毛茛科金莲花亚科植物的地理分布

本文对毛茛科金莲花亚科各属的地理分布作了分析,该亚科植物除了少数属的一些种分布到南半球的温带地区,一些种分布或延伸到亚热带山地、非洲东部和北部的干旱、半干旱的地区外,绝大部分的属、种均分布于泛北极区域。根据其17个属的地理分布式样,把它们划分为8个分布区类型：(1)北温带分布类型4属;(2)北温带和非洲分布类型1属;(3)北半球温带和南半球间断分布类型l属;(4) 欧洲和东亚间断分布类型l属;(5)西亚分布类型l属;(6)地中海分布类型3属;(7)欧亚和温带亚洲分布类型l属;(8)东亚分布类型5属。本文以形态特征为主,结合花粉和染色体的性状分析,认为东亚特有的鸡爪草属、Megaleranthis和铁破锣属可能分别是联系驴蹄草属和金莲花属,鸡爪草属和金莲花属以及金莲花族和升麻族的中间类型。另外,文中详细地统计了该亚科的不同等级分类群及特有种在各个植物区的分布,并从系统发育的观点讨论了各个植物区所具有的原始类群和进化类群,提出了如下论点,即东亚植物区(特别是中国西南部)不但是金莲花亚科植物分布的多度和多样性中心以及特有类群的分布中心,而且还是原始类群的保存中心,伊朗-土兰区及地中海周围是第二分布中心。     

毛茛科金莲花亚科植物的地理分布

本文对毛茛科金莲花亚科各属的地理分布作了分析,该亚科植物除了少数属的一些种分布到南半球的温带地区,一些种分布或延伸到亚热带山地、非洲东部和北部的干旱、半干旱的地区外,绝大部分的属、种均分布于泛北极区域。根据其17个属的地理分布式样,把它们划分为8个分布区类型:(1)北温带分布类型4属;(2)北温带和非洲分布类型1属;(3)北半球温带和南半球间断分布类型1属;(4)欧洲和东亚间断分布类型1属;(5)西亚分布类型1属;(6)地中海分布类型3属;(7)欧亚和温带亚洲分布类型1属;(8)东亚分布类型5属。本文以形态特征为主,结合花粉和染色体的性状分析,认为东亚特有的鸡爪草属、Megaleranthis和铁破锣属可能分别是联系驴蹄草属和金莲花属,鸡爪草属和金莲花属以及金莲花族和升麻族的中间类型。另外,文中详细地统计了该亚科的不同等级分类群及特有种在各个植物区的分布,并从系统发育的观点讨论了各个植物区所具有的原始类群和进化类群,提出了如下论点,即东亚植物区(特别是中国西南部)不但是金莲花亚科植物分布的多度和多样性中心以及特有类群的分布中心,而且还是原始类群的保存中心,伊朗-土兰区及地中海周围是第二分布中心。     

甘肃藜科植物研究

根据对藜科植物标本的收集、整理和系统鉴定,本地区藜科植物共有67种,隶属于21属,8族,在我省有2个分布丰富区：河西走廊地区和青藏高原东缘的甘南地区。分析表明,本区藜科植物可划为5个分布型和3个变型,其中以地中海区、西亚和中亚分布最多（占33.4％）,除世界分布和中国特有外,均为温带性地理成分（占71％）,结合对孑遗属的分析,说明了本区系的主要特征为典型的温带性质和具有一定的古老性,并与相邻地区有一定的联系;本区系起源于白垩纪至第三纪的古地中海沿岸,伴随着青藏高原的隆起、海浸海退以及气候的变迁形成了现今的区系成分。根据植物区系分区的原则和方法,将甘肃藜科植物区系划分为5个区系小区：走廊小区,祁连山小区,中部小区,甘南小区和陇南小区,其中走廊小区和甘南小区不仅是本区藜科植物主要的分布区,而且也是我省重要的农业区和畜牧业基地,因此,对各小区的区系特征进行了论述并提出了相应的生产实践的建议,以期为我省的防风固沙、植被恢复和草场建设等提供理论依据。     

甘肃风毛菊属植物区系地理研究及与邻近地区区系的关系

根据对风毛菊属植物野外调查,标本的收集、整理和系统鉴定,该地区风毛菊属植物共有57种1变种,隶属于4亚属,在甘肃省有2个分布丰富区:青藏高原东、北缘的甘南地区和祁连山地。分析表明,风毛菊属植物是一个北温带分布的属,可划为5个分布型和2个变型,其中以中国特有、横断山脉—喜马拉雅分布最多(分别占36%和29.5%),特有属为新特有属,说明该区系属于一个年轻的、以横断山脉—喜马拉雅分布为主的温带性质,并与青藏高原、中亚地区有密切联系;喜马拉雅、横断山区是风毛菊属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心,华北、华中地区是一个次生分布中心;菊科在古地中海地区于第三纪的早、中期得到分化与发展,其中原始的帚木菊族向西南亚迁移时分化、衍生出原始的菜蓟族的祖先种,该族在大约第三纪从起源中心向中亚干旱地区分化出风毛菊属植物,因此,该区系起源于第三纪的中亚至喜马拉雅一带;青藏高原的隆起、海浸海退,使属内种类剧烈分化,第三纪、第四纪北半球冰期、间冰期交替作用,使本区系向亚洲温暖地区迁移,并进一步发展,形成了现今的区系成分。     

金缕梅科:地理分布、化石历史和起源

本文利用系统发育与地理分布相结合的方法,探讨金缕梅科各属植物的系统位置和分布式样,并结合化石、古地理及古气候等证据,讨论该科的分布中心,可能的起源时间和地点以及现代分布式样形成的原因。研究结果表明：全世界金缕梅科植物共30属144种,间断分布于亚洲西部、东部、东南部,非洲东部、南部,大洋洲的澳大利亚东北部以及中美洲和北美洲的东南部,欧洲和南美洲尚无现代类群分布的记载。它基本上是一个热带和亚热带山地分布的科。通过对该科30个属的系统位置及其分布式样的分析,将金缕梅科属的分布归纳为：A．热带分布类型(18属),包括(1)热带亚洲分布(11属),(2)热带中美洲分布(2属),(3)热带非洲分布(2属),(4)热带大洋洲分布(3属),B．温带分布类型(12属),包括(5)东亚分布(7属),(6)西亚分布(2属),(7)西亚-东亚-北美间断分布(1属),(8)东亚-北美间断分布(1属),(9)北美分布(1属)。东亚区南部到印度支那区北部(即中国长江以南至中南半岛北部地区)是它的现代分布区中心;根据化石证据、原始类型分布和外类群分布分析,提出该科植物起源于劳亚古陆,并曾经有一个很长的白垩纪历史,至少在早白垩纪金缕梅科植物的先驱就已经出现。最后,从地质和气候的变迁等方面探讨了金缕梅科现代分布区形成的原因。     

藜科植物化学成分与生物活性的研究进展

藜科植物广泛分布于干旱和盐碱地区,我国约有38属184种,新疆是我国藜科植物分布最多的地区。藜科植物主要含有生物碱、甾体、萜类和黄酮化合物,其生物活性逐渐受到人们的关注。本文对该科植物的化学成分和生物活性的研究进展进行了综述。     

榆科榉属的植物地理学

榉属是东亚—地中海间断分布局,分属于东亚植物区、地中海植物区及伊朗—土兰植物区。根据现存榉属植物的形态演化趋势、细胞学、孢粉学证据及其化石资料和古地质历史事件相结合分析,该属植物是第三纪温带森林的孑遗成分而且第三纪末期的喜马拉雅造山运动及第四纪的冰川作用是样属植物演化的主要动力。在欧洲,由于喜马拉雅造山运动及第四纪冰川作用的较强烈,使分布于此的榉属植物受到严厉的生存竞争,未能适应环境的物种遭受灭绝,少数进行适应性变异的物种在极端环境条件下生存了下来。而东亚地区由于自然环境相对较稳定,便成了榉属植物的避难所,因此也保留了榉属植物种较为古老的种类。     

异叶苣苔属地上茎的生长式样及其系统发育意义

对异叶苣苔属植物地上茎形态发生过程的观察旨在揭示该属地上茎的生长式样。该研究发现异 叶苣苔属植物地上茎的生长式样并不是以往所认为的简单顶端生长。该属植物的顶芽已完全受到抑制。其地上茎实际上是萌发于小型叶叶腋的侧芽替代顶芽生长所形成的各级侧枝系统,即合轴分枝系统。异叶苣苔属植物地上茎的不分枝情况是位于大型叶叶腋的腋芽受到抑制所致,纯粹是一种次生现象,并不是尖舌苣苔族植物原始祖先的孑遗性状。尖舌苣苔族其他属植物地上茎的生长式样并不均是从异叶苣苔属植物的生长式样演化而来。出蕊苣苔属和异叶苣苔属植物地上茎的生长式样可能来自同一个不太远的祖先,但已经向着不同的方向演化。独叶苣苔属植物复杂的圆锥状对花聚伞花序并非从异叶苣苔属地上茎上部,即生殖生长部分退化而来,乃幼态成熟的复化过程所致。尖舌苣苔属的总状花序可能更接近尖舌苣苔族的原始祖先类型。     

百合科(狭义)植物的分布区对中国植物区系研究的意义

本文对百合科(狭义)各属的地理分布作了分析,该科植物集中分布于泛北极域,属于北温带的科。该科所有的9个属,只在东亚区全部有分布,而且该区具有百合科(狭义)植物各系统演化阶段的类群,因此,东亚区是该科的多样化中心。其中百合族所包括的5个属(贝母属、百合属、大百合属、豹子花属和假百合属)集中分布于中国西南至喜马拉雅地区,其分布区均在中国-喜马拉雅地区重叠,表明中国-喜马拉雅地区是百合族的多样化中心。百合族是百合科(狭义)的核心部分。因而认为中国-喜马拉雅地区是研究百合科(狭义)植物演化的关键地区之一。从种类的统计分析表明,伊朗-土兰区分布的种类最多,说明伊朗-土兰区是该科的多度中心．文中还从一些属(贝母属、大百合属、顶冰花属和洼瓣花属)内种的分布,提出可作为划分某些植物区的依据。而且,还从假百合属的分布,阐明中国植物区系与古地中海植物区系的亲缘。     

论无心菜属的地理分布

全世界无心菜属植物有306种,隶属10亚属24组,主要分布于欧、亚、美三洲和北非,基本上是北温带分布属。文章分析了亚属的系统位置及其分布式样。地中海区到西亚亚区和中亚亚区的西北部是其分布区中心,也可能是它的起源地,中国横断山脉到青藏高原是其次生分布中心。起源时间至少应该追溯到白垩纪中期。最后,讨论了它的散布途径和现代分布式样的形成及其原因。     

Origin,Differentiation, and Geographic Distribution of the Chenopodiaceae

Numbers of species and genera,endemic genera,extant primitive genera,relationship and distribution patterns of presently living Chenopodiaceae(two subfamilies,12 tribes,and 118 genera)are analyzed and compared for eight distributional areas,namely central Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean region,Africa,North America,South America, Australia and East Asia． The Central Asia,where the number of genera and diversity of taxa are greater than in other areas,appears to be the center of distribution of extant Chenopodiaceae．North America and Australia are two secondary centers of distribution． Eurasia has 11 tribes out of the 12,a total of 70 genera of extant chenopodiaceous plants,and it contains the most primitive genera of every tribe． Archiatriplex of Atripliceae,Hablitzia of Hablitzeae,Corispermum of Corispermeae,Camphorosma of Camphorosmaea,Kalidium of Salicornieae,Polecnemum of Polycnemeae,Alexandra of Suaedeae,and Nanophyton of Salsoleae,are all found in Eurasia,The Beteae is an Eurasian endemic tribe,demonstrating the antiquity of the Chenopodiaceae flora of Eurasia．Hence,Eurasia is likely the place of origin of chenopodiaceous plants． The presence of chenopodiaceous plants is correlated with an arid climate．During the Cretaceous Period,most places of the continent of Eurasia were occupied by the ancient precursor to the Mediterranean,the Tethys Sea．At that time the area of the Tethys Sea had a dry and warm climate．Therefore,primitive Chenopodiaceae were likely present on the beaches of this ancient land．This arid climatic condition resulted in differentiation of the tribes Chenopodieae,Atripliceae,Comphorosmeae,Salicornieae,etc．,the main primitive tribes of the subfamily Cyclolobeae. Then following continental drift and the Laurasian and Gondwanan disintegration, the Chenopodiaceae were brought to every continent to propagate and develop, and experience the vicissitudes of climates, forming the main characteristics and distribution patterns of recent continental floras. The tribes Atripliceae, Chenopodieae, Camphorosmeae, and Salicornieae of recent Chenopodiaceae in Eurasia, North America, South America, southern Africa, and Australia all became strongly differentiated. However, Australia and South America, have no genera of Spirolobeae except for a few maritime Suaeda species. The Salsoleae and Suaedeae have not arrived in Australia and South America, which indicates that the subfamily Spirolobeae developed in Eurasia after Australia separated from the ancient South America-Africa continent, and South America had left Africa. The endemic tribe of North America, the tribe Sarcobateae, has a origin different from the tribes Salsoleae and Suaedeae of the subfamily Spirolobeae. Sarcobateae flowers diverged into unisexuality and absence of bractlets. Clearly they originated in North America after North America had left the Eurasian continent. North America and southern Africa have a few species of Salsola, but none of them have become very much differentiated or developed, so they must have arrived through overland migration across ancient continental connections. India has no southern African Chenopodiaceae floristic components except for a few maritime taxa, which shows that when the Indian subcontinent left Africa in the Triassic period, the Chenopodiaceae had not yet developed in Africa. Therefore, the early Cretaceous Period about 120 million years ago, when the ancient Gondwanan and Laurasian continents disintegrated, could have been the time of origin of Chenopodiaceae plants.The Chinese flora of Chenopodiaceae is a part of Chenopodiaceae flora of central Asia. Cornulaca alaschnica was discovered from Gansu, China, showing that the Chinese Chenopodiaceae flora certainly has contact with the Mediterranean Chenopodiaceae flora. The contact of southeastern China with the Australia Chenopodiaceae flora, however, is very weak.     

Best linear unbiased prediction of host-range of the facultative parasite Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. salsolae, a potential biological control agent of Russian thistle

Russian thistle or tumbleweed (Salsola tragus L.) is an introduced invasive weed in N. America. It is widely distributed in the US and is a target of biological control efforts.The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. f. sp. salsolae (CGS) is a facultative parasite under evaluation for classical biological control of this weed. Host-range tests were conducted with CGS in quarantine to determine whether the fungus is safe to release in N. America. Ninetytwo accessions were analyzed from 19 families: Aizoaceae, Alliaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cactaceae, Campanulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Sarcobataceae, and Solanaceae and 10 tribes within the Chenopodiaceae: Atripliceae, Beteae, Camphorosmeae, Chenopodieae, Corispermeae, Halopepideae, Polycnemeae, Salicornieae, Salsoleae, and Suaedeae. These included 62 genera and 120 species. To facilitate interpretation of results, disease reaction data were combined with a relationship matrix derived from internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences and analyzed with mixed model equations to produce Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) for each species. Twenty-nine species (30 accessions) from seven closely-related Chenopodiaceae tribes had significant levels of disease severity as indicated by BLUPs, compared to six species determined to be susceptible with least squares means estimates. The 29 susceptible species were: 1 from Atripliceae, 4 from Camphorosmeae, 1 from Halopepideae, 2 from Polycnemeae, 6 from Salicornieae, 8 from Salsolae, and 7 from Suaedeae. Most species in the genus Salsola, which are all introduced and weedy, were very susceptible and damaged by CGS. Statistical comparisons and contrasts of BLUPs indicated that these Salsola species were significantly more susceptible than non-target species, including 15 species from relatives in the closely-related genera Bassia (=Kochia), Nitrophila, Salicornia, Sarcocornia, and Suaeda. Of the 29 susceptible species, 10 native or commercially important species in N. America were identified as needing additional tests to determine the extent of any damage caused by infection.     

Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 photosynthesis

? Premise of the study: Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae), including Atriplex (300 spp.) as the largest genus of the family, are an ecologically important group of steppes and semideserts worldwide. Relationships in Atripliceae are poorly understood due to obscure and potentially convergent morphological characters. ? Methods: Using sequence variation of two chloroplast markers (rbcL gene, atpB-rbcL spacer) and one nrDNA marker (ITS) analyzed with BEAST, we investigated the systematics and biogeography of Atripliceae. We surveyed flower morphology and fruit anatomy to study the evolution of flowers and fruits in the tribe. ? Key results: Female flowers with persistent foliar cover (the diagnostic character of traditional Atripliceae) evolved three times in Chenopodioideae, in Atripliceae s.s., Axyrideae, and Spinacia. Atripliceae s.s. started to diversify during the Early Miocene in Eurasia, separating into the Archiatriplex and the Atriplex clades. The former consists of eight species-poor, disjunct, and morphologically heterogeneous genera and is likely a relictual lineage. The Atriplex clade comprises the majority of species and evolved one C(4) lineage 14.1-10.5 Ma, which diversified rapidly worldwide. The C(4) Atriplex entered North America during the Middle/Late Miocene and spread to South America subsequently. Australia was colonized by two C(4) lineages both arriving during the Late Miocene. One of them diversified rapidly, giving rise to most Australian Atriplex species. ? Conclusions: Atripliceae s.s. comprise Archiatriplex, Atriplex, Exomis, Extriplex, Grayia, Halimione, Holmbergia, Manochlamys, Proatriplex, and Stutzia. Microgynoecium is included based on morphology but only weak molecular support. Axyris, Krascheninnikovia, and Ceratocarpus (here described as Axyrideae) and Spinacia are excluded from Atripliceae.     

梧桐科植物的地理分布

梧桐科植物全世界有60属约1546种,主要分布在热带和亚热带地区,只有少数种类可分布至温带地区,由于梧桐科是多型的科,科的范围较大,对有些属是否应隶属于该科,国内外学者的意见很不一致。本文基本上按照J.Hutchinson系统和参考有关文献对一些属的分类位置作了调整,把梧桐科分为12族,根据A.Takhtajan的世界植物区系区划的原则,将梧桐植物在世界上的分布区,划分为6区8亚区23地区,并指出各属在中国各省区的地理分布,现在中国梧桐科植物连引种栽培的在内共有25属99种7变种,其中野生的有18属85种7变种,引种栽培的有8属14种,对梧桐科植物的起源和发展作了一些探讨。     

Origin and age of Australian Chenopodiaceae

We studied the age, origins, and possible routes of colonization of the Australian Chenopodiaceae. Using a previously published rbcL phylogeny of the Amaranthaceae–Chenopodiaceae alliance (Kadereit et al. 2003) and new ITS phylogenies of the Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae, we conclude that Australia has been reached in at least nine independent colonization events: four in the Chenopodioideae, two in the Salicornieae, and one each in the Camphorosmeae, Suaedeae, and Salsoleae. Where feasible, we used molecular clock estimates to date the ages of the respective lineages. The two oldest lineages both belong to the Chenopodioideae (Scleroblitum and Chenopodium sect. Orthosporum/Dysphania) and date to 42.2–26.0 and 16.1–9.9 Mya, respectively. Most lineages (Australian Camphorosmeae, the Halosarcia lineage in the Salicornieae, Sarcocornia, Chenopodium subg. Chenopodium/Rhagodia, and Atriplex) arrived in Australia during the late Miocene to Pliocene when aridification and increasing salinity changed the landscape of many parts of the continent. The Australian Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae diversified rapidly after their arrival. The molecular-clock results clearly reject the hypothesis of an autochthonous stock of Chenopodiaceae dating back to Gondwanan times. Instead, they indicate that most lineages arrived in Australia via long-distance dispersal. Some lineages (e.g. the Halosarcia lineage) may have used the Indonesian archipelagos as stepping stones. The authors are aware that estimates of diversification times using a molecular clock can be subject to considerable levels of error. Our estimates of the age of Australian chenopod lineages based on three alternative fossils were made independently from any knowledge about shifts in climatic and geographical conditions in Australia during the times of arrival. In most cases, however, the paleoclimatic scenario indicates habitat shifts suitable for the respective chenopod colonizer, which corroborates our findings and provides a plausible scenario.     

棕榈科植物的地理分布

棕榈科是一个泛热带分布的科,共有１９８属,约２６７０种,下分６亚科,１４族。贝叶棕族是最原始的族,低地榈族则最进化。本科植物在世界上的分布可划分为１３个区,其中以印度－马来西区和新热带区的属、种最多。中国只有１６属和８５种,没有特有属。这些种大部分属热带亚洲分布,与热带亚洲植物区系关系非常密切。关于棕榈科起源地问题,有西冈瓦纳起源和劳亚起源之说。根据化石记录和形态特征的分析,棕榈科很可能于早白垩纪     

ITS sequence data support a single origin for North American Astereae (Asteraceae) and reflect deep geographic divisions in Aster s.l

The Astereae is the largest tribe of Asteraceae in North America. Morphological diversity suggests that the North American assemblage is polyphyletic as 12 endemic genera, as well as lineages of the genus Erigeron and Conyza (Conyzinae), have been hypothesized to represent at least five separate invasions of North America from Africa, Australia, Eurasia, and South America. This hypothesis was tested with a phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Sequences for 62 taxa represent seven outgroup taxa and all major Northern and Southern Hemisphere groups of Astereae, including broad taxonomic and geographic sampling of Conyzinae and Aster s.l. (sensu lato). Parsimony analyses indicate that all North American Astereae are members of a strongly supported clade, and that a diverse group of predominantly woody taxa from Africa, Australia, and South America, are basal Astereae. Furthermore, Aster s.l. is deeply polyphyletic as Eurasian taxa, including Aster s.s. (sensu stricto), appear more closely related to Southern Hemisphere taxa than to North American Aster segregates. There is only low to moderate agreement between proposed higher level Astereae relationships based on ITS and those based either on morphology or chloroplast restriction site data.     

Givetian Stringocephalid brachiopods from eastern Yunnan of Southwest China with notes on global distribution of the family Stringocephalidae

Stringocephalid brachiopods are widely known in the Givetian, but little knowledge is obtained concerning their palaeobiogeographical patterns globally, therefore further studies with new updates and details are required. In this paper, we describe two new stringocephalid brachiopod genera: Yangirostra asiatica n. gen. n. sp. (subfamily Stringocephalinae) and Chinellirostra rara n. gen. n. sp. (subfamily Bornhardtininae), and a new species Stringocephalus sinensis n. sp., together with an indeterminate species Parastringocephalus sp., from the Givetian (late Middle Devonian) of eastern Yunnan, Southwest China. Moreover, with information of the stringocephalides from North Africa, Alaska, North America, Europe and Northeast Eurasia, we compile a dataset of family Stringocephalidae containing 32 genera in 7 subfamilies globally. Based on our data, subfamily Stringocephalinae brachiopods show cosmopolitism and considerably wide distribution from Siberia to the northern Gondwana margins (i.e., North Africa and Australia). Nevertheless, the Boreal Realm and Palaeotethyan Realm are depicted in this paper at the subfamily level, which is much different from the previous palaeobiogeographical schemes in the Givetian. Furthermore, palaeobiogeographical links between Siberia, the Urals and western North America (Alaska, Canada, Nevada and Sonora) are confirmed by diversification of the subfamilies Omoloninae and Rensselandiinae. Whereas in Eurasia (i.e., western and eastern Europe, North and South China), many endemic species of the subfamilies Bornhardtininae and Geranocephalinae are present, as well as the Kaplexinae and Leioseptathyridinae.