蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤易氧化有机碳时空动态的影响

蚂蚁筑巢定居能够形成与巢穴周围显著不同的微生境和土壤养分环境,从而对土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)产生重要影响.本研究以中国科学院西双版纳勐仑热带植物园白背桐群落为研究对象,比较蚂蚁巢地与非巢地土壤EOC时空分布特征,并分析蚂蚁筑巢引起土壤理化性质的改变对土壤EOC时空动态的影响.结果表明: 研究区蚁巢和非蚁巢地土壤EOC随月份均呈明显的单峰型变化规律,表现为6月>9月>3月>12月;土壤EOC沿土层呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,在0～5 cm土层,蚁巢土壤EOC显著大于非巢地,在5～10和10～15 cm土层的差异不显著.蚂蚁筑巢显著提高了土壤温度、土壤有机碳、土壤易氧化有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳、全氮、硝态氮和水解氮含量,显著降低了土壤含水率和容重,但对铵态氮、pH值的影响不显著.土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳是调控蚁巢和非巢地土壤EOC时空变化的主要因子,土壤温度、含水率、全氮和硝态氮等土壤指标对土壤EOC的影响次之.蚂蚁筑巢主要通过改变微生境(土壤温度和水分)及土壤养分(主要是土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳)的状况,进而调控热带森林土壤易氧化有机碳的时空动态.     

蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的影响

蚂蚁筑巢能够改变热带森林土壤理化环境,从而对土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的时空动态产生重要影响.本研究以西双版纳高檐蒲桃热带森林群落为对象,采用氯仿熏蒸法对蚂蚁巢地和非巢地土壤微生物生物量碳及熵时空动态进行测定.结果表明: 1)蚁巢地平均微生物生物量碳及熵(1.95 g·kg^-1,6.8%)显著高于非巢穴(1.76 g·kg^-1,5.1%);蚁巢地和非蚁巢地土壤微生物生物量碳呈单峰型时间变化趋势,而土壤微生物熵呈“V”型变化格局.2)蚁巢地和非巢地土壤微生物生物量碳及熵均具有明显的垂直变化:微生物生物量碳随土层加深显著降低,微生物熵则沿土层加深显著升高,但蚁巢微生物生物量碳及熵的垂直变化较非巢穴显著. 3)蚂蚁筑巢引起了巢内水分和温度的显著改变,进而影响土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的时空动态.土壤水分分别解释微生物生物量碳及熵的66%～83%和54%～69%,而土壤温度分别解释土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的71%～86%和67%～76%. 4)蚂蚁筑巢引起土壤理化性质变化对土壤微生物生物量碳和熵产生重要影响.蚁巢土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳、温度、全氮、含水率呈极显著正相关,与容重、硝态氮,水解氮呈显著正相关,与土壤pH呈极显著负相关;除土壤微生物熵与pH呈显著正相关外,与其他土壤理化指标均呈显著负相关.土壤总有机碳、全氮和温度对微生物生物量碳的贡献最大,而土壤总有机碳和全氮对微生物熵的负作用最小.因此,蚂蚁筑巢能够显著改变微生境(如土壤水分与温度)及土壤理化性质(如总有机碳及全氮),进而调控热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳及熵的时空动态.     

蚂蚁筑巢对不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤易氧化有机碳时空动态的影响

为探明热带森林恢复过程中蚂蚁筑巢对土壤易氧化有机碳(readily oxidizable carbon, ROC)时空动态的影响及机制, 本研究以西双版纳白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus)群落、野芭蕉(Musa acuminata)群落和崖豆藤(Mellettia leptobotrya)群落3种恢复阶段热带森林为研究对象, 设置“蚂蚁筑巢地”与“非巢地”2种处理进行野外控制实验, 对比分析蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤ROC含量的时空变化特征, 并揭示这些变化与土壤微生物生物量碳及理化性质之间的相互关系。结果表明: (1)蚂蚁筑巢显著影响热带森林土壤ROC含量(P < 0.05), 蚁巢土壤ROC含量较非蚁巢提高了14.2%。不同恢复阶段蚁巢与非蚁巢土壤ROC含量大小顺序为: 野芭蕉群落 > 崖豆藤群落 > 白背桐群落。(2)不同恢复阶段热带森林蚁巢与非蚁巢土壤ROC含量均呈单峰型的时间变化趋势(P < 0.05), 最大值出现在6月, 且各月份蚁巢土壤ROC含量均高于非蚁巢。(3)不同恢复阶段热带森林蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤ROC含量均随土层深度增加呈显著递减的垂直变化趋势(P < 0.05), 且蚁巢土壤ROC含量均大于非蚁巢(P < 0.05)。(4)蚂蚁筑巢引起的土壤理化性质变化对土壤ROC含量产生了一定的影响。土壤ROC含量与土壤pH和容重呈显著负相关(P < 0.05), 与土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、全氮、铵态氮及硝态氮呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。土壤微生物生物量碳与总有机碳是蚁巢土壤ROC时空变化的主要贡献者, 而铵态氮、全氮和总有机碳是非蚁巢ROC时空变化的主控因子。因此, 蚂蚁筑巢改变热带森林土壤微生物量(如微生物生物量碳)及土壤理化性质(如总有机碳、铵态氮与全氮等), 进而显著影响土壤ROC的时空动态。     

蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化的影响

蚂蚁作为生态系统工程师能够调节土壤微生物及理化环境,进而对热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率及其时间动态产生显著影响。以西双版纳白背桐热带森林群落为研究对象,采用室内需氧培养法测定土壤有机氮矿化速率,比较蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态,揭示蚂蚁筑巢活动引起土壤无机氮库、微生物生物量碳及化学性质改变对有机氮矿化速率时间动态的影响。结果表明：（1）蚂蚁筑巢显著影响土壤有机氮矿化速率（P<0.01）,相较于非蚁巢,蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率提高了261%;（2）土壤有机氮矿化速率随月份推移呈明显的单峰型变化趋势,即6月最大（蚁巢1.22 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.41 mg kg^-1 d^-1）,12月最小（蚁巢0.82 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.18 mg kg^-1 d^-1）;（3）两因素方差分析表明,不同月份及不同处理对土壤有机氮矿化速率、NH₄-N及NO₃-N产生显著影响（P<0.05）,但对NO₃-N的交互作用不显著;（4）蚂蚁筑巢显著提高了无机氮库（NH₄-N与NO₃-N）、微生物生物量碳、有机质、水解氮、全氮及易氧化有机碳等土壤养分含量,而降低了土壤pH值;（5）回归分析表明,铵态氮和硝态氮对土壤有机氮矿化速率产生显著影响,分别解释87.89%、61.84%的有机氮矿化速率变化;（6）主成份分析表明NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质是影响有机氮矿化速率时间动态的主要因素,而全氮、NO₃-N、易氧化有机碳、水解氮及pH对土壤有机氮矿化速率的影响次之,且pH与土壤有机氮矿化速率呈显著负相关。总之,蚂蚁筑巢活动主要通过影响土壤NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质的状况,进而调控西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态。研究结果将有助于进一步提高对土壤氮矿化生物调控机制的认识。     

蚂蚁筑巢对高檐蒲桃热带森林群落土壤呼吸的影响

蚂蚁筑巢能够改变热带森林土壤微生物与土壤理化性质的状况,从而对土壤呼吸时间动态产生重要影响。本研究以西双版纳高檐蒲桃热带森林群落为研究对象,采用Li-6400-09便携式土壤呼吸测定仪对蚂蚁筑巢地与非筑巢地土壤呼吸进行测定。研究结果表明:(1)高檐蒲桃群落土壤呼吸呈明显的单峰型季节变化趋势,且土壤呼吸速率蚂蚁筑巢地(4.96μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1))高于非筑巢地(4.42μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1))。(2)土壤温度和土壤水分显著影响土壤呼吸的时间动态(P0.01);蚂蚁筑巢显著改变巢内温度与水分(P0.05),进而影响土壤呼吸动态。土壤温度对土壤呼吸动态的贡献:蚁巢(83.8%—91.8%)大于非巢地(81.2%—83.1%),但由于筑巢地土壤湿度低于非巢地,土壤水分对土壤呼吸动态的贡献率表现为蚁巢低于非筑巢地。(3)蚂蚁筑巢显著增加土壤微生物生物量(P0.05),从而对土壤呼吸速率产生极显著的影响(P0.01)。蚂蚁筑巢引起微生物生物量碳的增加能够解释76.9%—71.1%的土壤呼吸变化。(4)蚂蚁筑巢引起土壤理化性质变化对土壤呼吸产生一定的影响。土壤容重与土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关;土壤呼吸速率与土壤微生物量碳、有机质、易氧化有机碳、全氮、硝氮和铵氮显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01)。因此,蚂蚁筑巢显著改变土壤微生物(如微生物生物量碳)、土壤物理性质(如土壤温度与水分)、土壤化学性质(如碳和氮养分),进而对热带森林土壤呼吸产生重要影响。     

蚂蚁筑巢对热带次生林土壤N2O排放季节动态的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对西双版纳热带次生林崖豆藤群落中的蚁巢土壤N₂O排放通量的季节动态进行定位研究，分析蚂蚁筑巢引起土壤碳氮库及温湿度等土壤性质变化对N₂O排放的影响特征。结果表明：蚂蚁筑巢显著影响热带森林土壤N₂O排放，蚁巢土壤N₂O排放通量(0.67 mg·m^-2·h^-1)显著高于非蚁巢土壤(0.48 mg·m^-2·h^-1),较非蚁巢土壤增加了40.2%;蚁巢与非蚁巢土壤N₂O排放通量具有显著的季节变化，6月分别为0.90和0.83 mg·m^-2·h^-1,显著高于3月(分别为0.38和0.19 mg·m^-2·h^-1);蚂蚁筑巢显著增加了土壤含水率、温度、有机碳、全氮、水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和微生物生物量碳，相较于非蚁巢增加了7.1%～74.1%,蚁巢土壤pH相较于非蚁巢土壤降低了9.9%。结构方程...     

蚂蚁扰动对土壤有机碳循环过程的影响研究进展

蚂蚁作为生态系统的消费者和分解者,其对土壤有机碳库的影响一直是学术界研究的热点。目前研究主要从蚂蚁对土壤宏量元素储量、理化性质、微生物群落活动等方面探究蚂蚁对土壤有机碳库的影响。本文综述了蚂蚁扰动对土壤有机碳循环过程特征的影响。蚂蚁筑巢改变了蚁穴土壤的微生境、微气候与土壤理化性质,并通过重构土壤微生物群落结构特征、调控地表植被演替过程与格局等方式,直接或间接的影响蚁巢中土壤有机碳来源、碳库分配过程、有机碳库稳定性、有机质微观分子特征等,在微域、局地乃至景观尺度上影响土壤有机碳的循环过程。未来研究应着重从量化蚂蚁扰动及其导致的环境因子波动对土壤碳通量变化的贡献、建立定量模型联系并统一蚂蚁影响下土壤碳循环过程、厘清蚂蚁影响土壤有机碳库稳定性的机制等方面开展深入研究,揭示蚂蚁作为“生态工程师”在调控土壤碳循环过程中的作用机制。     

水分状况与不同形态氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氮素净转化速率及N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究40%、70%和110%土壤饱和持水量(WHC)下,不同形态氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)添加对亚热带森林红壤氮素转化的影响.结果表明:70%WHC下土壤净矿化和氨化速率最高,40%WHC下最低;与对照相比,70%WHC下添加硝态氮使土壤净矿化和氨化速率分别降低56.1%和43.0%,110%WHC下分别降低68.2%和19.0%,但提高了氨化速率占矿化速率的比例,表明添加硝态氮抑制了硝化.110%WHC下,添加硝态氮后,土壤净硝化速率最低,但氧化亚氮(N2O)浓度最高,最大值出现在第3~7天,表明N2O产生自反硝化途径,硝态氮也在同时段降低;而40%WHC和70%WHC下,N2O浓度在培养初期最大,即使在铵态氮和硝态氮添加处理下,试验后期N2O浓度也没有显著变化,表明自氧硝化是试验前期N2O产生的主要途径.40%WHC下,土壤可溶性有机碳含量增加最多,且在铵态氮添加处理下增加最多,可见添加铵态氮促进土壤有机质矿化,增加可溶性有机碳,但是土壤水分含量增多不利于有机质矿化.在40%WHC和110%WHC下,铵态氮添加处理土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)变化速率分别显著高于对照73.6%和176.6%,而在硝态氮添加处理下,只有40%WHC下显著高于对照78.7%,表明高水分条件和添加铵态氮有利于SON的形成.     

滨海盐渍土地区水稻田C、N 及生物量动态变化的模拟与应用

滨海盐渍土地区耕地的有机碳(SOC)、氮(N)及生物量演变是反映该区域土壤质量的重要内容。借助DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition)模型模拟江苏滨海滩涂地区盐渍土水稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)、铵态氮(NH4⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO^–3 -N)和生物量的变化过程, 分析DNDC 模型在江苏滨海盐渍土垦区土壤的适用性, 并对DNDC 模型模拟结果进行验证。结果表明：DNDC 模型在滨海地区水稻田对生物量、土壤有机碳和氮的模拟结果良好; 土壤有机碳均方根误差(RMSE)为0.069, 土壤铵态氮RMSE 为11.1, 硝态氮RMSE 为0.28, 总生物量RMSE 为397.92; 滨海盐渍土土壤有机碳和作物产量模拟精度较高(RMSE<10%), 铵态氮和硝态氮模拟精度较好(RMSE<20%); 模型能正确反映土壤有机碳、硝态氮、铵态氮在水稻生长过程中的变化规律, 同时能很好地揭示施肥与氮素含量、硝态氮与土壤水之间以及铵态氮和硝态氮含量上的相互关系。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质与微生物生物量的动态变化

为揭示不同林龄沙地樟子松人工林土壤理化性质和微生物生物量的动态和相互关系,以毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林为对象,分析土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮变化规律。结果表明:樟子松人工林土壤理化性质随林龄增加在不同沙地中表现不同,毛乌素沙地土壤容重和养分含量明显降低,科尔沁沙地土壤孔隙度和养分含量明显升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤养分则呈现先增加后降低趋势。与土壤理化性质变化趋势类似,毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而降低,科尔沁沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加而升高,呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量氮随着林龄的增加呈先增加而后降低趋势。影响毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的主要因子分别是硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量。毛乌素与科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林主要限制因子为土壤氮,而呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松受土壤有机碳限制较强。     

Harvester ant nests, soil biota and soil chemistry

Many ant species accumulate organic debris in the vicinity of their nests. These organic materials should provide a rich resource base for the soil biota. We examined the effect of harvester ant nests (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) on the soil community and soil chemistry. Ant nest soils supported 30-fold higher densities of microarthropods and 5-fold higher densities of protozoa than surrounding, control soils. The relative abundances of the major groups of protozoa differed as well: amoebae and ciliates were relatively overrepresented, and flagellates underrepresented, in ant nest versus control soils. Densities of bacteria and fungi were similar in the two soil types. Concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, and potassium were significantly higher in ant nest soils, while concentrations of magnesium, calcium, and water were similar in nest and control soils. Ant nest soils were marginally more acidic than controls. The results demonstrate that P. barbatus nests constitute a significant source of spatial heterogeneity in soil biota and soil chemistry in arid grasslands. Received: 17 March 1997 / Accepted: 10 June 1997     

土壤易氧化有机碳对西双版纳热带森林群落演替的响应

土壤易氧化有机碳（Readily oxidizable carbon,ROC）作为土壤中易被氧化且活性较高的有机碳,能够敏感反映群落植被环境与土壤环境的早期变化。为探明土壤ROC时空变化对热带森林次生演替的响应,以西双版纳热带森林不同次生演替阶段（白背桐群落、野芭蕉群落与崖豆藤群落）为研究对象,采用高锰酸钾氧化法测定并分析土壤ROC时空动态特征,探究这些变化与土壤微生物量碳及理化性质之间的相互关系。结果表明：（1）不同次生演替阶段热带森林土壤ROC含量存在显著差异,其大小顺序为：野芭蕉群落（11.38 mg/g） > 崖豆藤群落（10.5 mg/g） > 白背桐群落（9.72 mg/g）;（2）不同次生演替阶段热带森林土壤ROC含量的月份变化趋势基本一致,均表现为6月显著高于12月,且各月份间差异显著;（3）不同次生演替阶段热带森林土壤ROC含量随着土层深度增加而递减,且不同土层间差异显著;（4）土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、水解氮和铵态氮显著影响土壤ROC含量的时空变化,而pH值与土壤ROC显著负相关。因此,土壤ROC对西双版纳热带森林群落演替具有敏感的响应,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、水解氮、铵态氮及pH是土壤ROC时空变化的主控因素。     

Influence of nests of leaf‐cutting ants on plant species diversity in road verges of northern Patagonia

Abstract. It has been suggested that ant nests are the most frequent small‐scale disturbance that affect vegetation patterns. However, their effects on plant diversity are little studied. We document effects of nests of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis on physical‐chemical soil properties and their influence on plant diversity near road verges in a desert steppe in NW Patagonia, Argentina. We analysed nest soils and controls for nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, moisture retention capacity and texture. We also analysed the vegetation on 42 nests (30 active and 12 abandoned or without life) and 42 areas without nests. Soil around nests had a greater nutrient content and capacity to retain moisture than control soils, which is mainly due to the presence of organic waste that the ants deposit on the soil surface. We found no association between the occurrence of nests and specific groups of plants, but plant diversity was higher at nest‐sites than at nearby non‐nest sites. This increased diversity – which is also found on abandoned nests – is mainly due to the occurrence of a larger number of native and exotic plant species on nest‐sites that are uncommon elsewhere in the study area. The most abundant plant species showed similar cover values at nest and non‐nest sites. This suggests that changes in diversity are associated to edaphic changes caused by nests rather than by changes in competitive balance caused by dominant species exclusion. We propose that the nests of Acromyrmex lobicornis, through increasing the availability of resources, generate favourable microsites that can function both as ‘refuges’ for less frequent native species, and as‘stepping stones’ for less frequent exotic plant species.     

热带森林不同演替阶段蚂蚁巢穴的分布特征及其影响因素

为探明热带森林蚂蚁巢穴的分布特征及其影响因素, 采用样方法研究了西双版纳不同演替阶段热带森林定居巢穴蚂蚁的种类及其巢穴的密度、盖度和空间分布特征, 并分析了土壤理化环境与蚂蚁种类总数、巢穴密度及盖度的相关性。结果表明, 不同演替阶段热带森林蚂蚁种类总数、巢穴的密度及盖度大小顺序为: 小果野芭蕉 (Musa acuminata)群落>白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus)群落>思茅崖豆(Mellettia leptobotrya)群落, 并且热带森林的演替类型显著影响蚂蚁种类总数及巢穴密度, 而对巢穴盖度的影响未达到显著水平; 蚂蚁种类总数、巢穴密度与土壤总有机碳和水解氮显著正相关, 与土壤容重和土壤含水率显著负相关, 但所选择的土壤理化指标与巢穴盖度的相关性均未达到显著水平; 蚂蚁巢穴的空间分布呈随机分布格局。我们的数据表明, 不同演替阶段热带森林所形成的植被类型及土壤环境状况共同影响定居的蚂蚁种类总数与筑巢密度。     

The Importance of Where to Dump the Refuse: Seed Banks and Fine Roots in Nests of the Leaf‐Cutting Ants Atta cephalotes and A. colombica1

The location of the nutrient‐rich organic refuse produced by a leaf‐cutting ant colony varies among ant species. Atta cephalotes locate their organic refuse in subterranean chambers, whereas A. colombica place their organic refuse on the soil surface near the nest. We studied the effect of the absence or presence of external organic refuse on the abundance of fine roots and seed bank composition in the superficial horizons of ant nests. We sampled soils from ant nests or dumps and adjacent areas of 15 adult nests of A. cephalotes at La Selva (LS), Costa Rica, and of 15 of A. colombica nests on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Soils from A. cephalotes nests did not differ from adjacent soils in abundance of fine‐root and seed diversity. In contrast, organic refuse from A. colombica nests was less diverse in seed composition (due to the great abundance of Miconia argentea) and had a greater abundance of fine roots than adjacent areas. Thus the external location of the ant‐nest organic refuse is potentially important in determining the different types of plant recolonization in abandoned or dead ant nests. The relative abundance of these Atta species may influence the structure and/or composition of tropical forests.     

Chemical properties of forest soils as affected by nests of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrmica ruginodis</Emphasis> (Formicidae)

Chemical properties (total and available P concentration; oxidizable C concentration; available K, Na, and Ca concentration; and pH) were quantified for 33 nests of the ant Myrmica ruginodis and in surrounding soil in young spruce forest stands. All properties, except total P, were significantly higher in the nests than in the surrounding soil. Total P was not higher in nests than in surrounding soil across all nests because nests had higher total P than surrounding soil if the soil contained low concentrations of total P but nests had lower total P than surrounding soil if the soil contained high concentrations of total P. The effect of nests on total P in the surrounding soil corresponded with effects of nests on oxidizable carbon (an indicator of organic matter) in the surrounding soil (concentrations of oxidizable carbon and total P were closely correlated). Available P concentrations were much higher in nests than in surrounding soil. Overall, the results indicated that two main processes explain the chemical changes of soil in the ant nests: (i) mixing due to excavation of deeper soil layers and (ii) deposition of excreta and food residues. The effect of soil mixing (whereby ants transport mineral soil from deeper layers to layers near the surface) is more pronounced in soils with high organic content near the surface because mixing increases the proportion of mineral soil in the nest while decreasing the proportion of organic matter and the concentration of total P.