刺激肾神经传入纤维的降压反应与颈动脉窦压力感受性反射的相互作用

在麻醉兔,研究了刺激肾神经传入纤维与颈动脉窦压力感受性反射在减压反射中的相互作用。电刺激肾神经传入纤维引起平均动脉压(MAP)下降,下降程度在一定范围有赖于刺激频率。当颈动脉窦被隔离和主动脉神经切断后,随着颈动脉窦内压逐渐升高,刺激肾神经传入纤维引起的减压反应不断减弱。在45至135mmHg 之间的7个颈动脉窦内压(ISP)水平,刺激肾神经传入纤维,并画出刺激前和刺激时的 ISP-MAP 关系曲线。在颈动脉窦内压为75至105mmHg 之间,刺激肾神经传入纤维显著降低 ISP-MAP 关系曲线的斜率和对ISP 的平均动脉压反应范围。这些结果提示:(1)颈动脉窦压力感受器的传入冲动可调制刺激肾神经传入纤维的降压反应,在一定范围内与颈动脉窦内压呈反比;(2)刺激肾神经传入纤维明显减弱颈动脉窦的压力感受性反射。     

在不同的交感中枢活动水平时刺激腓深神经对肾神经发放的影响

本工作记录家免肾神经冲动和动脉血压,观察电刺激腓深神经的效应。在用减少通气量、切断双侧迷走神经、切断双侧缓冲神经等方法使交感中枢活动水平升高时,刺激腓深神经(3V、10Hz、0.3ms 持续15min)对血压无明显影响,但可以抑制肾神经的发放。相反,用过度通气或刺激一侧降压神经的方法使交感中枢活动水平降低时,同样的参数刺激腓深神经,则使肾神经发放增加。刺激腓深神经对肾神经发放的抑制效应,可为静脉注射纳洛酮阻断,而兴奋效应则被静脉注射东莨菪碱阻断。上述结果表明:低频低强度刺激腓深神经可引起肾神经发放的抑制或增强,其效应取决于交感中枢的活动状态。躯体传入对肾神经发放的抑制效应有内源性阿片样物质参与,而躯体传入对肾神经发放的兴奋效应则和中枢胆碱能系统的激活有关。     

延髓头端腹外侧区在躯体传入冲动抑制中枢性心肌缺血中的作用

电刺激麻醉家免延髓头端腹外侧区(rVLM)能诱发心外膜电图ST段明显抬高。刺激腓深神经能抑制这种反应。P5平面横断脑干、双侧电解损毁中脑中央灰质腹侧部(vPAG)或在双侧rVLM微量注射脑啡肽抗体后,均能明显减弱腓深神经的抑制作用。以上结果提示腓深神经能够抑制由rVLM诱发的心肌缺血反应。腓深神经的这种抑制效应可能有赖于中脑头端以上某些区域脑结构的完整,vPAG可能是这种抑制效应的中枢环节之一,延髓水平的脑啡肽可能参与这种抑制过程。     

不同血压水平下刺激腓深神经对兔肾交感神经放电的影响

本实验观察了53例兔在不同血压水平下不同参数的腓深神经刺激对肾交感神经活动的影响。物在正常血压时,用低强度电流(3V,0.15—0.3mA,12Hz,0.5ms)刺激腓深神经可明显抑制肾交感冲动发放,静脉注射纳洛酮可以阻断此抑制效应;而用中等强度电流(10V,0.5—0.8mA)刺激腓深神经对肾交感活动没有明显抑制效应。当静脉匀速注射硝普钠使动物血压降低、肾交感冲动增加时,用中等强度刺激腓深神经可使肾交感冲动发放进一步增多,而用低强度刺激对肾交感活动无显著影响。静脉注射东莨菪碱(0.25mg/kg)可阻断低血压时刺激腓深神经引起的肾交感兴奋效应,但静脉注射纳洛酮(0.4mg/kg)却不能阻断。又当静脉匀速注射去甲肾上腺素造成动物较高血压时,肾交感冲动减少,用上述二种强度刺激腓深神经均使肾交感活动进一步受到明显抑制,此抑制效应可被静脉注射纳洛酮阻断,但不受东莨菪碱的影响。实验结果表明:刺激腓深神经引起的不同肾交感活动反应与所用刺激参数及动物血压水平和肾交感活动水平有关。刺激腓深神经引起的交感活动减弱或增强的反应,其神经机制可能不完全相同。前者可能有阿片受体的参与,而后者可能是胆碱能受体起着较重要的作用。     

缓冲神经在刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩中的作用

1.静脉注射氰化钾(0.3mg/kg)可引起血压升高和室性心律失常,并能使刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩增多。去除双侧窦神经后,上述现象消失。2.刺激降压神经时,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩显著减少。3.切断双侧缓冲神经后短时内,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩极度增多,并且不易被躯体传入冲动所抑制。二小时后,这种室性期前收缩减少,且可为刺激腓深神经所抑制。4.电刺激延髓中线区不仅可以降低血压,而且能减弱刺激下丘脑诱发的升压反应、抑制刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩。损毁该区后,刺激腓深神经不再能抑制刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩。5.上述结果表明:化学感受性反射能易化刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩,而压力感受性反射可以抑制这种室性期前收缩,但躯体传入冲动对这种心律失常的抑制作用并不依赖于缓冲神经的存在,而有赖于延髓中线核群的完整性。     

猫颈动脉区压力和化学感受性刺激对孤束核自发放电的影响

对27只氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的猫观察了选择性激活颈动脉压力和化学感受器对孤束核(NTS)及其附近区域单位放电的影响。共记录到103个对颈动脉压力感受器激活(新福林1—2μg/kg,iv)和/或颈动脉化学感受器激活(尼古丁,5—20μg,注入甲状腺动脉)起反应的单位,其中81个位于NTS,在这些单位中,14个仅对化学感受器激活起反应(10个兴奋和4个抑制),44个以各种组合形式对化学和压力感受性刺激都起反应,23个仅对压力感受器刺激起反应(18个兴奋和5个抑制)。在定位分布上,对两种刺激都起反应的单位主要位于NTS尾部,仅对化学感受性刺激起反应的单位多位于NTS的腹外侧,其它有反应的单位分别位于舌下神经旁区,旁正中网状核和延髓腹侧尾端。这些结果表明,颈动脉区压力和化学感受器活动传入到NTS,并在其中的一些神经元上发生会聚。 在全部有反应的NTS单位中,68个对压力感受性刺激起反应,其中46个兴奋,21个抑制(P<0.005);58个对化学感受性刺激起反应,其中36个兴奋,22个抑制(P>0.05)。这些结果提示,化学感受性刺激对NTS神经元引起兴奋和抑制两种反应,而压力感受性刺激则诱发兴奋为主的反应。     

缺氧与高渗溶液对家兔颈动脉体化学感受器活动的影响

目的和方法：实验在游离灌流的颈动脉体窦神经标本上,观察氧分压降低和渗透压升高对化学感受性单位放电的影响。共记录７２个有自发放电的化学感受性单位对二者的反应。结果：仅对ＰＯ２降低有反应的化学感受性单位有２２例（占３０．６％）,对两种自然刺激均有反应的化学感受性单位有３５例（占４８．６％）,仅高渗引起化学感受性单位放电增加的有１５例（占２０．８％）。结论：在颈动脉体中不但存在着对缺氧敏感的化学感受性单位,还存在着对渗透压敏感的化学感受性单位,它们对氧分压、渗透压的改变有不同的敏感性。     

家兔第四脑室注射P物质对肺动脉压和颈动脉压的影响

本工作将P物质(SP)注入麻醉家兔第四脑室,观察其对肺动脉压和颈动脉压的影响。结果观察到:(1)脑室注射SP后,肺动脉压升高或降低,颈动脉压上升,心率减慢。(2)切断肺动脉压下降组家兔的两侧颈部迷走神经,再ivt.SP,则引起肺动脉压的升高,降心率反应则明显减弱。(3)预先用酚妥拉明或α_1受体阻断剂哌唑嗪均可阻断SP引起的肺动脉和颈动脉升压反应。(4)α_2受体阻断剂育亨宾或纳洛酮均可增强这二个升压反应。(5)心得安对这二个升压反应无明显影响。(6)SP的心血管效应可被SP受体拮抗剂[D-pro~2.D-Trp~(7.9)]-SP阻断。 实验结果表明:脑中SP升高可通过SP受体引起肺动脉压和颈动脉压上升,心率减慢;在SP引起的加压反应的中枢环节中有肾上腺素能α_1受体活动参与;中枢肾上腺素能α_2受体系统和内啡肽系统对传递SP中枢加压作用的路径有抑制性的调制作用。看来,SP与儿茶酚胺及阿片样物质一起参与脑干对血压的调节。     

刺激家兔腹部迷走神经外周端降压效应中枢机制的研究

应用电解损毁和脑室内注射药物的方法研究了刺激家兔腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压效应的中枢机制。结果表明:1.电刺激延脑闩部尾侧1.5—2mm、中线旁开0.25mm、深1—2mm 处主要引起降压反应。2.电解损毁该部位可以使刺激腹部迷走神经外周端所引起的降压效应显著减弱(n=20,P<0.001),但对刺激减压神经所致降压反应无影响。3.在延脑闩部水平电解损毁减压神经纤维在孤束核的主要投射区可以使刺激减压神经所致降压反应显著减弱,而对刺激腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压反应无影响。4.第四脑室注射5,6-双羟色胺的动物较之注射人工脑脊液的动物颈、胸髓5-羟色胺含量明显降低、动物动脉压增高、心率明显增快、刺激减压神经所致降压反应未见减弱,而刺激腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压反应却明显减小。因此,我们认为家兔腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压效应依赖于延脑闩下部的中缝隐核及连合核等结构,而与减压神经的投射部位无关。延脑中缝核至脊髓的下行性5-HT能神经纤维抑制脊髓交感节前神经元的活动,是这个降压效应的中枢机制之一。     

电刺激兔延髓腹侧化学敏感区和压力敏感区对呼吸、血压,的影响及其中枢递质机制

电刺激麻醉兔延髓腹侧化学敏感区头端区引起潮气量(V_T)增加,呼吸频率(f)增快;电刺激压力敏感区(中间区)则使V_T减小,f亦增快。弱刺激时,两者均产生降压反应;刺激增强可诱发双相或升压反应。在出现周期性呼吸时,电刺激化学敏感区可使呼吸节律正常化、V_T增大,而电刺激压力敏感区则导致呼吸暂停。电刺激压力敏感区时,吸气时间(TI)和呼气时间(T_E)均缩短,以T_E变化更明显;由于V_T减小和T_I缩短,V_T/T_I保持相对不变,提示吸气终止的中枢阈值降低。在准备刺激的相应局部预先应用阿托品,可使电刺激化学敏感区产生的通气增强效应翻转,而对电刺激压力敏感区引起的通气抑制无明显影响;用印防己毒素则可选择性消除电刺激压力敏感区的通气抑制和降压效应。本工作表明延髓腹侧存在两个不同的中枢机制,其中化学敏感区产生的通气增强与胆碱能系统有关;压力敏感区产生的通气减弱效应与GABA系统有关。     

美西螈胚胎鳃神经发育的形态学

在约25℃温度下孵化并选用第30～44期的美西螈(Ambystoma mexicanum)胚胎标本,用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定,进行整体标本免疫染色,体视显微镜观察.结果显示,胚胎30期,可观察到鳃神经节短小的鳃神经本干;胚胎35期,已能观察到较明显的部分分支和交通支;胚胎37期,形成上颌神经及下颌神经;胚胎38期,可观察到舌咽神经的背支、咽头支;胚胎40期,可观察到舌咽神经的鳃裂前支.因而,美西螈鳃神经在胚胎早期遵循祖先型排列的特点,之后随胚胎的发育,出现随鳃器官演化而重新分布的趋势;其舌咽神经基本保持了鳃神经的原始形态特点.     

索曼和吗啡对猫膈神经和肋间外神经放电的影响

在乌拉坦氯醛糖混合麻醉猫上,平静呼吸时膈神经和肋间外神经α纤维单纤维放电时程、冲动数、冲动频率及休止期经统计处理无明显差别。切断双侧迷走神经后呼吸深慢,两种神经的冲动频率升高、放电时程延长及冲动数增多。窒息时两种神经电活动先增强,然后同时停止活动。索曼0.2—3μg 椎动脉或10—20μg/kg 静脉注射后,主要抑制膈神经放电的占85%和87%,无主要抑制肋间外神经的反应。椎动脉注射吗啡0.5—5mg,主要抑制肋间外神经放电的反应则占58%,无抑制膈神经放电的反应。从膈神经元所在的颈髓局部浸润索曼不能停止膈神经节律吸气放电。以上结果表明,主要支配膈神经的延髓呼吸神经元背侧组(DRG)和主要支配肋间外神经的腹侧组(VRG)在平静呼吸时活动无明显差异。而索曼和吗啡可使这两个细胞核团表现不同的反应。     

刺激家兔肾内感受器和肾传入神经的血流动力学效应

在39只麻醉家兔观察刺激肾脏机械和化学感受器以及电刺激肾传入神经的血流动力学效应。增加输尿管压8—22mmHg 及经输尿管向肾盂内逆向灌注 NaCl(1.0 mol/L)及 KCl(0.15mol/L)溶液时,引起平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)下降;切断双侧缓冲神经后,MAP 降低更为显著。电刺激肾传入神经时,HR 减慢,MAP、肠系膜动脉和后肢动脉灌流压降低,左心室收缩压及其微分值下降,心输出量(CO)和总外周阻力(TPR)减小;切断双侧窦神经和减压神经后,除 HK、CO 和 TPR 外,其余各血流动力学指标的减弱更为显著。由此提示,动脉压力感受器反射对肾传入神经激活的心血管效应有缓冲作用。     

Age-related changes of elements with their relationships in human cranial and spinal nerves

To elucidate compositional changes of peripheral nerves with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements and their relationships in the optic, trigeminal, vagus, median, radial, ulnar, femoral, sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The subjects consisted of 10 men and 12 women, ranging in age from 65 to 91 yr. It was found that although accumulations of Ca and P occurred only in the trigeminal nerve at old age, it hardly occurred in the optic, vagus, median, radial, ulnar, femoral, sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves at old age. The average contents of Ca and P were three and two times higher in the trigeminal nerve than in the other nine kinds of nerve, respectively. Likewise, the average content of Mg was a little higher in the trigeminal nerve compared with the other nerves. With regard to the relationships among elements, significant direct correlations were found among the contents of Ca, P, S, and Mg in most, but not all, 10 kinds of nerve. In the trigeminal nerve, a significant inverse correlation was found between the contents of S and the other elements, such as Ca, P, and Mg. Regarding the relationships between the contents of S and other elements, the nerves, except for the trigeminal nerve, differed from those found in the arteries previously reported.     

Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Cerebrosides, Sulfatides and Ceramides: Microanalysis of Homolog Composition Without Hydrolysis and Application to Cerebroside Analysis in Peripheral Nerves of Adrenoleukodystrophy Patients

Abstract: Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of nonhydroxy-and hydroxycerebrosides and sulfatides, as well as ceramides, have been developed. Cerebrosides, ceramides and sulfatides were perbenzoylated then desulfated before chromatographic analysis. These sphingolipid derivatives can be separated according to their fatty-acid composition by using an ODS 5-μ, column (reverse phase column containing octadecylsiloxane derivative of silica, of 5-μm particle size) and solvent systems consisting of various proportions of acetonitrile and methanol. The retention time of an individual homolog appears to be unaffected by the 4-trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety. These methods allow us to determine fatty-acid compositions of ceramides, cerebrosides and sulfatides without hydrolysis. Homolog composition of cerebrosides in peripheral nerve from adrenoleukodystrophy patients was investigated by using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography and was found not to be significantly different from control nerves.     

Age-related variations of elements as compared among optic, radial, and sciatic nerves

To elucidate changes of peripheral nerves with aging, the authors studied age-related changes of element contents in the optic, radial, and sciatic nerves by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The subjects consisted of seven men and seven women, ranging in age from 61 to 97 yr. The contents of phosphorus and sulfur remained constant through ages 61 to 97 yr in three nerves, the optic, radial, and sciatic nerves. It was found that there were age-related differences in calcium content among the optic, radial, and sciatic nerves: The calcium content of the optic nerve increased progressively with aging; in the radial nerve, it was hardly changed with aging; in contrast, the calcium content of the sciatic nerve decreased gradually with aging. In addition, it was found that in the radial nerve there were moderate correlations between age and zinc or sodium content, whereas significant correlations between age and the content of silicon or iron were found in the sciatic nerve. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the silicon and iron contents in the sciatic nerves.     

Fabrication and properties of a porous chitin/chitosan conduit for nerve regeneration

A porous, biodegradable, natural chitin/chitosan nerve conduit was constructed. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that it was homogeneous and highly porous. FT-IR spectra showed that there were no residues arising from the preparation process in the conduit. Addition of chitin to the chitosan solution increased the mechanical strength and maximum tensile strength from 7.2 to 9.6 MPa. Preliminary animal tests indicated that porous chitin/chitosan conduits did not swell in vivo and were compatible with surrounding tissue.     

Fibrin matrices with affinity‐based delivery systems and neurotrophic factors promote functional nerve regeneration

Glial‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have both been shown to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration following injury and target different neuronal populations. The delivery of either growth factor at the site of injury may, therefore, result in quantitative differences in motor nerve regeneration and functional recovery. In this study we evaluated the effect of affinity‐based delivery of GDNF or NGF from fibrin‐filled nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) on motor nerve regeneration and functional recovery in a 13 mm rat sciatic nerve defect. Seven experimental groups were evaluated consisting of GDNF or NGF and the affinity‐based delivery system (DS) within NGCs, control groups excluding the DS and/or growth factor, and nerve isografts. Groups with growth factor in the conduit demonstrated equivalent or superior performance in behavioral tests and relative muscle mass measurements compared to isografts at 12 weeks. Additionally, groups with GDNF demonstrated greater specific twitch and tetanic force production in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle than the isograft control, while groups with NGF produced demonstrated similar force production compared to the isograft control. Assessment of motor axon regeneration by retrograde labeling further revealed that the number of ventral horn neurons regenerating across NGCs containing GDNF and NGF DS was similar to the isograft group and these counts were greater than the groups without growth factor. Overall, the GDNF DS group demonstrated superior functional recovery and equivalent motor nerve regeneration compared to the isograft control, suggesting it has potential as a treatment for motor nerve injury. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 970–979. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Use of spider silk fibres as an innovative material in a biocompatible artificial nerve conduit

Defects of peripheral nerves still represent a challenge for surgical nerve reconstruction. Recent studies concentrated on replacement by artificial nerve conduits from different synthetic or biological materials. In our study, we describe for the first time the use of spider silk fibres as a new material in nerve tissue engineering. Schwann cells (SC) were cultivated on spider silk fibres. Cells adhered quickly on the fibres compared to polydioxanone monofilaments (PDS). SC survival and proliferation was normal in Live/Dead assays. The silk fibres were ensheathed completely with cells. We developed composite nerve grafts of acellularized veins, spider silk fibres and SC diluted in matrigel. These artificial nerve grafts could be cultivated in vitro for one week. Histological analysis showed that the cells were vital and formed distinct columns along the silk fibres. In conclusion, our results show that artificial nerve grafts can be constructed successfully from spider silk, acellularized veins and SC mixed with matrigel.