared, with
special reference to their pore arrangement and ray disposition.
Taking the Genus as a group, the macroscopic structure of each genus in detail,
the end-grain photographs of the representatives and a key to the genera are provided.
After comparing the wood structure, the present writer is of the opinion that it
is better to correlate the genus Castanopsis Spach with the genus Lithocarpus Blume
together, as has been done in some works.[2,14]
In regard to the ring porosity in woody angiosperms it has a close relationships
with the habitat[8,10],i.e., diffuse-porous woods usually present in evergreen trees, while
ring-porous ones in deciduous trees, and of course the anatomical features too, therefore is appropriate for the genus Quercus L. to include Cyclobalanopsis (Endl.) Oerst.
as a natural group. 相似文献
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壳斗科木材识别和分类 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
从106种壳斗科木材构造特征.作为本科木材识别和分类依据,概括于下: 散孔材,管孔细,单个密布,在生长轮末端一狭带无管孔,宽射线为多列射线,较狭而数较多为水青冈属。辐射孔材,管孔成串径列,宽射线聚合型,在横面反光弱为主,分布不均,促使材身槽棱不整齐,槽底平而宽长的为稠属。辐射孔材,管孔成串径、斜列为主,宽射线聚合型(常见)和栎型,在横面反光强,分布均匀,促使材身槽棱整齐,槽底尖而分隔为青冈属。半环孔材或环孔材,早材管孔沿生长轮不连续排列,在肉眼下可见至明显,晚材管孔成串径列,弯曲或火焰状,宽射线聚合型,常数少且几条聚近分布,大部分树种无宽射线的为锥属。环孔材,早材管孔沿生长轮连续排列,肉眼下明显,侵填体丰富,晚材管孔成串径列,弯曲或火焰状,宽射线栎型为栎属。环孔材,早材管孔沿生长轮连续排列,肉眼下明显,具侵填体,晚材管孔成串径列,弯曲或火焰状,射线细而肉眼下不见为栗属。 各属共同特征,薄壁组织离管带状,似环管(实际为环管管胞),生长轮不同程度波状。 相似文献
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ZHOU Zhe-Kun 《植物分类学报:英文版》1999,37(4):369-385
The fossil history of the Fagaceae from China and its systematic and biogeographic
implications are discussed based on revisionary studies of the fossil records. No creditable
macrofossil record of the Fagaceae exists in the Cretaceous deposits and all the Cretaceous microfossil reports remain equivocal and require further study. The Paleocene fossils show the
appearance and diversification of the two groups corresponding to the subfamilies Fagoideae
and Castaneoideae sensu Nixon. By the Eocene, all modern genera had been present. The
oldest fagaceous fossils represent subfamily Fagoideae with affinities to the extant genus
Trigonobalanus. The leaf fossil genus Berryophyllum, with affinities to Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis, has been documented by the early Eocene and might have occurred earlier than
other fossils assignable to Quercus. The appearance of evergreen sclerophyllous Ouercus
with entire leaves might have occurred earlier than those with toothed leaves. Deciduous, urticoid-leaved oak fossils (Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus) had not appeared until the
Miocene. Fossil equivalents of Trigonobalanus, Castanopsis and Lithocarpus had occurred
in Europe and North America by the early Tertiary, suggesting that continuous distributions
were achieved via the northern hemisphere land bridges. Three groups of evergreen sclerophyllous oaks of apparent close phylogenetic relationships occurred in the Hengduan mountains, the Mediterranean area and northwestern North America. Their fossil forms have become dominant elements of those vegetation zones since the Miocene. A shared fossil history
indicates a possible biogeographic boundary formed by the ancient Mediterranean. The evidence suggests that the oaks might arrive in North America during two distinct geologic periods: evergreen sclerophyllous entire-leaved oaks appeared by the Early Tertiary, whereas thedeciduous oaks with urticoid leaves appeared in the Late Tertiary. 相似文献
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The characters of leaf epidermis (mainly epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes) have been
examined in 48 species of Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis of the Fagaceae. The adaxial leaf epidermis was investigated under light microscope. The epidermal cells of this surface are of two types
in terms of the outline of their anticlinal wall. One type is characterized by having straight wall, and this type has been observed in most of the species studied, while the other is characterized by having
sinuate or sinuolate wall, and this type has been found only in eight species, such as Q. blakei and
Q. hui. There exist two types of trichome-bases on this surface: in one type the bases are singlecelled, and this type has been found in most of the species studied, such as Q. oxyodon and Q.
augustinii; while in the other the bases consist of a group of cells, and this type has been found
only in nine species, such as Q. thorelii and Q. chungii. The abaxial leaf epidermis was investigated under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The epidermal cells and the
trichome-bases on this surface under LM are in morphology essentially similar to those on the adaxial
surface. The stomata under LM include three types: cyclocytic, subcyclocytic and anomocytic. The
stomatal density is of some diagnostic value to distinguish between closely related species, e.g. the
stomatal density in Q. glauca is higher than that in Q. schottkyana. Under SEM the stomata are
elliptical or roundish. The most noteworthy feature of the adaxial leaf epidermis is the trichomes.
Eight types of trichomes have been observed under SEM: simple-uniseriate, solitary, papillae, stellate, fused-stellate, stipitate-fasciculate, multiradiate and jellyfish-like. The first type, i.e. the
simple-uniseriate trichome, is glandular, other six types, i.e. the solitary, papillae, stellate,
fused-stellate, stipitate-fasciculate and multiradiate trichomes, are non-glandular, and the last one,
i.e. the jellyfish-like trichome, may represent an intermediate type in structure between the glandular and the non-glandular trichomes. Papillae are very common in subgen. Cyclobalanopsis although
in the Fagaceae they were previously reported only in a few species of Lithocarpus. The jellyfish-like
trichome, observed only in Q. sichouensis, is reported in the Fagaceae for the first time. The evolutionary trends of trichomes are discussed. The trichomes seem to evolve toward the direction of increasing complexity in structure. Papillae are considered as the pedomorphism of trichomes. From
papillae the solitary trichomes and then the stellate ones have evolved. The complicated trichome
types with more arms may be produced from relatively simple ones with fewer arms by means of varions fusion: several stellate trichomes are fused to form the fused-stellate ones by basal fusion, and
by the same way the fused-stellate ones to form the stipitate-fasciculate ones; the multiradiate
trichomes are formed by the stellate ones, in which the arms emerge in a variety of seemingly random
directions from a typically rounded common base. Based on the above results, it is considered that
the trichome features are of important significance for a better understanding of the infrageneric division of Quercus and the phylogenetic relationships between this genus and the other genera in the
Fagaceae. The very common presence of papillae in Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis and in a few
species of Lithocarpus may indicate that subgen. Cyclobalanopsis is a quite natural group on the one
hand, and may have close relationship with Lithocarpus on the other hand. The thin-walled, jellyfish-like trichomes found in Q. sichouensis are in structure similar to the “glandular” peltate
trichomes in Trigonobalanus, a genus generally regarded as the most primitive in subfam. Quercoideae, indicating that the affinity between subgen. Cyclobalanopsis and Trigonobalanus may becloser than that between subgen. Quercus and Trigonobalanus. 相似文献
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栎属青冈亚属(壳斗科)的叶表皮研究 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15
利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了栎属青冈亚属Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis 48种植物的叶表皮,尤以对叶下表皮的毛被特征观察较为仔细。共观察到8种不同类型的叶表皮毛:单列毛、单毛、乳突、星状毛、溶和星状毛、具柄束毛、多出毛和水母状毛。其中乳突在青冈亚属中较常见,而在壳斗科其他属中仅在石栎属 Lithocarpus 少数种类中有报道;水母状毛首次在壳斗科中发现。毛被可能遵循以下的演化规律:乳突→单毛→星状毛;星状毛依照从简单→复杂的演化途径,分化出各种形态各异和结构复杂的毛系。初步讨论了毛被以及叶表皮其他特征(如毛基细胞和表皮细胞的形态、气孔的类型和密度等)的分类和系统学意义。 相似文献