茶树品种‘金牡丹’自然杂交后代遗传鉴定

为了对‘金牡丹’茶树自然杂交后代进行遗传鉴定,利用EST-SSR毛细管电泳荧光标记技术对65个金牡丹自然杂交后代进行研究。结果表明,28对SSR标记共扩增出192个等位片段,平均等位基因数(Na)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)及遗传多态信息量(PIC)分别为6.86、0.540、0.532。单亲基因型已知时的累积排除概率为0.999,说明选择的28对SSR标记位点具有高度的多态性和较高的排除概率,适用于遗传分析和个体的亲子鉴定。15个‘金牡丹’自然杂交后代的遗传鉴定结果表明,MD44、JMD45、JMD47、JMD32为早生绿茶类型;JMD51、JMD53为闽北肉桂乌龙茶类型;MD2、JMD56为闽南‘铁观音’乌龙茶类型;JMD24、JMD26、JMD29、JMD55、JMD59、JMD27、JMD61为‘黄棪’乌龙茶类型。     

分子标记辅助选育抗水稻条纹叶枯病的‘红血糯’种质

为了改良水稻‘红血糯’品种对条纹叶枯病的抗性,将‘秦稻2号’、‘香糯Q33’、‘青香糯’作为抗性的供体亲本配制杂交组合;同时选取了ST10、H21和STS11-43等3对显性分子标记用于亲本和F2群体田间抗病性的分子标记辅助检测。结果显示:(1)不同分子标记在亲本中的多态性不同,标记H21和STS11-43只有在‘红血糯’和‘香糯Q33’之间具有多态性,标记ST10在‘红血糯’与‘秦稻2号’、‘香糯Q33’、‘青香糯’之间都有多态性。(2)各个分子标记在不同杂交组合F2群体的室内分子检测显示,部分F2单株携带抗性基因条带,也有个别单株含有杂合抗病基因条带。(3)田间发病抗性检测显示,含有抗性基因的植株基本不发病,携带抗性基因的单株与田间发病情况调查结果基本相符,但对含有杂合抗病基因条带的抗病单株,其还需2~3代田间观察,纯化抗病基因。研究表明,分子检测结果与田间抗病性检测结果相符,3种分子标记可以用于‘红血糯’杂交后代的分子标记辅助检测,为改良‘红血糯’的条纹叶枯病抗性育种提供了可行的方法。     

大鳞副泥鳅5个野生群体的遗传多样性分析

利用微卫星分子标记分析了天津地区于桥水库、大黄堡湿地、七里海湿地、团泊水库和潮白新河5个野生大鳞副泥鳅群体的遗传多样性。5个群体在12个微卫星位点共检测到98个等位基因,平均等位基因数为8.500;有效等位基因数为2.713;平均观测杂合度为0.526;平均期望杂合度为0.544。5个群体间的遗传分化指数介于0.021~0.106之间,平均遗传分化指数为0.059,属中低水平的遗传分化。AMOVA分析结果显示,在总的变异中,94.1%的遗传变异来自群体内,5.90%的遗传变异来自于群体间。根据Nei’s遗传距离所绘制的系统树显示,于桥水库、团泊水库、七里海湿地和大黄堡湿地4个群体的遗传距离相对较小聚为一支,潮白新河群体单独为一支。遗传瓶颈效应分析表明,该5个群体近期未经受遗传瓶颈效应,处于突变-漂移平衡。总体来看,天津地区5个野生大鳞副泥鳅群体的遗传多样性较高,可作为品种选育的基础群体。     

有网脉和无网脉金线莲杂交及分子鉴定

对源自福建武夷山道地金线莲种质资源‘武夷1号’有网脉和无网脉植株进行性状观察和药用成分分析,并以二者为亲本进行人工杂交,研究杂交亲和性及杂交后代性状分离规律,利用ISSR和CDDP分子标记对亲本和杂交后代进行鉴定,为福建道地金线莲种质资源进行品种改良提供依据。结果显示：(1)金线莲有网脉植株类黄酮和总多糖含量显著较高,分别为无网脉植株的1.2和1.3倍,但无网脉植株金线莲苷含量略高于有网脉植株。(2)杂交结果显示,金线莲父母本为相同网脉性状组合的杂交亲和性要高于网脉性状不同的组合;杂交后代有网脉、无网脉性状分离比例约为3∶1;推断有网脉为纯合基因型,无网脉为杂合基因型。(3)ISSR和CDDP分子标记联合应用能有效区分金线莲无网脉植株和有网脉植株,也可以用于鉴定杂交后代;聚类分析结果表明,有网脉与无网脉金线莲的遗传距离为0.04。研究结果表明福建道地金线莲不同品系间的药用成分含量差异较大,并支持有网脉金线莲与无网脉金线莲为不同品种(系)的观点。     

栖息条件对中华蜜蜂遗传多样性的影响

为了评估不同栖息条件对中华蜜蜂(简称中蜂)种群遗传多样性的影响,本研究运用微卫星标记的方法,对皖南山区4个不同采样点120个中华蜜蜂群体的2400只工蜂样本进行了分析.结果表明:与天然林野生中蜂群相比,单一茶树种植结构下,皖南中蜂群的等位基因数、平均期望杂合度和多态信息含量的差异均不显著;人工驯养中蜂群的等位基因数、多态信息含量差异显著,平均期望杂合度差异不显著;2006年采集的野生中蜂群与天然林野生中蜂群的等位基因数、平均期望杂合度和多态信息含量均差异显著.各种群间存在极显著的遗传分化,平均分化系数为0.32.说明皖南地区茶树单一化种植不会影响中蜂的遗传结构与资源保护.     

黑莓杂交后代单株主要生长及结果性状的变异分析

对黑莓(Rubus spp.)6个品种9个杂交组合(‘Chester’בKiowa’、‘Kiowa’בNavaho’、‘Triple Crown’בKiowa’、‘Kiowa’בHull’、‘Triple Crown’בChester’、‘Arapaho’בHull’、‘Navaho’בKiowa’、‘Hull’בKiowa’和‘Kiowa’בKiowa’)的131株后代实生苗的主要生长性状(包括刺密度、叶绿素相对含量、分枝数量、主枝和侧枝的直径以及自然株高)和结实性状(包括结果株数、单株果穗数量、每穗果实数量和单株果实数量)进行了观测,并对这些性状的变异状况进行了比较分析.结果表明:在获得的131株杂交后代单株中,有92株具刺植株和121株结果植株,具刺和结果植株的数量分别占后代总株数的70.23％和92.37％.131株杂交后代刺密度、分枝数量、主枝直径、侧枝直径和自然株高的平均值分别为1.51 cm-1、15.43、1.31 cm、0.74 cm和61.07 cm,变异系数分别为78.81％、52.69％、25.19％、20.27％和38.91％;121株杂交后代结果单株的果穗数量、每穗果实数量和单株果实数量的平均值分别为27.05、4.92和145.98,变异系数分别为67.63％、50.83％和91.20％;在不同杂交组合间后代单株的这些指标变异均较大,且与亲本相比,杂交后代的枝蔓生长量和结果数量退化明显且分离严重.杂交后代叶片叶绿素相对含量(Spad)的平均值为45.36,变异系数仅为1.46％,变异幅度较小且与亲本的差异不明显,说明黑莓叶片叶绿素含量性状的遗传力较高且分离小.在无刺品种‘Triple Crown’与具刺品种‘Kiowa’杂交组合的40株杂交后代单株中具刺单株比例达到90％,且其他具刺亲本杂交组合的后代也多数具刺,表明黑莓的刺性状为显性遗传且具有数量遗传特征.     

云南野生小蜜蜂群体SSR遗传多样性分析

【目的】小蜜蜂Apis florea是蜜蜂属野生种类之一,在我国主要分布于西南部。对于小蜜蜂的研究我国多集中在形态方面,遗传多样性的研究较少。本文旨在阐明云南地区小蜜蜂的群体遗传特征,评价其遗传多样性。【方法】本研究利用14对微卫星引物对采自云南省的13群野生小蜜蜂进行了群体遗传变异检测和遗传多样性分析。【结果】在小蜜蜂群体中共检测到53个等位基因,平均等位基因数为3.7857,平均有效等位基因数2.9420,平均期望杂合度和表观杂合度分别为0.5708和0.2184,平均多态信息含量为0.5300。根据Nei’s遗传距离用UPGMA方法对13群小蜜蜂进行亲缘关系分析,结果 13群野生小蜜蜂先分出红河(HH),再分出缅甸(MD)和普洱(PE),最后所有的西双版纳的聚在一起。【结论】说明同一地区的小蜜蜂的遗传距离相对不同地区的较近。     

基于苹果基因组开发梨的多态性SSR引物

从NCBI网站获取‘金冠’苹果基因组数据,在每条染色体上随机设计4对共68对引物。利用梨品种‘黄冠’和‘莱阳茌梨’及其F1代杂交群体(共94个单株)对这些引物的应用性进行验证,同时分析了该群体遗传多样性。(1)引物扩增结果显示,有40对引物可以扩增出预期目的条带,占设计引物数量的58.82%,其中16对引物能够扩增出多态性条带。(2)群体遗传多样性分析结果显示,有16对多态性引物扩增产物的等位基因数平均为2.312 5,有效等位基因数平均为2.001 4,平均杂合度观测值、期望杂合度和香农指数分别为0.548 3、0.490 5和0.746 2,表明可以在梨上运用。研究证明,SSR位点在苹果与梨之间可以转移应用。     

13/17罗伯逊易位猪POU1F1基因多态性

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养制备染色体标本, 对13/17罗伯逊易位猪的3种杂交组合的394头后代进行核型分析, 出现3种核型猪：13/17易位纯合子猪[2n=36, XY或XX, rob(13;17)]、13/17易位杂合子猪[2n=37, XY或XX, rob(13;17)]和正常核型猪[2n=38, XY或XX]。应用PCR-RFLP技术在POU1F1基因的1 746 bp扩增片段中检测到1个RsaⅠ限制性内切酶的多态位点。应用PCR-SSCP技术检测POU1F1基因第4外显子, 在3种杂交后代群中均未检测到突变。遗传多态性分析结果表明：RsaⅠ酶切多态位点的突变在3种杂交后代群中A等位基因和AA基因型频率占优势, 在3种核型群体中也是A等位基因和AA基因型频率占优势, 其中AB基因型频率在易位杂合型群体中较高。各杂交后代群均未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡, 不同核型群亦处于非平衡状态。13/17易位杂合子猪×13/17易位杂合子猪和13/17易位杂合子猪×约克两杂交后代群的PIC表现为中度多态, 而13/17易位杂合子猪×皮杜杂交后代群表现为低度多态; 易位杂合型群体表现为中度多态, 正常核型和易位纯合型群体表现低度多态性。     

桃''秦光2号''×''曙光''F1代SSR遗传连锁图谱的构建

以桃品种‘秦光2号’和‘曙光’及其90株F1代群体为试验材料,依据SSR标记构建桃的遗传连锁图谱。构建的图谱覆盖桃基因组640cM,包含16个连锁群、73个标记,标记间平均图距为11.7cM;桃的白/黄肉性状(Y/y)、离/粘核性状(F/f)被分别定位在第8连锁群和第9连锁群上,距其相邻的分子标记距离分别为4和5cM。所构建的遗传连锁图谱可用于进一步研究。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.