浙江近海春、夏季蟹类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2015年4月和7月浙江近岸海域单船底拖网调查资料, 分析了春、夏两个季节浙江近岸海域蟹类的种类组成、优势种及资源密度分布, 采用生态多样性指数和丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析了群落物种多样性及其动态变化, 同时运用典范对应分析(CCA)研究了蟹类群落变化与海洋环境因子的关系。结果表明: 浙江沿岸海域春、夏季共捕获蟹类28种, 隶属于11科19属, 调查海域蟹类主要以暖水性种类占优势; 春季优势种为双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和日本蟳(Charybdis japonica), 夏季优势种为三疣梭子蟹和双斑蟳; 两个季节蟹类平均资源密度分别为244.38 和585.60 kg/km2, 中北部海域资源密度高于南部海域; 种类丰富度指数(D)、物种多样性指数(H′)和种类均匀度指数(J′)三种群落多样性指数均不高, 蟹类群落多样性水平处于较低水平; 根据ABC曲线评估干扰对蟹类群落的影响可得: 春、夏季浙江近岸蟹类群落分别处于严重干扰和中等干扰状态; 典范对应分析结果表明: 在进行对应分析的9个环境因子中, 水深为影响研究海域春夏两季蟹类分布的首要环境因子; 盐度(表层和底层)为影响蟹类分布的次要环境因子, 其他环境因子也均在一定程度上影响蟹类群落分布。     

胶州湾中部海域蟹类群落结构及多样性的月变化及其影响因素

根据2008年9月至2009年8月在胶州湾中部海域逐月进行的底拖网调查数据,应用相对重要性指数、生物多样性指数和多元统计分析等方法对胶州湾中部海域蟹类群落结构及多样性的月变化及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明： 调查海域共捕获蟹类18种,隶属于11科17属;蟹类相对资源量具有明显的月间变化,其中6-8月平均网获量较高.全年优势种为双斑蟳.蟹类群落优势种组成具有明显的月变化,双斑蟳、日本蟳、三疣梭子蟹、绒毛细足蟹和隆线强蟹分别为不同月份的优势种.蟹类群落物种丰富度指数(D)为0.54～2.86,Shannon多样性指数(H)为0.06～2.59,均匀度指数(J)为0.03～0.97.各群落物种多样性指数均在冬季月份最高,秋季月份次之,春夏季月份最低.聚类分析(CLUSTER)与非度量多维标度排序(MDS)分析可以将全年蟹类群落划分为3个月份组：Ⅰ(5-10月)、Ⅱ(4、11、12月)和Ⅲ(1-3月).单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明,不同月份组群种类组成差异显著;Ⅰ与Ⅱ、Ⅰ与Ⅲ组群差异显著,Ⅱ与Ⅲ组群差异不显著.各月份组群的典型种包括双斑蟳、三疣梭子蟹、日本蟳、隆线强蟹、绒毛细足蟹,以及月份组群间分歧种包括双斑蟳、日本蟳、三疣梭子蟹,对蟹类群落结构月变化的影响明显.生物-环境分析(BIOENV)显示,各环境因子中底层水温是影响胶州湾中部海域蟹类群落结构月变化的主要环境因子.     

东海中南部外海蟹类群落结构特征

2006年5月（春）、9月（夏）、11月（秋）和2007年2月（冬）对东海中南部外海（26°00′-28°30′ N,121°00′-126°00′ E）海域蟹类资源进行调查,分析了蟹类的种类组成、优势度、多样性和生物量等群落结构特征.结果表明：本次调查共鉴定蟹类49种,隶属于12科30属;春、秋季,调查海域蟹类种数呈北部高、南部低的特征,夏季各站位的蟹类种数分布较均匀,冬季该海域南北地区蟹类种数的差异较小,但调查海域外侧站位的种数较多;调查海域蟹类的优势种为13种,主要包括：双斑蟳、卷折馒头蟹、武士蟳、细点圆趾蟹、长手隆背蟹、光掌蟳和银光梭子蟹等;调查海域夏季的蟹类多样性指数较低,其他3个季节的差别不大;调查海域蟹类平均渔获资源量为5197.62 g·h^-1,夏季（8830.79 g·h^-1）﹥春季（4877.50 g·h^-1）﹥秋季（4268.30 g·h^-1）﹥冬季（2813.87 g·h^-1）.东海中南部外海蟹类可划分为3个生态群落,即广温广盐生态群落、高温广盐生态群落、高温高盐生态群落.     

厦门海域蟹类的群落结构特征

根据2016年5月（春）、8月（夏）、11月（秋）和2017年2月（冬）在厦门海域（24°21′ ~ 24°39′N,117°54′ ~ 118°30′E）的蟹类资源调查资料,研究分析了该海域蟹类的种类组成、优势种、多样性和生物量分布变化的特点。结果表明,该海域有蟹类32种,隶属12科18属。种数以春季最高,秋季最低。调查海域四季中出现的优势种有7种：变态蟳（Charybdis variegata）、东方蟳（C. orientalis）、红星梭子蟹（Portunus sanguinolentus）、矛形梭子蟹（P. hastatoides）、强壮菱蟹（Parthenope validus）、日本蟳（C. japonica）和远海梭子蟹（Portunus pelagicus）,其中日本蟳是四季共有的优势种。多样性指数（H′）以春季最高,秋季最低。生物量呈现出时空分布差异,秋季最高,春季最低;九龙江口（位于厦门海域西部）的蟹类生物量明显低于厦门岛其他海域,水深大于10 m水域的生物量小于水深小于等于10 m水域的生物量,这与九龙江径流、水深、水温等环境因素密切相关。与30年前相比,厦门海域蟹类的种数减少了约45%,优势种发生明显变化。     

长山列岛邻近海域鱼类群落种类组成和多样性时空变化

为了解黄、渤海生态系统交错带长山列岛邻近水域鱼类群落种类组成和多样性,根据2016年10月,2017年1月、5月及8月进行的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,应用相对重要性指数、物种多样性指数、k优势度曲线等方法,研究了长山列岛邻近海域鱼类群落种类组成、物种多样性时空变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 该海域共计捕获鱼类77种,以温水性、底层、洄游性鱼类为主,优势种组成季节变化明显,春季、冬季主要优势种为黄鮟鱇,夏季以日本鲭、鳀等中上层鱼类为主。全年共计出现洄游性鱼类46种,季节间物种迁移指数均在100以上,其中秋季物种迁移指数最大。鱼类群落物种丰富度指数在春季最高、Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数在秋季最高。夏季物种丰富度指数与表层水温呈显著负相关;冬季物种丰富度指数与水深、底层水温呈极显著正相关,Shannon多样性指数与底层水温呈极显著正相关。长山列岛邻近海域作为黄、渤海两大生态系统的交错带,鱼类群落表现出高物种多样性、洄游种多以及明显的时空异质性。     

南麂列岛东侧海域春秋季虾蟹类生物多样性

本文根据2017年11月和2018年5月对南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区东侧海域进行渔业资源定点底拖网调查所获得的虾蟹类数据, 对调查海域的虾蟹类群落结构及多样性进行了研究。结果表明: (1)共鉴定出调查海域的虾蟹类30种, 其中虾类16种, 隶属于1目6科12属, 蟹类14种, 隶属于1目5科6属; (2)秋季虾蟹类物种数高于春季, 且春秋季物种数在整个调查海域大致呈现由北向南逐渐增多的趋势; (3)春季优势种依次为: 三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus juponicus)、细巧仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis tenella)和日本蟳(Charybdis japonica), 秋季优势种均为蟹类, 依次为三疣梭子蟹、双斑蟳和日本蟳; (4)虾蟹类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(J')是春季大于秋季, 丰富度指数(D)则是秋季远高于春季; (5)根据聚类分析(CLUSTER)与非度量多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling, nMDS)分析, 可将虾蟹类划分为3个群落; (6)丰度/生物量曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curve, ABC曲线)显示, 南麂列岛调查海域的虾蟹类群落处于稳定未受干扰的状态。     

胶州湾海域鱼类群落种类组成及多样性

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落结构特征,根据2016—2017年间对胶州湾海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查数据,采用相对重要性指数、生态多样性指数和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)、非线性多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)等方法分析了胶州湾海域鱼类群落的种类组成和多样性特征。结果表明:调查共采集到鱼类46种,隶属2纲10目30科41属,以硬骨鱼纲鱼类为主(45种,97.83%)。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(22种,47.83%),其次是鲉形目(Scorpaeniformes),占15.22%。种类数季节变化明显,以夏季最高,23种;秋季最低,16种。优势种组成以赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、许氏平鮋(Sebastes schlegeli)和矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)等鱼类为主。多样性分析显示,鱼类物种多样性存在明显的季节差异。多样性指数(H′)季节变化范围为1.668—2.453,以夏季最高,春季最低;均匀度指数(J′)季节变化范围为0.577—0.808,以秋季最高,春季最低;丰富度指数(D′)季节变化范围为2.431—3.123,以冬季最高,秋季最低。典范对应分析表明,水温、盐度、水深和pH是影响胶州湾海域鱼类群落物种组成的主要环境因子,且水温和pH是影响鱼类群落结构及多样性时空变化的主要因子。与历史调查资料相比,由于人类活动对胶州湾生态系统的干扰,鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化,优势种组成更替明显,多样性水平降低,鱼类群落结构趋向简单化。     

珠江口伶仃洋海域底层游泳动物的季节变化

珠江口伶仃洋海域是渔业资源的重要栖息地,近年来由于人类活动的加剧导致生态环境质量下降。为进一步了解栖息环境恶化对渔业资源的影响,于2009年8月至2010年4月采用底拖网在珠江口伶仃洋海域进行了游泳动物4个季节的调查。共鉴定游泳动物92种,其中鱼类54种,甲壳类32种和头足类6种。游泳动物种数夏季最高,为52种,春季最低,仅35种,春、夏季和冬、春季种类季节更替显著。优势种组成较为稳定,以日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla kempi)和棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)为主要优势种,其中日本蟳为全年优势种,平均尾数密度占总密度的8.07%～26.22%。游泳动物资源密度和尾数密度季节变化趋势一致,均为夏季最高,秋季和春季次之,冬季最低。珠江口伶仃洋海域温度和盐度有明显的季节变化,夏季和秋季温度较高,盐度较低,冬季和春季温度较低,而盐度较高。温度是伶仃洋海域游泳动物种类和数量季节变化的主要因子。与历史资料比较,珠江口主要经济鱼、虾类出现小型化趋势。     

珠海横琴岛海域浮游动物群落结构特征

根据2013 年11 月(秋季)、2014 年5 月(春季)、2015 年2 月(冬季)和8 月(夏季)4 航次的调查数据, 对横琴岛海域浮游动物物种组成、时空分布及多样性等群落结构特征进行了分析。结果显示: 共鉴定出浮游动物103 种类, 阶段性浮游幼体13 类, 桡足类种类最多42 种, 其次为刺胞动物18 种。种类数秋季最多52 种, 夏季次之50 种, 冬季最少46 种。年均丰度范围为100.31-2003.90 ind·m^–3, 均值为606.22 ind·m–3; 年均生物量范围56.30-137.13 mg·m^–3, 均值为80.86 mg·m^–3; 该海域优势种更替较快, 其优势种春季为刺尾纺锤水蚤Acartia spinicauda、中华异水蚤Acartiella sinensis 等5 种, 夏季为短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis 和强额孔雀哲水蚤Pavocalanus crassirostris, 秋季为长尾类幼体Macrura larvae、亚强次真哲水蚤Eucalanus subcrassus 等8 种, 冬季仅夜光虫Noctiluca scintillans 一种。多样性指数、均匀度指数、多样性阈值及丰富度指数均值春季为3.86、0.88、3.40、3.24, 夏季为2.10、0.89、1.88、1.01, 秋季为3.34、0.83、2.78、2.63, 冬季为0.95、0.31、0.30、0.09。其中冬季4 项指数均很低, 表明该海域浮游动物群落结构异常, 海域生态环境受到了一定程度的污染破坏。     

大陈洋产卵场保护区甲壳类群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解浙江省大陈洋产卵场保护区甲壳类的群落结构特征,于2018年春季(4月)和秋季(11月)对甲壳类生物资源进行了底拖网调查,应用相对重要性指数(IRI)、生物多样性指数和典范对应分析(CCA)等方法对其群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了综合分析。结果表明: 共鉴定出甲壳类38种,隶属14科25属,其中口虾蛄、三疣梭子蟹、双斑蟳和哈氏仿对虾为优势种。春季甲壳类资源密度在50 m以浅海域较高;秋季在50 m以深海域较高,且保护区内南部甲壳类资源密度高于北部。关于多样性特征,春季甲壳类丰富度指数(D)、多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(J)均高于秋季,空间分布上50 m以深海域甲壳类的H最高。根据生物量进行等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)分析,春季可将甲壳类划分为3个群落,秋季划分为4个群落,春季甲壳类群落结构组内差异性较秋季显著。典范对应分析结果表明,水深、底温、盐度和溶解氧为影响甲壳类种类组成和时空变化的主要环境因子。     

基于“源-汇”理论的流域非点源污染控制景观格局调控框架——以厦门市马銮湾流域为例

基于“源-汇”理论对景观格局进行调控与优化是一种较为经济、有效的流域非点源污染控制新方法,目前尚处在探索阶段.在景观生态学及相关理论与前人已有研究的基础上,以流域整体为对象,从2个层次构建基于“源-汇”理论的流域非点源污染控制景观格局调控框架: 1)流域层次:在分析流域“源-汇”景观合理的基本组合与空间布局方式的基础上,建立了流域景观格局整体调控与优化方法;2)景观斑块类型层次:将关键“源”景观作为重点调控与优化对象,建立了包含景观单位面积污染负荷、景观坡度、起传输作用的狭长“源”景观、临河“源”景观单位岸线长度污染负荷等4项关键“源”景观识别准则,并遵循镶嵌“汇”景观、局部增补带型“汇”景观、提高原有“汇”景观消纳污染物的能力等3项调控与优化原则,针对农村地区与城区不同的关键“源”景观类型,制定了9类调控与优化方法.最后将该框架应用到厦门市马銮湾流域,基于GIS平台及研究区遥感图像与数字高程模型,制定了马銮湾流域景观格局整体调控与优化模式及3个片区关键“源”景观调控与优化方案.     

Identification of four distinct ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species in pomegranate trees showing witches' broom,little leaf and yellowing in Jordan,and preliminary insights on their putative insect vectors and reservoir plants

During field surveys conducted in northern Jordan from June to November 2020, phytoplasma-like symptoms, including leaf yellowing/reddening and rolling, little leaf and witches' broom were observed in pomegranate. Disease incidence in 22 surveyed orchards ranged from 30% to 65%. Nested PCR-based amplification of 16S rRNA gene detected phytoplasmas in 17% of collected symptomatic pomegranate trees. Amplicon nucleotide sequence analyses allowed attributing the detected phytoplasmas to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’, ‘Ca. P. asteris’ and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’. These phytoplasmas were found in plants showing specific symptoms and differentially distributed in the considered locations. Additionally, three cicadellids (Macrosteles sexnotatus, Cicadulina bipunctata and Psammotettix striatus) and two non-crop plants (Plantago major and Capsicum annuum) resulted hosting ‘Ca. P. asteris’ strains, and one cicadellid (Balclutha incisa) was carrying a ‘Ca. P. solani’ strain. A new pomegranate disease complex associated with multiple phytoplasmas, including ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’, never reported before in this host plant, is described here. Moreover, preliminary indications are provided on its possible epidemiology in Jordan, involving two putative insect vectors (M. sexnotatus, B. incisa) first reported in the Country.     

New racisms,new racial subjects? The neo-liberal moment and the racial landscape of contemporary Britain

Abstract

The articles in this volume reflect upon a very specific moment in the social architecture of British society: a moment that brings financial meltdown together with some sizeable shifts in the racial and ethnic landscape of the UK. As a ‘neo-liberal revolution’ heralds the end of public services and the end of the welfare state, it proclaims ‘the end of race’ as well. But cultural retrenchment and coded xenophobia have also been sweeping the political terrain, accompanied by ‘new racisms’ and ‘new racial subjects’ that only close contextual analysis can unpick. Against those who suggest that we live in a post-racial time, the research presented offers friction. By focusing on particular locations in Britain at a particular moment, the articles explore local stories of ‘race’ and racism across changing sociopolitical ground.     

The Problem Realm and the World of Inner Experiences of Upper-Grade Students

In her chapter, the author understands ‘problems’ not as problems of solving learning tasks, but life situations which a young person has to solve. Such situations are often negative experiences. The author claims that problem situations can only be evaluated on the basis of ‘perezhivanie’ associated with them. This aspect is seldom present in psychological-pedagogical research. Most research starting from the 1920’s uses personal diaries or observations as the methods of studying life problems. But they are not able to reveal objectively relations between life problems and their ‘perezhivanie.’ The author introduces two new survey methods called “the world of perezhivanie” and “panorama of problems,” with which primary material is collected for further elaboration of the relation between problem domains and ‘perezhivanie.’ The chapter presents new methods of collecting data. Empirical results are published in other journals and books.     

Genetic sex determination,sex chromosome size and sex-specific lifespans across tetrapods

Sex differences in lifespan are ubiquitous across the tree of life and exhibit broad taxonomic patterns that remain a puzzle, such as males living longer than females in birds and vice versa in mammals. The prevailing unguarded X hypothesis explains sex differences in lifespan by differential expression of recessive mutations on the X or Z chromosome of the heterogametic sex, but has only received indirect support to date. An alternative hypothesis is that the accumulation of deleterious mutations and repetitive elements on the Y or W chromosome might lower the survival of the heterogametic sex (‘toxic Y’ hypothesis). Here, we use a new database to report lower survival of the heterogametic relative to the homogametic sex across 136 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, as expected if sex chromosomes shape sex-specific lifespans, and consistent with previous findings. We also found that the relative sizes of both the X and the Y chromosomes in mammals (but not the Z or the W chromosomes in birds) are associated with sex differences in lifespan, as predicted by the unguarded X and the ‘toxic Y’. Furthermore, we report that the relative size of the Y is negatively associated with male lifespan in mammals, so that small Y size correlates with increased male lifespan. In theory, toxic Y effects are expected to be particularly strong in mammals, and we did not find similar effects in birds. Our results confirm the role of sex chromosomes in explaining sex differences in lifespan across tetrapods and further suggest that, at least in mammals, ‘toxic Y’ effects may play an important part in this role.     

锦带花属2个新品种

描述了2个锦带花属新品种,即贵妃锦带（Weigela florida ‘Royal’）和宝石锦带(Weigela florida‘Ruby’)。二者相近似,区别在于贵妃锦带植株稍高,株高1.5～2.0 m,花为尖晶玉红色,叶色暗绿;宝石锦带植株较矮,株高1.0～1.6 m,花为丹紫红色,叶片金黄色。这2个新品种均具有观赏特异性,抗逆性强,花期早且长等特性。     

Reduction of oxygen-pulsed cytochrome c oxidase by cytochrome c and other electron donors

1. Stopped-flow experiments were performed in which solutions containing dithionite were mixed with air-saturated buffer. Cytochrome c oxidase present in the dithionite-containing syringe is fully oxidized within the mixing time and the oxygen-pulsed form of the oxidase is produced.2. The reduction of this form by dithionite, by dithionite plus cytochrome c and by dithionite plus methyl viologen or benzyl viologen was followed and compared with the corresponding reduction reactions of the ‘resting’ oxidized enzyme. Reduction by dithionite is relatively slow, but the rate of reduction is greatly increased by addition of cytochrome c or the viologens, which are even more effective than cytochrome c on a molar basis.3. Profound differences between the transient kinetics of the reduction of the two oxidized oxidase derivatives were observed. The results are consistent with a direct reduction of cytochrome a followed by an intramolecular electron transfer to cytochrome a₃ (k^obs₁ = 7.5 s^?1 for the oxygen-pulsed oxidase).4. The spectrum of the oxygen-pulsed oxidase formed within 5 ms of the mixing closely resembles that of the ‘oxygenated’ compound, but there were small differences between the two spectra.     

Ethnicity and naturalization

This article examines whether or not ethnicity has an independent effect on the likelihood of immigrant naturalization using the Public Use Microdata Sample [PUMS] data from the 1980 US Census. Ethnic differences in the propensity to become naturalized US citizens were analysed among four panethnic groups and across thirty‐three major ethnic groups. The results point to the continuing significance of ethnicity in the naturalization process. However, the effect of ethnicity is not as strong as the effects of other structural factors. Three hypotheses that attempt to explain ethnic differences in the propensity for naturalization were also tested. The evidence lends strong support to the forced self‐protection hypothesis, but it provides no support for the discrimination hypothesis and the cultural differences hypothesis.     

Fluid and cation secretion by the Malpighian tubules of Locusta

In vitro preparations of Locusta Malpighian tubules are able to transport K⁺ against its concentration gradient. The ‘urine’ is slightly hyper-osmotic with respect to the bathing solution and the rate of secretion is inversely dependent on the osmotic pressure of the latter. The rate of fluid secretion increases with increasing temperature; being maximal at approx 40°C. The ionic composition of the secreted fluid, as indicated by Na⁺/K⁺ ratios, is altered by the presence of 1 mM ouabain in the bathing solution. Fluid secretion is inhibited by 1 mM ouabain. In addition, oxygen consumption by the Malpighian tubules is inhibited by either the presence of 1 mM ouabain or the absence of K⁺ in the bathing solution. The relationship between respiration, active transport and the Na⁺K⁺-activated ATPase is discussed.     

Both black and symbolically white: The ‘Bajan-Brit’ return migrant as post-colonial hybrid

The research presented in this article centres on an under-researched demographic group of young return migrants, namely, second-generation Barbadians, or ‘Bajan-Brits’, who have decided to ‘return’ to the birthplace of their parents. Based on 51 in-depth interviews, the essay examines the experiences of second-generation return migrants from an interpretative perspective framed within post-colonial discourse. The article first considers the Bajan-Brits and issues of race in the UK before their decision to migrate. It is then demonstrated that on ‘return’, in certain respects, these young, black English migrants occupy a liminal position of cultural, racial and economic privilege, based on their ‘symbolic’ or ‘token’ whiteness within the post-colonial context of Barbados. But this very hybridity and inbetweeness means that they also face difficulties and associated feelings of social alienation and discrimination. The ambivalent status of this transnational group of migrants serves to challenge traditional notions of Barbadian racial identity.