丝状体蓝藻藻殖段的分化及其调节机制

本文介绍了丝状体蓝藻（亦称蓝细菌）的藻殖段的分化及其调节机制。藻殖段与正常藻丝体的区别在于细胞开状、细胞内存有气囊和可移动的短而真的藻丝链等。本文对许多环境因子包括光和营养因素等促进或抑制藻殖段的分化进行一讨论;还介绍了含球藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）,单歧藻（Ｔｏｌｙｐｏｔｈｒｉｘ）和眉藻（Ｃａｌｏｔｈｒｉｘ）所具有复杂的细胞发育过程,即具气囊又可移动的藻殖段分化,异形胞分化以及营养细胞的被偿性色适应。这     

异形胞分化相关基因在点形念珠藻厚壁孢子中的转录表达

点形念珠藻(Nostoc punctiforme)ATCC29133是一种丝状固氮蓝藻,能分化产生异形胞、厚壁孢子、藻殖段等细胞类型。异形胞是一种提供微氧条件以进行固氮作用的特化细胞,厚壁孢子是在逆境下产生的能耐受干旱、冰冻等恶劣环境的细胞1。与异形胞相似,厚壁孢子的外被也具有多糖和糖脂成分2,3。厚壁孢子在某些蓝藻藻丝       

螺旋藻——人类未来的高蛋白营养源

螺旋藻隶属于蓝藻门、蓝藻纲、藻殖段目、颤藻科、螺旋藻属(Spirulina),是一种微型、不分枝、无异形胞的螺旋状丝体。根据藻丝体的大小、螺距长短、生态习性等性状的不同,螺旋藻属分有30余种,广泛分布于世界各地的海水、半咸水或淡水湖泊,为一种     

发状念珠藻藻殖段的分化及其光合特性的研究

发状念珠藻 (NostocflagelliformeBorn .etFlah .)存在着两个重要而明显的个体发育阶段 ,即营养藻丝体和藻殖段。采用弱光 (铺垫砂粒遮光 ) ,红光或在白光下向培养基中加入DCMU (3,4_dichlorophenyl_1,1_dimethylurea)等方法 ,可促进营养藻丝体转变成藻殖段。用可见光吸收光谱、低温荧光发射光谱和光合放氧活性表示发状念珠藻藻丝体与藻殖段的光合特性 ,表明营养藻丝体和藻殖段的可见光吸收光谱和色素含量差别不大。而两者在不同光强范围 (110～ 12 0 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1)和不同温度 (15～ 45℃ )下的光合放氧活性 ,表明发状念珠藻的藻殖段比营养藻丝体可能更适合在低光强下和较高的温度下生长。从荧光发射光谱可以看出 ,在光合能量传递中营养藻丝体比藻殖段在两个光系统之间的光能分配上更加均衡 ;但是藻殖段中藻胆体吸收光能向两个光系统的传递比营养藻丝体的更加有效。可以认为藻殖段的形成对光合作用的结构与功能产生影响。     

食用蓝藻——地木耳的开发

地木耳隶属原核生物界、蓝藻门、念珠藻属,是植物界最原始的类群之一,因其形似木耳的胶质片状而得名。显微镜下的地木耳是由许多丝状体无规则地集合于一个公共胶鞘中。细胞圆形,排成一列,如念珠串的丝状体。丝状体中有一些比营养细胞略大的异形胞,将丝状体分成许多藻殖段,     

高固氮酶活性的多变鱼腥藻异形胞的分离

多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)是具有异形胞的固氮蓝藻。异形胞是由营养细胞分化而来,异形胞一般为营养细胞的5—10%。在有氮培养中营养细胞不分化为异     

培养条件下发菜的形态建成

固体培养基培养的发菜(Nostoc flagelliforme)在黑暗与低光强(2·s)条件下细胞发育受到抑制,在光强10、20、30、60 μmol/m2·s 条件下细胞生长良好, 但在60 μmol/m2·s 条件下藻丝体易变黄; 液体充气培养的发菜在光强20、60、180 μmol/m2·s 条件下生长速率、类胡萝卜素与多糖含量均随光强升高而增加。发菜在低营养水平时形成的异形胞较多, 异形胞的发生位置也多样, 有端生、间生和连生。当琼脂浓度为0.5%—4%时发菜具有相同的形态发育特征, 从藻殖段发育至丝状聚集体状态, 再从聚集体中释放藻丝; 当琼脂浓度为6%—8%时发菜发育至丝状聚集体状态, 藻丝包裹在厚胶鞘中, 观察不到藻丝和藻殖段的释放。以上结果表明光照和培养基的含水量对发菜细胞发育具有重要影响。       

东湖项圈藻异形胞的分离

异形胞(heterocysts)是丝状固氮蓝藻的一种分化细胞。由于其形态明显区别于其他细胞而引起注意。1966年,Fay和Walsby首次通过French压力室分离了有生活力的蓝藻异形胞。其原理在于利用异形胞和其他营养细胞在细胞壁结构上的差异,使用760apm高压处理引起营养细胞破裂而保留了异形胞。根据同样选择性地破坏营养细胞的原理,随后又产生了     

鱼腥藻 PCC7120外膜的纯化和外膜蛋白的鉴定

鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)PCC7120是一种丝状同氮蓝藻,在缺氮诱导条件下,沿着丝体约每隔10个营养细胞分化出一个固氮细胞即异形胞,在细胞分化中伴随着复杂的基因表达和调控,成为一维原核生物体细胞分化及图式形成研究的模式[1].     

应用生物膜干涉技术检测鱼腥藻HetR结合靶DNA的亲和力

正鱼腥藻PCC7120是一种固氮丝状蓝藻,当环境中化合态氮源充足时,其藻丝只有进行光合作用的营养细胞;在环境中缺乏可利用的氮源时,部分营养细胞会在藻丝上以一种半规律的格式分化成异形胞(异形胞间隔约10个营养细胞),从而进行固氮作用。早在1984年,Wolk实验室通过与大肠杆菌接合转移的方式,成功地将穿梭质粒转入鱼腥藻PCC7120,建立了遗传转移系统~([1])。在2001年,日本Kazusa研究中心完成了对鱼腥藻PCC7120全基因组测序~([2])。有规律的细胞分化格式,成熟的遗传转移系统以及完整可用的基因组序列使得鱼腥藻PCC7120     

Electron Transport Regulates Cellular Differentiation in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Calothrix

Differentiation of the filamentous cyanobacteria Calothrix sp strains PCC 7601 and PCC 7504 is regulated by light spectral quality. Vegetative filaments differentiate motile, gas-vacuolated hormogonia after transfer to fresh medium and incubation under red light. Hormogonia are transient and give rise to vegetative filaments, or to heterocystous filaments if fixed nitrogen is lacking. If incubated under green light after transfer to fresh medium, vegetative filaments do not differentiate hormogonia but may produce heterocysts directly, even in the presence of combined nitrogen. We used inhibitors of thylakoid electron transport (3-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone) to show that the opposing effects of red and green light on cell differentiation arise through differential excitations of photosystems I and II. Red light excitation of photosystem I oxidizes the plastoquinone pool, stimulating differentiation of hormogonia and inhibiting heterocyst differentiation. Conversely, net reduction of plastoquinone by green light excitation of photosystem II inhibits differentiation of hormogonia and stimulates heterocyst differentiation. This photoperception mechanism is distinct from the light regulation of complementary chromatic adaptation of phycobilisome constituents. Although complementary chromatic adaptation operates independently of the photocontrol of cellular differentiation, these two regulatory processes are linked, because the general expression of phycobiliprotein genes is transiently repressed during hormogonium differentiation. In addition, absorbance by phycobilisomes largely determines the light wavelengths that excite photosystem II, and thus the wavelengths that can imbalance electron transport.     

Regulation of cellular differentiation in filamentous cyanobacteria in free-living and plant-associated symbiotic growth states.

Certain filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria generate signals that direct their own multicellular development. They also respond to signals from plants that initiate or modulate differentiation, leading to the establishment of a symbiotic association. An objective of this review is to describe the mechanisms by which free-living cyanobacteria regulate their development and then to consider how plants may exploit cyanobacterial physiology to achieve stable symbioses. Cyanobacteria that are capable of forming plant symbioses can differentiate into motile filaments called hormogonia and into specialized nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Plant signals exert both positive and negative regulatory control on hormogonium differentiation. Heterocyst differentiation is a highly regulated process, resulting in a regularly spaced pattern of heterocysts in the filament. The evidence is most consistent with the pattern arising in two stages. First, nitrogen limitation triggers a nonrandomly spaced cluster of cells (perhaps at a critical stage of their cell cycle) to initiate differentiation. Interactions between an inhibitory peptide exported by the differentiating cells and an activator protein within them causes one cell within each cluster to fully differentiate, yielding a single mature heterocyst. In symbiosis with plants, heterocyst frequencies are increased 3- to 10-fold because, we propose, either differentiation is initiated at an increased number of sites or resolution of differentiating clusters is incomplete. The physiology of symbiotically associated cyanobacteria raises the prospect that heterocyst differentiation proceeds independently of the nitrogen status of a cell and depends instead on signals produced by the plant partner.     

Regulation of Cellular Differentiation in Filamentous Cyanobacteria in Free-Living and Plant-Associated Symbiotic Growth States

Certain filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria generate signals that direct their own multicellular development. They also respond to signals from plants that initiate or modulate differentiation, leading to the establishment of a symbiotic association. An objective of this review is to describe the mechanisms by which free-living cyanobacteria regulate their development and then to consider how plants may exploit cyanobacterial physiology to achieve stable symbioses. Cyanobacteria that are capable of forming plant symbioses can differentiate into motile filaments called hormogonia and into specialized nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Plant signals exert both positive and negative regulatory control on hormogonium differentiation. Heterocyst differentiation is a highly regulated process, resulting in a regularly spaced pattern of heterocysts in the filament. The evidence is most consistent with the pattern arising in two stages. First, nitrogen limitation triggers a nonrandomly spaced cluster of cells (perhaps at a critical stage of their cell cycle) to initiate differentiation. Interactions between an inhibitory peptide exported by the differentiating cells and an activator protein within them causes one cell within each cluster to fully differentiate, yielding a single mature heterocyst. In symbiosis with plants, heterocyst frequencies are increased 3- to 10-fold because, we propose, either differentation is initiated at an increased number of sites or resolution of differentiating clusters is incomplete. The physiology of symbiotically associated cyanobacteria raises the prospect that heterocyst differentiation proceeds independently of the nitrogen status of a cell and depends instead on signals produced by the plant partner.     

Characterization of the motile hormogonia of Mastigocladus laminosus.

The cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus produces motile hormogonia which move by gliding motility. These hormogonia were characterized in terms of their morphology, state of differentiation of the cells, optimal temperature for production and motility, minimal nutritional requirements to sustain motility, liberation of the hormogonium from its parental trichome, average surface velocity, and maximal concentration of agar through which the hormogonium may move. We found that an average hormogonium consisted of 13.6 cells of only the narrow-cell-type morphology. Gliding motility and the production of hormogonia were maximal at 45 degrees C. Agarose plus 0.20 mM Ca2+ was sufficient to sustain gliding motility. Hormogonia were liberated from the parental trichome by formation and lysis of a necridium. The average surface velocity of a hormogonium was 1.7 micron/s with a maximal velocity of 3 micron/s. Hormogonia were motile through 7% agar. Motile hormogonia leave a record of their passage in the form of easily visible tracks on the surface of solid media. Three types of tracks were observed: straight, sinusoidal, and circular. Normal, forward-directed motion involves screwlike rotation that describes a right-handed helix. However, observations are presented which suggest that rotational motion is not a prerequisite for gliding motility in this cyanobacterium.