鸡冠花叶蛋白质营养价值的评价研究

应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白南为标准蛋白,以ＷＨＯ／ＦＡＯ氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对３种鸡冠花叶蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价,并与１０种常见叶菜蛋白进行对照比较。结果表明,３种鸡冠花叶（干品）蛋白质含量为２３．７％￣２７．４％,蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全,其含量为８３．４７％￣８６．９４％,必需氨基酸（ＥＡＡ）占总氨基酸量的４０．２％￣４１．７％,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（Ｍ     

野生诸葛菜蛋白质营养价值的评价研究

采用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对诸葛菜蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价。并与12种豆科芽苗菜和野菜蛋白进行了对照比较,结果表明,诸葛菜蛋白质营养价值优于11种对照蔬菜。     

鸡冠花种子营养成分的研究

鸡冠花种子可供食用和药用。作者采用常规方法系统地分析测定了其营养成分,并和一些谷类,豆类食物进行了比较。结果显示,鸡冠花种子含各种营养成分:蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、膳食纤维、氨基酸、维生素、无机元素等,不仅含量丰富且高于谷类。这为开发利用鸡冠花种子提供了科学依据。     

红瓜叶营养成分及作为野生蔬菜的评价

分析了红瓜(Coccinia gradis)嫩茎叶的矿物质、微量元素、蛋白质、氨基酸和维生素含量,并与常用7种栽培蔬菜的含量进行了比较。结果发现,红瓜嫩茎叶中矿物质K、P(除芹菜),微量元素Fe、Mg(除蕹菜)、Se和Zn的含量均高于7种蔬菜。红瓜嫩叶中硫氨素、核黄素和尼克酸含量远高于对照的7种栽培蔬菜。采用模糊识别法和氨基酸系数比值法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,以WHO／FAO必需氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对红瓜嫩茎叶中蛋白质营养价值进行了评价,并与7种栽培蔬菜蛋白质进行对照比较。结果表明红瓜嫩茎叶蛋白质含量为2．1％(鲜重),蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全,氨基酸含量93．8％,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的42％,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(Met Cys)。红瓜嫩茎叶蛋白质中必需氨基酸贴近度(以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准)0．8070,氨基酸比值系数分(以WHO／FAO必需氨基酸参考模式)71．946,均高于对照的7种栽培蔬菜。     

黄皮种子蛋白质营养价值的评价研究

在对黄皮种子氨基酸的组成及蛋白质的含量进行分析的基础上,应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,对其营养价值进行了全面评价,并与8种植物种子蛋白质进行对照比较。结果表明:黄皮种子(干品)蛋白质含量为8.625%,含有17种氨基酸,种类齐全,其含量为762.2 mg.g-1蛋白质,必需氨基酸(EAA)占总氨基酸量的35.5%,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(M et+Cys),贴近度为0.8536,营养价值与高粱米、西瓜子等接近。     

双孢蘑菇菇脚氨基酸含量的测定及营养评价

测定了双孢蘑菇菇脚中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量,应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,以鸡蛋蛋白为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO的必需氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对双孢蘑菇菇脚的蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价,并与双孢蘑菇子实体的蛋白质进行比较.结果表明:双孢蘑菇菇脚蛋白质中总氨基酸含量为73.16％,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸含量占氨...     

祁连山区几种草地蝗虫蛋白质营养评价

为评价草地蝗虫作为家禽蛋白源饲料的营养价值.本研究以几种草地蝗虫为供试对象,在分析测定其蛋白和氨基酸含量基础上,采用国际通用蛋白质营养评价标准,分析评价其蛋白质营养价值.结果表明,草地蝗虫蛋白含量高(62.4%～67.3%,DM),氨基酸组分齐全、家禽所需必需氨基酸约占蝗虫总干重的30.3%～34.2%,其氨基酸模式优...     

白花益母草种子的化学成分分析

对白花益母草种子的化学成分进行分析,结果表明,种子油含有大量人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,其主要成分为：亚油酸（42．60％）、亚麻酸（30．22％）、油酸（20．28％）等,此外种子还含有18种氨基酸和24种矿质元素和蛋白质等成分。其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和药用功效。     

关于主要谷物的氨基酸组分评价

<正> 粮食是人类获得蛋白质的主要来源之一。不同地区,不同品种粮食的粮食蛋白质组成各不相同。蛋白质营养价值的高低,主要取决于所含必需氨基酸的种类、数量和组成的比例。在合成人体蛋白质的二十种氨基酸中,八种必需氨基酸是人体不能合成的,必须由食物供给。蛋白质合成时,八种必需氨基酸按照一定的比例组合。缺少一种或含有不足模式量,其它氨基酸或超过模式量将随着血液代谢循环被排出。若长期缺少某种     

蛋氨酸含量丰富的野生大豆

<正> 一、蛋氨酸的营养价值与大豆品质育种蛋白质由氨基酸构成,比糖或脂类有更大的变异性。人类的饮食并不要求蛋白质自身,而是制造蛋白质的原材料,即大部份以氨基酸的形式吸取。在天然的食物中氨基酸很少以游离形式存在,而多半是以蛋白质形式存在。由于约有20种氨基酸的组合和排列,使产生的蛋白质多的不计其数,而每一个蛋白质的独特的氨基酸顺序和长度的构成不同,所以蛋白质的功能是多种多样的。蛋白质的合成,所有的氨基酸成份都必须具备,但作为食物它们之中的个别的氨基酸不是人体所必需的。     

Changes in accumulation of seed nitrogen compounds in maize under conditions of sulphur deficiency

Maize ( Zea mays L., hybrid INRA 260) was grown in the greenhouse with mineral nutrition of different sulphate concentrations. Mature seeds from these plants were compared for their free amino acid and protein N forms. For the most S-deficient sample, the Asx (asparagine + aspartic acid) content increased by 30% as compared with control, while methionine and cysteine decreased (by 25 and 30%, respectively), as well as glycine, lysine, histidine, arginine and tryptophan. In seeds lowest in S the non-protein N to total N ratio was 77% higher than in the control. Free asparagine dominated in starved seeds (50 mol % of total free amino acids) and was ten-fold more concentrated than in the control, where proline was the predominant free amino acid. Thus the Asx of non-protein N reached 28% of the total mol Asx of the whole starved seed. Altered S nutrition had virtually no effect on the amino acid composition of the main protein fractions, but it significantly changed their ratios. Zeins, which are poor in S-containing amino acids, showed 25% higher level than in seeds supplied with normal S. As a counterbalance, two glutelin subfractions rich in S-containing amino acids, decreased by 36–71% under limiting S nutrition.
It is concluded that the plant reacts against S deficiency by modifying its N metabolism. Significant accumulation occurred of free asparagine, which is the main form of N transportation. The biosynthesis of seed storage protein occurred through the accumulation of the highest possible protein quantity allowed by the available S-containing amino acids, i.e. proteins low in S-containing amino acids were preferentially synthesized.     

Protein and free amino acids in field-grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various growth stages

Summary This study was undertaken to evaluate water stress effects during vegetative, flowering, and podfilling stages of cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata L.) grown under natural field conditions in southern California on seed yield and protein and free amino acid content of the cowpea seeds. The lowest concentration of N was found in the seeds of the control treatment plants while the seed yield from these treatments was the highest as compared with the N concentration and yield of seeds from plants subjected to water stress during flowering and podfilling stages. The concentration of N in the seeds was inversely related to the seed dry weight yield. Protein arginine,-threonine,-serine,-cystine,-valine,-methionine, and-isoleucine were significantly affected by water stress at the three growth stages. There was no consistent pattern in the effect of water stress on the individual amino acids. The sum of protein amino acids in the cowpea seeds was not significantly influenced by the various treatments since some of the protein amino acids increased and others decreased producing an averaging effect on the figures comprising the sums of the amino acids. Water stress during the flowering and pod-filling stages increased the free amino acid pool, and at the same time, inhibited incorporation of the amino acids into the protein chain-thus lowering the protein amino acid fraction simultaneously. With the exception of methionine plus cystine, the essential amino acids in the seeds were present at concentrations equal to or greater than recommended by the World Health Organization and FAO. It is of particular importance to note that the concentration of lysine in the cowpeas was substantially higher than that found in wheat grain. It is also important to note that the amount of essential amino acids per gram of protein was not measurably affected by the water stress treatments during any of the growth stages.     

薏苡仁蛋白质组分研究

目的:对药食两用功能的薏苡仁蛋白质四类组分和氨基酸含量进行分析。方法:采用旋光法、索氏提取法、烘干法、马弗炉法分别进行淀粉、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的测定;采用顺序抽提法依次进行清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的提取,用Brandford和凯式定氮法进行蛋白质含量分析;采用氨基酸分析仪进行氨基酸含量测定。结果:薏苡仁总蛋白含量为14.17%,其中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别为0.20、0.88、6.34和5.30 mg/100mg鲜重,分别占总蛋白质含量的1.43%、6.20%、44.74%和37.38%;薏苡仁粉经酸水解后共检测到15种氨基酸,除Trp外,人体必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸均有检测到;各氨基酸含量也存在着差异,含量最高的为Glu(3.59 mg/100mg),含量最低的为Me(t0.17 mg/100mg)。结论:薏苡仁蛋白中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量较丰富,为今后进一步开发薏苡仁功能食品提供了理论数据。     

Cloning and expression of a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase gene in rice

A cDNA fragment was cloned from rice immature seeds by the RT-PCR method. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA showed a high degree of identity with UDP-d-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS) from other plants and was most similar to the soluble UXS from Arabidopsis. The recombinant protein, expressed in an Escherichia coli system, catalysed the conversion of UDP-d-glucuronic acid to UDP-d-xylose, confirming that the gene encoded UXS. The uxs gene was expressed in mature, harvested rice seeds as well as in immature seeds 14 d post-anthesis, suggesting that the uxs gene is necessary at the beginning of the germination period. This is the first report of the cloning of the uxs gene from monocots.     

AAP1 regulates import of amino acids into developing Arabidopsis embryos

The embryo of Arabidopsis seeds is symplasmically isolated from the surrounding seed coat and endosperm, and uptake of nutrients from the seed apoplast is required for embryo growth and storage reserve accumulation. With the aim of understanding the importance of nitrogen (N) uptake into developing embryos, we analysed two mutants of AAP1 (At1g58360), an amino acid transporter that was localized to Arabidopsis embryos. In mature and desiccated aap1 seeds the total N and carbon content was reduced while the total free amino acid levels were strongly increased. Separately analysed embryos and seed coats/endosperm of mature seeds showed that the elevated amounts in amino acids were caused by an accumulation in the seed coat/endosperm, demonstrating that a decrease in uptake of amino acids by the aap1 embryo affects the N pool in the seed coat/endosperm. Also, the number of protein bodies was increased in the aap1 endosperm, suggesting that the accumulation of free amino acids triggered protein synthesis. Analysis of seed storage compounds revealed that the total fatty acid content was unchanged in aap1 seeds, but storage protein levels were decreased. Expression analysis of genes of seed N transport, metabolism and storage was in agreement with the biochemical data. In addition, seed weight, as well as total silique and seed number, was reduced in the mutants. Together, these results demonstrate that seed protein synthesis and seed weight is dependent on N availability and that AAP1-mediated uptake of amino acids by the embryo is important for storage protein synthesis and seed yield.     

Limits to sulfur accumulation in transgenic lupin seeds expressing a foreign sulfur-rich protein

The low sulfur amino acid content of legume seeds restricts their nutritive value for animals. We have investigated the limitations to the accumulation of sulfur amino acids in the storage proteins of narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds. Variation in sulfur supply to lupin plants affected the sulfur amino acid accumulation in the mature seed. However, when sulfur was in abundant supply, it accumulated to a large extent in oxidized form, rather than reduced form, in the seeds. At all but severely limiting sulfur supply, addition of a transgenic (Tg) sink for organic sulfur resulted in an increase in seed sulfur amino acid content. We hypothesize that demand, or sink strength for organic sulfur, which is itself responsive to environmental sulfur supply, was the first limit to the methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) content of wild-type lupin seed protein under most growing conditions. In Tg, soil-grown seeds expressing a foreign Met- and Cys-rich protein, decreased pools of free Met, free Cys, and glutathione indicated that the rate of synthesis of sulfur amino acids in the cotyledon had become limiting. Homeostatic mechanisms similar to those mediating the responses of plants to environmental sulfur stress resulted in an adjustment of endogenous protein composition in Tg seeds, even when grown at adequate sulfur supply. Uptake of sulfur by lupin cotyledons, as indicated by total seed sulfur at maturity, responded positively to increased sulfur supply, but not to increased demand in the Tg seeds.     

Amino Acid composition of germinating cotton seeds

Total and free amino acid composition of germinating cotton seeds (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was determined. The germinating seeds were separated into cotyledon and developing axis fractions daily and the composition of each tissue was summed to get the whole seed composition. By separating the developing seeds into these two tissue fractions, and determining total and free amino acids, a balance sheet was developed for each amino acid. This technique allowed changes in distribution with time of each amino acid to be followed in each tissue. Data for total content and amount in protein of each amino acid are presented. Asparagine increased in the whole seed, and most of this increase was found in the free pool of the developing axis. Other amino acids (e.g. arginine, glutamic acid) increased in the free pool but showed an over-all decrease, indicating that they were being metabolized. Amino acid contents of storage and nonstorage protein isolates were determined.     

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Ribonucleic Acid, Protein and Uncombined Amino Acid Content of Legume Seeds During Embryogeny

The nucleic acid, protein and uncombined amino acid contentof seeds of soya-bean (Glycine max L. Merr.), garden pea (Pisumsativum L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) were measured at various times duringseed formation in an effort to understand why the soya-beanhas nearly twice as much protein as the other legume seeds.In all these species the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid,ribonucleic acid and uncombined amino acids decreased duringseed formation. The protein level of kidney bean was relativelyconstant during development whereas the protein levels of pea,peanut and soya-bean increased during development. The proteincontent of the soya-bean increased throughout development whereasthe protein increase in peanut took place early and that inpea took place later in development. The ratio of protein toribonucleic acid was highest in peanut, less in soya-bean, andlowest in pea and kidney bean. Similarly, the ratio of proteinto deoxyribonucleic acid was higher in kidney bean than in soya-bean.Soya-beans had a lower amino acid content than any of the otherseeds at all stages of development. These results indicate thatneither total deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid nor uncombinedamino acid content is responsible for the higher protein contentof soya-beans.     

薏苡仁蛋白质组分研究

目的：对药食两用功能的薏苡仁蛋白质四类组分和氨基酸含量进行分析。方法：采用旋光法、索氏提取法、烘干法、马弗炉法分别进行淀粉、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的测定;采用顺序抽提法依次进行清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的提取,用Brandford和凯式定氮法进行蛋白质含量分析;采用氨基酸分析仪进行氨基酸含量测定。结果：薏苡仁总蛋白含量为14．17％,其中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别为0．20、0．88、6．34和5．30mg／100mg鲜重,分别占总蛋白质含量的1．43％、6．20％、44．74％和37．38％;薏苡仁粉经酸水解后共检测到15种氨基酸,除Trp外,人体必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸均有检测到;各氨基酸含量也存在着差异,含量最高的为Glu（3．59mg／100mg）,含量最低的为Met（0．17mg／100mg）。结论：薏苡仁蛋白中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量较丰富,为今后进一步开发薏苡仁功能食品提供了理论数据。     

Amino acids in seeds and seedlings of the genus Lens

The amino acid content of seeds and 4-day-old seedlings were studied in five species of lentil: Lens culinaris, L. orientalis, L. ervoides, L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Free amino acid and also total protein amino acid content after HCl hydrolysis were determined by HPLC. The nonprotein UV-absorbing amino acids were determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The content of free protein amino acids in seeds varied among species and increased dramatically after germination. Asparagine is quantitatively most important in both seed and seedling. The content of free nonprotein amino acids is variable in seeds and seedlings. gamma-Hydroxyarginine, gamma-hydroxyornithine, alpha-aminobutyric acid and taurine were found in both seeds and seedlings. Homoarginine was found in four species but not in L. orientalis while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-aaa) and three isoxazolinone derivatives: beta-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine (BIA), gamma-glutamyl-BIA (gamma-glu-BIA) and 2-carboxymethyl-isoxazolin-5-one (CMI) were found exclusively in the seedlings. CMI was identified for the first time in lentil species. Lathyrine, beta-(2-amino-pyrimidine-4-yl)-alanine, which was reported to be in the seeds of some Lathyrus species was confirmed to be present also in the seedling of L. culinaris (trace amount), L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Trigonelline (N-methyl-nicotinic acid), a plant hormone, is present both in seeds and seedlings in different concentrations except in L. ervoides. The different combination of nonprotein amino acids among the species gives indication of their genetic relationship and might partly explain the varying compatibility for interspecies crossing.