黔东北石阡香树园剖面志留系香树园组生屑滩微相

奥陶纪末赫南特冰期和生物大灭绝事件结束后,扬子陆表海区志留纪兰多维列世早期的海进序列伴随着生物逐渐复苏的过程。在黔中古陆北缘石阡一带鲁丹晚期至晚埃隆早期的香树园组属近岸浅水带灰岩—碎屑岩沉积区。石阡县城北香树园剖面的香树园组以灰岩为主,夹含少量粉砂质、泥质陆源碎屑岩,频繁出现含丰富壳相后生动物化石碎片形成的薄层滩相单元。与大颗粒壳相化石为主形成的各类生物层状礁类似,生屑滩多为动荡流水改造的后生动物碎片近源沉积。滩相具有较高的生物多样性和化石丰度,是奥陶纪末生物礁复苏前浅海暖水区广泛分布的生态单元。此地香树园组缺少粗砂级以上的陆源碎屑颗粒,也无岩屑颗粒,指示沉积物具有较高的成熟度。推测黔中古陆靠近石阡的部位已经夷平,黔东北浅海区在香树园组灰岩沉积期具有偏低的海水浑浊度和碎屑岩沉积速率,生屑滩相灰岩单元是在正常盐度和高清洁度的环境下堆积的,附近有粉砂-泥级颗粒注入,但无大型河流输入丰富的淡水和陆源粗碎屑。     

宜昌黄花场宜黄1井中奥陶统牯牛潭组上部灰岩的微相

宜昌黄花场宜黄1井钻遇牯牛潭组上部灰岩地层,属中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶顶部,自下而上出现棕灰色生屑泥粒状灰岩、棕红色生屑粒泥状灰岩、灰色瘤状灰岩、棕红色生屑粒泥状灰岩、棕灰色与灰色生屑粒泥状灰岩夹含少量泥质条带的灰色生屑泥状灰岩。以碳酸钙灰泥和粉砂屑基质沉积为主,见少量细颗粒破碎程度高的三叶虫、介形类、棘皮类等后生动物化石碎片,部分层位的生屑颗粒长轴无定向排列,它们在偏深水区安静海底堆积后无动荡水流频繁改造,顶部的生物扰动现象可能与海退有关。牯牛潭组上部没有典型暖水浅水相的化石类型和内碎屑颗粒沉积,灰岩均形成于最大浪基面之下水温偏凉的开阔陆表海区。     

新疆塔里木中央隆起区中2井上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩沉积相和测井参数

塔里木中央隆起区中2井位于塔中南坡台缘带,上奥陶统凯迪阶良里塔格组频繁出现浅水粒屑滩沉积,以及由蓝藻、钙藻兼以少量珊瑚、苔藓虫等造礁生物以不等含量分别构成生物障积或粘结型礁灰岩,棘皮类、腕足类和三叶虫等壳相生物碎屑丰富。可分出数层典型的生物礁、滩组合序列,总体显示为原地生长和近源搬运的生物礁滩复合体建造。环境的动能条件略有变化,但皆属浪基面之上的沉积深度。礁、滩储层形成模式主要受于沉积相带、成岩改造的控制,储层以生屑灰岩、藻粘结灰岩、障积灰岩及砂屑灰岩为主,储集空间类型包括次生溶蚀孔隙、晶洞与裂缝,同时伴随少量的白云岩化作用,且孔隙以深埋藏溶蚀成因为主,次生胶结作用也十分强烈,礁相储层潜力好于滩相。     

黔北凤岗硐卡拉奥陶系湄潭组中灰岩:典型的暖水相

黔北凤岗硐卡拉剖面下—中奥陶统湄潭组泥岩、粉砂岩中夹含一套47.5m的连续灰岩建造,是区内迄今所测得厚度最大的"中灰岩"段。中灰岩的岩石学特征显示其成分多为分异度很高的生屑、鲕粒(豆粒)和核形石等,颗粒破碎程度偏高,丰度高时可达颗粒支撑,灰泥基质和亮晶方解石胶结均有。这些颗粒堆积形成中—高能带生屑、内碎屑浅滩,纵向上略显旋回,亦见两层较薄含瓶筐石格架的生物层。这些特征皆属浅海带暖水型沉积的标志,将该剖面的湄潭组中灰岩与之同期的大湾组和紫台组中的灰岩相比较,后者形成于偏深的相带,灰泥和泥级、粉砂级陆源碎屑含量高,也缺乏典型的暖水成因标志,故可推知扬子区陆表海的灰岩沉积相存在深度控制的海水温差分异现象。     

华北板块西缘甘肃平凉上奥陶统平凉组灰岩微相和沉积环境

甘肃平凉官庄剖面为上奥陶统平凉组的建组剖面,出露其完整的地层序列,主要由细砂、粉砂级颗粒的碎屑岩和灰岩构成。该地区在平凉组沉积时期的构造背景属华北板块西部,位于鄂尔多斯古陆西缘。对官庄剖面平凉组灰岩夹层开展的微相分析显示其中含有丰富的泥状灰岩砂屑,生屑种类含量偏低且破碎程度高,无浅海区特有的沉积构造,海水深度不利于底栖生态群落栖居。灰岩的沉积学机制指示鄂尔多斯古陆西南海区存在较陡的海底地貌,这些内碎屑不是原地或近原地沉积的,它们最初产生于浅海碳酸盐岩台地,经重力流、等深流长距离搬运后到达接近秦岭-祁连海槽的深水区沉积。     

塔里木板块北部英买力-哈拉哈塘油田中-上奥陶统灰岩的生态单元类型及时空分布

在中-晚奥陶世,塔里木板块北部英买力-哈拉哈塘油田地区为向西南方向倾斜的陆表海灰岩缓坡区,东部井区的生物-沉积相显著比西区的英买201井、英买202井偏浅。达瑞威尔阶一间房组和凯迪阶良里塔格组沉积期频繁出现生屑-内碎屑滩,在东北井区尤为发育;西南井区的一间房组和良里塔格组生物-沉积相则可识别出潮下低能带沉积。一间房组上部的灰岩序列指示海进发生,之上的桑比阶吐木休克组沉积期达到最大海进而普遍沉积浪基面之下的灰泥为主的非滩相,生屑含量偏低;良里塔格组海退期平缓海底的小型藻丘和灰泥丘分布十分局限。     

黔西北桐梓水坝塘下奥陶统桐梓组碳酸盐岩微相

黔西北桐梓水坝塘剖面下奥陶统特马豆克阶桐梓组沉积时位于上扬子区陆表海极浅水区,抑或部分时段存在盐度异常的云坪,与下伏寒武系第四统娄山关群和上覆下奥陶统红花园组均呈整合接触。桐梓组岩性多为灰色、深灰色灰岩,后生动物大化石和陆源碎屑岩含量显然偏低。常见内碎屑滩相堆积,偶见含砾屑滩,砾屑边缘弱磨圆,属非强水流的近源搬运颗粒类型;少许鲕粒灰岩层。微生物岩颗粒丰富并作为碳酸盐岩的主要供物来源,部分微生物群落形成的细纹层粘结岩属小型叠层石礁相单元,表明在贵阳乌当和桐梓红花园剖面的叠层石可北延超过100km到达水坝塘地区,构建了狭长的叠层石礁相带。黔西北桐梓组部分碳酸盐岩层中出现单一而广适性的钙质微生物造礁群落,与特马豆克阶全球生物礁演化发展阶段相吻合,在奥陶纪生物大辐射的初期,生物礁具有地理分布局限、低生物多样性以及钙质微生物占主导地位的特征。     

山东费县白垩纪末期卞桥组的湖相灰岩

山东费县是平邑盆地的东南部分,白垩纪末的马斯特里赫特期干旱气候背景下,源于蒙山和尼山2个隆起区的物源碎屑供给量偏少,湖水长期维持高清澈度,也同时造成湖水碳酸钙超饱和状态而沉积内碎屑和生屑灰岩。卞桥组一段下亚段湖相灰岩从平邑到费县分布稳定,沉积序列显示后生动物大化石的生物多样性和丰度很低,钙藻和钙质微生物粘结作用形成的核形石是碳酸钙颗粒的主要贡献者,高碳酸钙的湖水在一定程度上抑制了后生动物的大量栖居。     

川东南古蔺铁索桥剖面志留系石牛栏组上段生物-沉积相特征

川东南古蔺铁索桥剖面志留系兰多维列统沉积时的古地理位置处于滇黔桂古陆之北的陆表海环境。埃隆阶上部石牛栏组从下段薄层泥状灰岩形成之后,相变为上段的生屑-砂屑灰岩夹含少量粉砂质泥岩,展示海水深度变浅的过程。本文基于该剖面露头和灰岩薄片鉴定,专述石牛栏组上段生物-沉积类型并分析浅海环境指标。石牛栏组上段粉砂质泥岩中大化石稀少,而灰岩层中底栖型后生动物壳相化石具有中等多样性,少量出现能鉴定属级的大化石密集层,可识别3种不同水动力强度改造的腕足类介壳滩;该段上部赋存珊瑚-层孔海绵原地格架生长建造的小型点礁,标定了该时期最接近滇黔桂古陆的后生动物造礁群落生态域分布点。石牛栏组上段不同粒度的壳相生屑颗粒与泥状灰岩砂屑构成灰岩的重要组分;海底环境指标,特别是不同水动力强度作用主导了灰岩中颗粒与灰泥含量的差异。     

黔北桐梓志留系石牛栏段近岸相灰岩

黔北石牛栏组上部的石牛栏段灰岩时代为志留纪兰多维列世埃隆晚期,是上扬子区浅海底栖壳相后生动物繁盛阶段的产物。桐梓代家沟剖面处于黔中古陆以北的近岸带,石牛栏段灰岩序列呈现海退过程,微相特征表明这里频繁出现各类近岸浅海带清澈环境中常见的生屑滩沉积。石牛栏段下部出现风暴浪基面附近腕足类Zygospiraella和Pentamerus密集的介壳滩,大多数的滩相灰岩以细颗粒生屑堆积为主,夹含薄层腹足类生屑滩和鲕粒滩,仅见少量珊瑚薄层,可以排除此地为后生动物礁的栖居区;石牛栏段上部见数期叠层石生长,形态呈穹窿状或平缓席状,每期厚度不超过1m,伴生的暗色泥质夹层中产出的腕足类Lingullela-Eospirifer群落指示澙湖相;潮间带特有的薄层灰岩交错层理以及石牛栏段顶部的喀斯特面进一步昭示区域性逐渐发生的桐梓上升事件结束了近岸沉积。     

土壤种子库的研究进展及若干研究热点

 土壤种子库是指存在于表层土壤（包括凋落物）中的有生命的种子。土壤种子库的研究已是植物生态学研究不可缺少的一部分,现已成为植物种群生态学中比较活跃的领域。土壤种子库时期是植物种群生活史的一个重要阶段,有人称之为潜种群阶段。土壤种子库对一年生植物来说尤其重要。土壤种子库简单地可分为瞬时土壤种子库和长久土壤种子库,即使给予理想的萌发条件如季节、温度、湿度等,土壤种子库中也仍有部分种子保持休眠状态,休眠的种子组成了土壤长久种子库的成分。时空异质性是土壤种子库的基本特性之一,不仅不同植被类型的土壤种子库具有不同的组成、大小和多样性,而且微环境也影响土壤种子库的分布格局。由于萌发、捕食和衰老等原因,土壤种子库具有季节动态,一般在旧种子萌发之后,新种子散布之前达到最低点。在高等植物占据的大多数生境中,以休眠繁殖体形式存在的个体远远超过地上植株的数量;土壤种子库、幼苗库和成年植被相互联系相互影响。由于各种原因如群落类型的差异、群落的演替阶段、取样的时间等,地上植被和土壤种子库之间关系大体上可分为两种情况,即相似性和差异性;研究土壤种子库的方法通常有萌发法和物理分离法。土壤种子库能部分反应群落的历史,对退化生态系统的恢复起着重要的作用。目前土壤种子库的主要研究热点问题可分为以下几个方面：1）土壤种子库的研究方法,2）土壤种子库的分类问题,3）土壤种子库分布的时空格局,4）地上植被和土壤种子库的关系,5）土壤种子库的动态等。     

普洱市周边地区4种土地利用类型土壤种子库特征

通过对云南普洱市周边地区次生季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、人工更新形成的针叶林及茶园等4种土地利用类型的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发实验,探讨其土壤种子库的密度大小、物种丰富度和组成及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:干扰强度与频度不同导致土地利用类型之间土壤种子库密度与物种丰富度存在较大差异,土壤种子库密度大小顺序为:针叶林(248.67±116.86)粒·m-2>针阔混交林(186.00±43.27)粒·m-2>次生季风常绿阔叶林(107.33±16.48)粒·m-2>茶园(51.67±10.17)粒·m-2;茶园土壤种子库物种丰富度要显著低于其他类型。4种土地利用类型土壤种子库生活型组成差异极显著,主要以草本植物组成,以菊科与禾本科占优势;针阔混交林的草本植物种子密度最多,非森林的原生物种是草本植物的主要组成;针叶林外来物种的种子密度要显著高于其他类型,紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)是其主要组成。土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数较低,其大小顺序为:次生季风常绿阔叶林(0.175)<针阔混交林(0.176)<针叶林(0.215)。     

Bank voles in linear habitats show restricted gene flow as revealed by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Genetic structure of bank vole populations in linear river bank habitat in southeast Norway was determined from analyses of DNA sequences for the mitochondrial D-loop. Animals were sampled at sites separated by 1 km, along two forested river banks separated by ≈ 100 m of open water. Twenty-six distinct haplotypes were found among 120 voles. The voles showed significant deviation from panmixis on both sides of the river. Animals from the same site or from sites 1 km apart were more likely to share haplotypes than animals 2 km apart or more. Common haplotypes were widespread on both river banks, and had a wider distribution than relatively rare haplotypes. Some rare haplotypes were found on both banks, but most were restricted to a single bank. The results suggest that short-term gene flow may be restricted for female bank voles in linear habitats. Female territorial behaviour may vary with habitat geometry. In the linear habitat described here, females defend only two territorial borders and may effectively limit female dispersal. Results were compared to a previous study of bank voles from this region in a two-dimensional habitat. Gene flow in the linear habitat was much more restricted than gene flow in the two-dimensional habitat. Probable mechanisms underlying this difference are discussed.     

土壤种子库的分类系统和种子在土壤中的持久性

对国际上已经发表的10个土壤种子库分类系统的内容进行了总结和阐述,并对土壤种子库分类系统进行了评述,其中Thompson ＆ Grime在1979年提出的把土壤种子库分为短暂土壤种子库（Transient soil seed bank）和持久土壤种子库（Persistent seed bank）的二元分类系统以及Thompson等人提出的把土壤种子库分为（1）短暂土壤种子库,（2）短期持久土壤种子库（Short term persistent seed bank）,（3）长期土壤种子库（Long termp ersistent seed bank）的三元分类系统在生态学文献中已被广泛采用。在此分类的基础上产生了植物种子在土壤中的持久性（Persistence）概念,持久性是指植物的一种特性,是指植物的种子在土壤中能够存活超过1a的特性;植物种子的持久性被认为是一种对环境的进化适应,它可以在多个生长季节萌发从而分担环境震荡的风险,持久土壤种子库不仅在不稳定的环境里占有优势;即使在稳定的环境里,也被认为能够减少种内和种间的竞争;造成持久性的原因可分为环境因子和种子本身的特性比如休眠等两个方面,持久土壤种子库的出现使得土壤种子库的研究与进化生物学结合起来,使得土壤种子库的研究进入一个新的领域,更易激发人们的兴趣。关于种子的大小、形状及持久性的关系问题已经引起了相当的争论,基本上有4种格局：一是种子大小和形状与种子在土壤中的持久性有关,小而圆或扁的种子在土壤易存活持久;二是种子大小与种子在土壤中的持久性有关,小种子在土壤中易存活持久,但种子形状与持久性无关;三是种子大小、形状与种子在土壤中的持久性无关;四为较大的种子在土壤易存活持久,而种子形状与种子在土壤中的持久性无关。影响种子在土壤中的持久性因子比较复杂,总结过去的文献发现主要有以下几个因子：①种子的散布方式,②捕食,③植被的物种组成,④风,⑤土壤基质,⑥火,⑦干扰等。通过比较分析和研究,提出影响种子大小和在土壤中的持久性关系格局的关键因子是气候,特别是生态系统所在地的雨量;湿润气候下容易产生前两种格局,而干旱环境下的生境容易产生后两种格局。     

The potential of soil seed banks of a eucalypt wetland forest to aid restoration

Soil seed banks can play an important role in the regeneration of wetland vegetation. However, their potential role in the restoration of degraded wetland forests is less certain. I surveyed the soil seed bank and extant floras of four sites across a eucalypt wetland forest of variable vegetation condition. At each site, the extant vegetation was surveyed within two 5 × 5 m² quadrats, each from which five composite soil seed bank samples were collected. Across the four sites, 57 (including 18 exotic) species were identified in the extant vegetation, while from the seed bank samples 6379 seedlings emerged from 80 taxa, 33 of which were exotic species. The soil seed bank was dominated by native and exotic monocots, and contained very few seeds of wetland tree or shrub species. Overall, the similarity between the extant and seed bank floras was very low (~24 %). Soil seed banks are likely to be of limited use in the restoration of degraded wetland forests, because the dominant species in such systems—woody and clonal plants—are typically absent from the soil seed bank. Wetland soil seed banks may contribute to the maintenance and diversity of understorey vegetation, however, they may also act as a source of exotic plant invasions, particularly when a wetland is degraded.     

Characterizing soil seed banks and relationships to plant communities

Estimates of soil seed banks are important to many ecological investigations and plant conservation, yet seed banks are among the most difficult plant community attributes to accurately quantify. To compare extraction and emergence seed bank characterization methods, we collected 0- to 5-cm soil seed bank samples and measured plant community composition in six microsite types (below different perennial plant species and interspaces) at 10 field sites in the Mojave Desert, USA. Extraction detected five times more species sample^?1 and orders of magnitude greater seed density than emergence, though evaluating viability of extracted seed was not straightforward. Only 13 % of 847 tested seeds from extraction emerged in follow-up assays. Considering all sites, species detection was more similar between methods: 21 taxa for emergence and 28 for extraction. Results suggest that: (i) capturing microsite variation is critical for efficiently estimating site-level desert seed banks; (ii) method comparisons hinged on the scale of analysis for species richness, as differences in species detection between methods diminished when increasing resolution from the sample to the regional scale; (iii) combining data from all seed bank methods provided the strongest correlation with vegetation; and (iv) improving knowledge of seed germinability is important for advancing both seed bank methods, including for extraction to evaluate the proportion of extracted seeds that are viable. Multifactor approaches that balance several effectiveness measures (e.g., both seed density and species detection at multiple scales) and procedural challenges are most likely to accurately represent complexity in tradeoffs for choosing methods to quantify soil seed banks.     

沙丘生态系统种子库研究现状、趋势与挑战

风蚀和沙埋赋予沙丘生态系统独特的自然物理和生物过程。沙丘生态系统种子库研究对于沙区植物多样性保护和生态恢复至关重要。但是人们对沙丘生态系统种子库的时空格局、形成机制和生态功能的认识还很肤浅。近些年, 沙丘生态系统种子库开始受到关注。该文对20年来沙丘生态系统种子库研究进行了回顾总结, 论述了沙丘生态系统种子库研究现状, 剖析了沙丘生态系统种子库现有结论, 阐述了沙丘生态系统种子库研究趋势与面临的挑战。沙丘生态系统种子库研究已获得以下认识: 1)沙丘生态系统类型、部位和深度决定种子库大小与组成; 2)沙丘生态系统种子库季节、年际变化受风沙活动和降水调控; 3)沙丘生态系统种子库受各种干扰的综合影响; 4)生境对沙丘生态系统种子库具有重要影响; 5)沙丘生态系统种子库结构和组成与植物繁殖对策密切关联; 6)种子库对沙丘生态系统植被恢复贡献率因沙丘类型而异。沙丘生态系统种子库研究应强化如下方面: 1)种子库区域分异规律研究; 2)种子库与植物生活史阶段的联系的研究; 3)多种干扰方式综合影响下的种子库研究; 4)种子库对沙丘生态系统植被恢复贡献的研究; 5)沙丘生态系统自然物理过程与种子库耦联关系的研究。     

Current capacity,bottlenecks, and future projections for offsetting habitat loss using Mitigation and Conservation banking in the United States

Habitat banking in its many iterations is an established and popular mechanism to deliver environmental offsets. The United States can look back at over 30 years of banking experience with the underlying framework and policies being consistently updated and improved. Given the increased demand in habitat banking, we provide insights into how bank area capacity is distributed across the United States for four different bank targets (wetlands, streams, multiple ecosystems, species) based on information extracted from the Regulatory In-lieu Fee and Bank Information Tracking System, as well as, estimating future capacities and area reserves through a predictive modeling approach based on data from the past 26 years. Future predictions indicate a decrease in available reserves for banks targeting wetlands or multiple ecosystems, with potential bottlenecks relating to large reserves being limited to the southeast and release schedules not catching up to the current and anticipated demand. Banks targeting species or streams are predicted to meet future demand, with species banks (conservation banks) following a different legislative and operational approach based on the listing of endangered species and pro-active approaches with anticipated future demand. Most current reserves for all four bank types are restricted to very few service areas with around one-third of all bank areas still awaiting release, limiting their availability on a broader scale. Strategic planning networks are necessary to meet future demand on a national scale and to identify areas suitable for banking or likely to experience future environmental or developmental stress.     

Effects of construction materials and design of lake and stream banks on climbing ability of frogs and salamanders

With the increasing development of many areas in recent years, concrete structures are often installed along water bodies in order to protect the safety of local residents. However, effects of these concrete structures on environments and mobility of amphibian species are still unknown. The construction of concrete banks along rivers associated with human development has become a serious problem in Taiwan. Most ecosystems used by amphibians are lakes and stream banks, yet no related design solutions to accommodate the needs of amphibians have been used in Taiwan. In this research, we selected eight species of amphibians and investigated their climbing abilities in an effort to improve lake and river bank designs. We evaluated their climbing abilities on five angles of bank slopes, identified relationships between an amphibian's climbing ability and different surface substrates of banks, i.e. Japanese silvergrass (Miscanthus floridulus) mixed with moss, cobblestone, wood (Philippine mahogany), clay, and concrete, under high humidity and different temperatures to simulate changes across the four seasons. The results showed that climbing ability of these amphibians is slightly decreased at low temperatures. For example, on a 45° slope in winter, the average climbing ability decreased 8% from results in summer. The upper limit of bank design slope suitable for Hynobius arisanensis on rock and wood surfaces is 45°. For amphibians from alpine areas in Taiwan, such as Bufo bankorensis, the maximum suitable slope is 15°. With concrete as the water bank material, slopes <30° are preferable. The results presented here can serve as a reference for technicians involved in future ecological engineering designs of banks throughout the world.     

Seed banks of temperate deciduous forests during secondary succession

Question: (i) How does former land use and land use intensity affect seed bank development during post‐agricultural succession? (ii) How does time since the last clear‐cut change seed bank composition during post‐clear‐cut succession? Methods: One data set was compiled per succession type using the following selection criteria: (i) the data set included a successional series, (ii) plots were located in mesotrophic forest plant communities and (iii) vegetation data were available. The post‐agricultural succession data set comprised 76 recent forest plots (eight studies); the post‐clear‐cut succession data set comprised 218 ancient forest plots (three studies). Each data set was analysed separately using either linear mixed models or generalized linear models, controlling for both environmental heterogeneity and variation between study locations. Results: In the post‐agricultural succession data set, land use and time significantly affected nearly all the studied seed bank characteristics. Seed banks on former arable land recovered poorly even after 150 year of restored forest cover, whereas moderate land use intensities (grasslands, heathlands) yielded more rapid seed bank recovery. Time was a significant determinant of all but two soil seed bank characteristics during post‐clear‐cut succession. Seed banks in managed ancient forest differed strongly in their characteristics compared to primary forest seed banks. Conclusions: Forest seed banks bear the marks of former land use and/or forest management and continue to do so for at least 150 years. Nevertheless, time since the last major disturbance, being either former land use or clear‐cutting, remains a significant determinant of the seed bank.