感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠心、肾ACE和ACE2的表达

目的研究肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）基因血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）和血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）在感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠心肌和肾脏中的表达情况,探讨ACE、ACE2在盐敏感性高血压发生发展中的作用。方法用乳鼠皮下注射辣椒辣素法建立模型。哺乳期后,大鼠被随机分成4组：对照＋正常盐饮食组（CON-NS）、对照＋高盐饮食组（CON-HS）、辣椒辣素＋正常盐饮食组（CAP-NS）、辣椒辣素＋高盐饮食组（CAP-HS）。四组大鼠分别接受4周不同的处理。至7周龄（分组饲养后第4周）处死大鼠,免疫组化检测大鼠心肌和肾脏ACE和ACE2蛋白的表达,反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测大鼠心肌和肾脏ACE和ACE2mRNA的表达。结果①至7周龄（分组饲养后第4周）各组动物体重差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。②各组动物在分组时（0周）鼠尾收缩压差异无显著性（P=0.583）,至7周龄（分组饲养后第4周）,CAP-HS组鼠尾收缩压明显高于其它三组（P〈0.01）。③心肌和肾脏ACE蛋白表达均升高。心肌组织,CAP-HS组与CON-NS比较,P〈0.01,与CON-HS和CAP-NS比较,P〈0.05;肾脏组织,CAP-HS组与其它三组比较,P〈0.01。④心肌和肾脏ACE2蛋白表达均降低。心肌和肾脏组织,CAP-HS组与CON-NS和CAP-NS比较,P〈0.01,与CON-HS比较,P〈0.05。⑤心肌和肾脏ACE mRNA表达均升高。心肌组织,CAP-HS组与CON-NS比较,P〈0.01,与CON-HS和CAP-NS比较,P〈0.05;肾脏组织,CAP-HS组与其它三组比较,P〈0.01。⑥心肌和肾脏ACE2 mRNA表达均降低。心肌和肾脏组织,CAP-HS组与CON-NS和CAP-NS比较,P〈0.01,与CON-HS比较,P〈0.05。结论感觉神经损伤性盐敏感性高血压大鼠心、肾ACE表达升高的同时有ACE2表达的降低,ACE和ACE2表达水平的差异可能与盐敏感性高血压的形成有关。     

血管紧张素酶2在黄疸大鼠心脏中的表达

目的:研究阻塞性黄疸大鼠心组织中血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)的 mRNA 和蛋白质水平,探讨阻塞性黄疸大鼠心功能损害与 ACE2 的关系.方法:36 只 SD 大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组(n=18)和胆总管结扎(BDL)组(n=18),于术后3d、7d、10d分别随机取 2 组大鼠的心组织(n=6),采用实时定量 PCR 方法和免疫组化方法检测心组织内 ACE2 的 mRNA 和蛋白质的表达水平.结果:(1)BDL组的总胆红素(TBIL)和肝功能指标(ALT)较 SO 组显著升高(P＜0.01),BDL 组中 7d 组 TBIL 为最高(158.65±10.80mmol/L)(P＜0.05),3d 组 ALT 为最高(236.07±12.49U/L)(P＜0.05);(2)BDL组心组织 ACE2 的 mRNA 水平较假手术组均呈一定程度的下降,其中 7d 组下降最显著(P＜0.01);(3)黄疸大鼠心肌纤维中 ACE2 的阳性率明显减少,且强度减弱,其中 7d 组减少最明显.结论:阻塞性黄疸大鼠心脏中的 ACE2 mRNA 和蛋白质水平均下调,可能是引起阻塞性黄疽后心功能损害的因素之一.     

自发性高血压大鼠心脏中ACE,AT1R,ACE2和MasR表达变化的研究

目的：通过观察血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）和血管紧张素转化酶2（ACE2）在Wistar-京都种大鼠（WKY）和自发性高血压（SHR）大鼠心脏组织中表达的差异,探讨ACE与ACE2在自发性高血压大鼠高血压形成中的作用。方法：自由饲喂14周龄WKY和SHR雄性大鼠一周后,用BSN-II多通道无创测压系统测定大鼠收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）并称重;放免法测定血浆中血管血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngII）含量;Real-time PCR测定心脏组织中ACE,ATI受体（ATIR）,ACE2和Mas受体（MasR）mRNA的表达水平;Western blot法检测心脏组织中ACE2的蛋白表达。结果：SHR大鼠SBP和DBP均显著高于WKY大鼠（P〈0.01）;两组大鼠心率和体重无显著差异（P〉0.05）;SHR大鼠血浆中AngII含量显著升高（P〈0.05）;与WKY大鼠相比,SHR大鼠心脏中ACE mRNA表达均显著升高（P〈0.05）,ACE2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下降（P〈0.05）;心脏组织中AT1R和MasR的mRNA表达没有显著性变化（P〉0.05）。结论：ACE与ACE2表达失调是SHR大鼠高血压形成的主要原因之一,其机理可能与局部组织RAS系统ACE-AngII-AT1R通路过度活跃,ACE2-Ang（1-7）-MasR通路相对不足有关。     

β-CM7干预对糖尿病大鼠心肌肾素-血管紧张素系统的影响及其保护机制

本文旨在探究β-CM7对糖尿病大鼠心肌组织肾素-血管紧张素系统(Renin angiotensin system,RAS)的影响及其保护机制。32只雄性SD大鼠通过相应处理被分为正常对照组、模型对照组、胰岛素治疗组(3.7×10~(–8) mol/d)及β-CM7干预组(7.5×10~(–8) mol/d)。连续饲养30 d后,处死大鼠取心肌。β-CM7在干预糖尿病模型后,组织中AngⅡ含量显著降低,Ang1-7含量极显著升高;AT1受体和Mas受体mRNA表达均显著升高;ACE和ACE2的mRNA表达均显著升高,且酶活均显著升高。综上可得,β-CM7可以通过激活RAS的负性调节通路"ACE2-Ang1-7-Mas轴"显著抑制大鼠心肌ACE mRNA和蛋白的强表达,缓解AngⅡ对心肌组织的损伤,提示β-CM7抑制心肌损伤的作用可能与ACE/ACE2通路有关。     

肠淋巴液引流对失血性休克小鼠心肌组织ACE/ACE2的作用

目的：观察失血性休克后小鼠心肌组织血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）/ACE2平衡的变化及肠淋巴液引流（PHSML）的作用。方法：BALB/c雄性小鼠24只,随机分为对照组、假手术组、休克组、休克+引流组（n=6）。建立失血性休克模型,行液体复苏;休克+引流组液体复苏后,引流肠淋巴液。在液体复苏后6 h或假手术组相应时间点、对照组于麻醉后,留取心肌组织,qRT-PCR法检测ACE、ACE2、血管紧张素Ⅱ （Ang Ⅱ）1型受体（AT1R）、Mas相关G蛋白偶联受体（Mas1R）的mRNA表达,ELISA方法检测Ang Ⅱ和Ang （1-7）含量。结果：休克组小鼠心肌组织ACE与AT1R mRNA表达、Ang Ⅱ水平均显著高于对照组与假手术组,ACE2与Mas1R mRNA表达显著低于对照组与假手术组、Ang （1-7）含量显著低于对照组,ACE/ACE2、Ang Ⅱ/Ang （1-7）、AT1R/Mas1R显著高于对照组与假手术组;PHSML引流显著抑制了失血性休克对这些指标的作用。结论：失血性休克上调心肌ACE-Ang Ⅱ-AT1R轴、下调ACE2-Ang （1-7）-Mas1R轴表达,引起ACE/ACE2失衡;PHSML引流下调ACE-Ang Ⅱ-AT1R轴、上调ACE2-Ang （1-7）-Mas1R轴表达,在一定程度上维持了ACE/ACE2平衡。     

碱性成纤维生长因子转染骨髓间充质干细胞移植对心肌病心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响

目的探讨碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)转染的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对心肌病心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响。方法通过腹腔注射阿霉素建立心肌病心力衰竭SD大鼠模型,存活33只大鼠随机分成3组:模型组、BMSCs组和BMSCs+bFGF组,每组11只。另设正常对照组(n=8)。取体外培养的第三代SD大鼠BMSCs,质粒-bFGF转染BMSCs,BrdU标记后,分别将BMSCs(3×10~6个)、bFGF转染的BMSCs(3×10~6个)或等体积培养基通过尾静脉注射的方法进行移植。用生物信号采集系统检测大鼠心功能,大鼠心脏切片行免疫组化了解移植细胞在受体心脏的存活情况,实时荧光定量PCR和Western Blotting检测心室组织bFGF的表达水平。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析或精确概率法。结果 BMSCs移植4周后,正常对照组大鼠的心功能指标LVSP(121.13±12.28)mmHg,LVDEP(3.86±1.25)mmHg,LV+d P/dt(3671.25±172.50)mmHg/s和LV-d P/dt(3221.63±259.57)mmHg/s;模型组心功能指标LVSP(81.29±12.39)mmHg,LVDEP(16.43±4.12)mmHg,LV+d P/dt(2344.29±98.63)mmHg/s和LV-d P/dt(2244.29±103.10)mmHg/s;BMSCs组心功能指标LVSP(97.00±6.39)mmHg,LVDEP(12.00±2.73)mmHg,LV+d P/dt(2876.25±118.31)mmHg/s和LV-d P/dt(2726.25±303.23)mmHg/s;BMSCs+bFGF组心功能指标LVSP(109.38±12.78)mmHg,LVDEP(9.25±1.67)mmHg,LV+d P/dt(3037.50±161.22)mmHg/s和LV-d P/dt(3000.13±149.77)mmHg/s,移植组各指标均有改善,比较差异有统计学意义(F=17.29、36.61、111.11、26.54,P均0.01)。免疫组织化学检查示细胞移植组大鼠的心室组织切片上可见Brd U阳性细胞存在。模型组大鼠心室心肌组织bFGF mRNA表达水平高于正常对照组(1.28±0.06 vs 1.00±0.00,t=10.46,P0.01),BMSCs组高于模型组(1.37±0.05 vs 1.28±0.06,t=3.39,P0.01),而BMSCs+bFGF组高于BMSCs组(1.44±0.03 vs 1.37±0.05,t=2.86,P=0.01)。Western Blotting示,正常对照组大鼠心室组织bFGF蛋白表达最低,模型组高于正常对照组(1.31±0.09 vs 1.00±0.00,t=5.48,P=0.01),BMSCs组高于模型组(1.46±0.05 vs 1.31±0.09,t=2.68,P=0.03),而BMSCs+bFGF组高于BMSCs组(1.84±0.09 vs 1.46±0.05,t=6.79,P0.01)。结论转染bFGF基因的BMSCs移植可提高阿霉素所致心肌病心力衰竭大鼠心脏的bFGF水平,改善大鼠心功能,其效果优于单纯BMSCs移植。     

血必净对脓毒症早期大鼠急性肺损伤的作用及可能机制

目的:探讨血必净注射液对脓毒症早期肺组织损伤的影响及其可能作用机制,为临床脓毒症时急性肺损伤的治疗提供新思路。方法:选用健康雄性S-D大鼠30只,随机分3组,即假手术组(Sham组)、盐水组(NS组)和血必净组(XBJ组)。应用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)建立脓毒症大鼠模型,术后6 h处死动物,通过HE染色光镜观察组织形态学改变及透射电镜观察肺组织超微结构,测定各组肺组织湿干重比,采用RT-PCR检测肺组织内皮素-1(ET-1)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、组织金属蛋白酶抑制物-1(TIMP-1)mRNA的表达。结果:XBJ组肺泡及肺间质水肿和内皮细胞超微结构改变均较NS组明显减轻。术后6 h,NS组大鼠肺组织湿干重比(W/D)显著高于Sham组(5.37±0.12 vs 4.33±0.06,P0.01),XBJ组肺组织W/D较NS组显著降低(4.67±0.09 vs 5.37±0.12,P0.05)。此外,XBJ组大鼠肺组织ET-1(0.511±0.111 vs 0.705±0.122,P0.01)、iNOS(0.456±0.075 vs 0.548±0.098,P0.05),MMP-9(0.617±0.079 vs 0.732±0.131,P0.05)、TIMP-1(0.438±0.043vs 0.515±0.049,P0.01)mRNA的表达均较NS组明显降低,而NS组大鼠肺组织ET-1(0.705±0.122 vs 0.400±0.033,P0.01)、iNOS(0.548±0.098 vs 0.334±0.027,P0.01)、MMP-9(0.732±0.131 vs 0.352±0.061,P0.01)、TIMP-1mRNA(0.515±0.049 vs 0.365±0.068,P0.01)水平均较Sham组明显升高。结论:血必净治疗对脓毒症大鼠的肺组织损伤有一定的保护作用,可能与其降低肺组织ET-1、iNOS、MMP-9、TIMP-1的表达有关。     

血管紧张素转换酶2调节肺肾素血管紧张素系统减轻肢体缺血再灌注诱导的急性肺损伤

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)对小鼠肢体缺血再灌注诱导的急性肺损伤的保护作用和机制。方法雄性野生型和ACE2转基因(过表达ACE2基因) ICR小鼠随机分为6组(n=18):野生对照组、野生模型组、ACE2对照组、ACE2模型组、ACE2模型+A779干预组和ACE2模型+MLN-4760干预组。采用橡皮筋结扎双侧后肢根部的方法建立急性肺损伤模型(缺血2 h,再灌注4 h)。HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化;肺组织脏器系数、湿/干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)细胞计数和蛋白浓度检测肺组织含水量和肺泡毛细血管通透性;酶联免疫吸附法检测BALF中白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α),以及肺组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,Ang Ⅱ)/Ang-(1-7)的浓度。qRT-PCR法分析肺组织ACE/ACE2的mRNA表达。Western Blot法检测肺组织ACE/ACE2和AT1/Mas受体的蛋白表达。结果与野生模型组相比,过表达ACE2基因可减轻肺组织病变,降低肺泡毛细血管通透性,降低BALF炎性细胞因子表达,逆转肺组织肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin angiotensin system,RAS)稳态失衡。而且ACE2的这些保护作用被特异性ACE2抑制剂MLN-4760和Mas受体阻断剂A779所消除。结论 ACE2可通过ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas轴改善肺组织局部RAS稳态失衡减轻急性肺损伤。     

黄芪注射液对阿霉素性心肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激与缝隙连接蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究黄芪注射液对阿霉素（ADR）所致心肌病大鼠心肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激与缝隙连接蛋白表达的影响。方法：36只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为3组（n=12）：对照组、ADR组及黄芪注射液组。对照组腹腔注射0.9% Nacl （10 ml/kg体重）;ADR组腹腔注射ADR 2 mg/kg体重;黄芪注射液组在每次腹腔注射ADR 2 mg/kg体重的同时,注射黄芪注射液10 g/kg体重,每周注射1次,共注射3次。实验第7周末,3组大鼠行心脏彩超检测左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径及左室射血分数;处死大鼠后取左心室组织行HE、Masson、醋酸铀及柠檬酸铅染色,于光镜及透射电镜下观察心肌病理及超微结构改变;采用TUNEL法检测大鼠心肌细胞凋亡,用免疫组化技术检测大鼠心肌细胞缝隙连接蛋白Cx43及p-Cx43表达,采用real time PCR检测大鼠心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白Grp78,ATF-4及CHOP表达。结果：与对照组比较,ADR组大鼠LVEDD、LVESD增大,LVEF减少;心肌纤维排列紊乱,心肌纤维间质水肿,大量淋巴细胞浸润;线粒体肿胀、破坏,呈空泡样;心肌细胞凋亡数明显增多（P<0.01）;内质网应激相关蛋白Grp78、ATF-4及CHOP表达明显增高（P<0.01）;缝隙连接蛋白Cx43表达减少,而p-Cx43表达增多。与ADR组比较,黄芪注射液组大鼠LVEDD、LVESD减少,LVEF增加;心肌病理及超微结构明显改善,同时心肌细胞凋亡数明显减少（P<0.01）;内质网应激伴侣蛋白Grp78、ATF-4及CHOP表达明显减少（P<0.01）;缝隙连接蛋白Cx43表达增多,而p-Cx43减少。结论：黄芪注射液可有效改善阿霉素导致的心肌损伤,其机制可能与黄芪注射液抑制ADR诱导的内质网应激及缝隙连接蛋白磷酸化有关。     

缺氧/复氧大鼠心肌中IL-1β浓度的动态变化及意义

目的:探讨大鼠心肌中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)在心肌缺氧/复氧过程中的动态变化及其意义。方法:采用Langendorff方法制备离体大鼠心肌缺氧/复氧模型。40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)和缺氧/复氧组(H/R组)。H/R组按照复氧时间分为H/R 0.5 h、H/R 1 h、H/R 2 h组(B、C、D组)(n=10)。连续纪录各组左室发展压(LVDP)、左心室发展压最大上升/下降速率(±dp/dtmax)的变化,ELISA检测各组心肌IL-1β和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的浓度,RT-PCR检测心肌IL-1βmRNA的表达水平,光镜观察心肌结构。结果:与对照组相比,H/R组大鼠LVDP、±dp/dtmax值均降低(P0.05),心肌中IL-1β的含量及IL-1βmRNA的表达明显升高(P0.05),CK-MB浓度上升(P0.05),随复氧时间的延长以上指标的变化更明显,B、C、D组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),H/R 2 h组心肌中的IL-1β、CK-MB的浓度以及IL-1βmRNA的表达量与A、B、C组相比,达到最高(P0.05)。结论:大鼠心肌缺氧/复氧后IL-1β在心肌组织中的表达上升并引起心肌再灌注损伤。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。