秦岭落叶阔叶林25 ha森林动态监测样地物种组成与群落特征

秦岭落叶阔叶林是温带-亚热带过渡区保存较好的植被类型, 群落结构复杂。为了研究该过渡区植被的生物多样性维持机制, 按照CTFS (Center for tropical Forest Science)和中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)的建设标准, 于2015年在陕西省佛坪国家级自然保护区的落叶阔叶林建立了一块面积25 ha的动态监测样地。本文对样地内胸径(DBH) ≥ 1 cm的所有木本植物进行了调查和统计, 分析了其物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明: 样地内DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物独立个体有47,739株, 隶属于36科66属119种。温带区系成分的科和属分别占总科数和总属数的41.18%和60.00%, 温带区系特征明显。稀有种有51种, 占总树种的42.86%。落叶树种有106种, 占总树种的89.07%, 在样地内占绝对优势。重要值≥ 1的物种共有20个, 分别占样地总个体数和总胸高断面积的70.35%和57.41%, 重要值最大的物种分别是乔木层的锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var. acutesrrata)、亚乔木层的水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)和灌木层的刺叶栎(Q. spinosa)。样地内所有个体的平均胸径为8.61 cm, 整体径级分布呈倒”J”型, 小径级个体较多, 群落更新良好。除了太白杨(Populus purdomii), 样地内优势种表现出大尺度的聚集分布, 且它们的分布与生境紧密相关, 不同物种表现出不同的生境偏好。     

Association classification of a 30 hm2 dynamics plot in the monsoon broad-leaved evergreen forest in Pu’er,Yunnan, China

季风常绿阔叶林是我国南亚热带典型的地带性植被, 建立森林动态监测样地是研究生物多样性维持和群落构建机制的重要平台。该文以普洱30 hm ²森林动态监测样地为研究对象, 采用多元回归树、重要值、主成分分析与指示种相结合的方法对样地内750个样方进行群丛数量分类, 以获取季风常绿阔叶林森林植被群丛类型。结果表明: 森林动态监测样地共发现木本植物271种, 隶属于78科178属, 群落类型为短刺锥(Castanopsis echidnocarpa)群系, 可划分4个群丛类型, 分别是珍珠花+毛银柴-短刺锥+泥柯群丛(Lyonia ovalifolia + Aporosa villosa - Castanopsis echidnocarpa + Lithocarpus fenestratus Association)、云南瘿椒树+耳叶柯-短刺锥+西南木荷群丛(Tapiscia yunnanensis + Lithocarpus grandifolius - Castanopsis echidnocarpa + Schima wallichii Association)、大果杜英+黄药大头茶-短刺锥+西南木荷群丛(Elaeocarpus sikkimensis + Polyspora chrysandra - Castanopsis echidnocarpa + Schima wallichii Association)、西桦+尼泊尔桤木-短刺锥+枹丝锥群丛(Betula alnoides + Alnus nepalensis - Castanopsis echidnocarpa + Castanopsis calathiformis Association)。群丛间物种分布存在较多过渡重叠, 指示物种是区分群丛类型的主要依据, 海拔与坡向对群丛分类有较大的影响, 坡度对群丛分类影响较小。     

秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林物种组成与群落结构

秦岭是典型的暖温带-亚热带过渡区。中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)现有的样地已经基本覆盖了中国大多数气候区,但位于气候过渡带的样地较少。本研究参照CForBio和CTFS(Center for Tropical Forest Science)的技术规范,于2019年在陕西皇冠山省级自然保护区内建立25 hm²(500 m×500 m)森林动态监测样地。本研究以样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的所有木本植物为对象,分析了物种组成、区系特征、径级结构以及优势树种的空间分布格局。结果表明: 样地内DBH≥1 cm的木本植物独立个体有75137株(包括分枝的个体数为95679株),隶属于44科83属121种。群落属的区系类型主要为温带成分,占总属数的71.1%,同时混有一些热带成分。群落优势种明显,前5个物种的个体数超过总个体数的40%,前50个物种的个体数占总个体数的95%,其余61个物种个体数不到样地总个体数的5%。样地所有木本植物个体总径级分布呈倒“J”型。重要值>5的4个主要物种的空间分布呈现不同的分布格局。随着尺度增大,种内的聚集程度降低,且不同物种的空间分布都受到环境异质性的影响。秦岭暖温性落叶阔叶林物种组成丰富,群落结构稳定,更新良好,反映了暖温带向亚热带过渡的典型特征,且环境异质性可能是影响该样地树种空间分布的重要因素。     

Species composition and community structure of a 20 hm2 plot of mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest on the Mts. Ailaoshan,Yunnan Province,China

中山湿性常绿阔叶林是分布在我国亚热带气候区的一种山地森林植被。为监测此类森林的动态过程, 按照Centre for Tropical Forest Science的建设标准, 于2014年在云南省景东县徐家坝附近的中山湿性常绿阔叶林中建立了一块20 hm ²的森林动态样地, 测量并记录了样地中所有胸径(DBH) ≥ 1 cm的树木直径及其分枝的直径, 并对其挂牌标记、定位和鉴定, 分析了其物种组成和群落结构。结果显示: 样地内共有DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物独立个体44 168株, 隶属于36科63属104种。重要值最大的前3个科依次是壳斗科、茶科和樟科。在属的水平上, 热带区系成分占总属数的46.0%, 温带区系成分占38.1%。重要值≥1的物种有22个, 占总个体数的84.6%。重要值最大的3个种依次是蒙自连蕊茶(Camellia forrestii)、云南越桔(Vaccinium duclouxii)和多花山矾(Symplocos ramosissima)。胸高断面积之和排名前4名的物种为硬斗柯(Lithocarpus hancei)、木果柯(L. xylocarpus)、变色锥(Castanopsis wattii)和南洋木荷(Schima noronhae), 它们同时也是该群落林冠层的优势树种。样地内所有个体的径级分布呈倒“J”型, 群落有充足的增补个体, 如蒙自连蕊茶和多花山矾等。稀有种(个体数少于20的物种)共计49种, 占总物种数的47.1%。常绿木本植物在样地内分别占总重要值、总多度和总胸高断面积的94.7%、96.2%和94.0%, 优势明显。     

云南普洱30 hm~2季风常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群丛数量分类

季风常绿阔叶林是我国南亚热带典型的地带性植被,建立森林动态监测样地是研究生物多样性维持和群落构建机制的重要平台。该文以普洱30 hm~2森林动态监测样地为研究对象,采用多元回归树、重要值、主成分分析与指示种相结合的方法对样地内750个样方进行群丛数量分类,以获取季风常绿阔叶林森林植被群丛类型。结果表明:森林动态监测样地共发现木本植物271种,隶属于78科178属,群落类型为短刺锥(Castanopsis echidnocarpta)群系,可划分4个群丛类型,分别是珍珠花+毛银柴-短刺锥+泥柯群丛(Lyonia ovalifolia+Aporosa villosa-Castanopsis echidnocarpa+Lithocarpus fenestratus Association)、云南瘿椒树+耳叶柯-短刺锥+西南木荷群丛(Tapiscia yunnanensis+Lithocarpus grandifolius-Castanopsis echidnocarpa+Schima wallichii Association)、大果杜英+黄药大头茶-短刺锥+西南木荷群丛(Elaeocarpus sikkimensis+Polyspora chrysandraCastanopsis echidnocarpa+Schima wallichii Association)、西桦+尼泊尔桤木-短刺锥+枹丝锥群丛(Betula alnoides+Alnus nepalensis-Castanopsis echidnocarpa+Castanopsis calathiformis Association)。群丛间物种分布存在较多过渡重叠,指示物种是区分群丛类型的主要依据,海拔与坡向对群丛分类有较大的影响,坡度对群丛分类影响较小。     

浙江百山祖25 ha亚热带森林动态监测样地群落组成与结构特征

百山祖常绿林是亚热带中高海拔地区保存较好的森林类型,群落结构复杂。本研究以百山祖25 ha亚热带森林动态监测样地(简称百山祖样地)为平台,对样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的所有木本植物进行调查和统计,分析了其物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明:样地内DBH≥1 cm的木本植物独立个体有210,556株,分属43科85属163种。热带分布的科(20个)多于温带分布的科(17个),但在属水平上以温带性质为主(温带分布的属为47个,热带分布的属为33个)。常绿树种有90种,占总树种数的55.21%。样地内稀有种和偶见种分别占所有物种数的35.58%和25.77%。重要值≥1%的物种共有25个,分别占样地总个体数和总胸高断面积的85.84%和91.18%。重要值最大的3个物种分别是鹿角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)、黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)。样地内所有个体的平均胸径为5.26 cm,整体径级分布呈倒“J”型,小径级个体较多,群落更新良好。样地内优势种在1–100 m尺度上呈聚集...     

大别山五针松群落物种多样性及区系分析

设置22个20m×20m的样地,对大别山五针松群落的物种多样性和区系成分进行了研究。结果显示,8800m²的样地内共有维管植物71科152属209种。其中,蕨类植物4科5属6种,裸子植物3科3属4种,被子植物64科144属199种。蔷薇科、樟科、菊科、杜鹃花科、豆科和禾本科等为优势科,所含物种较多。分析结果表明,大别山五针松群落种子植物区系起源古老,地理成分复杂,67个科中,世界分布、热带和温带分布的科分别有21、31和15个,显示出由热带向温带过渡的特性。147个属中,热带成分共43属,占总属数（不包括15个世界广布属）的32.58%;温带成分共有89属,占总属数的67.42%,并以北温带为主。群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,其中,Margalef指数、Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均以灌木层最大,其次为乔木层,草本层最低。灌木层与草本层的Pielou指数相近,且均大于乔木层。     

黔中北亚热带喀斯特次生林动态监测样地：物种组成与群落结构

多年来强烈的人为干扰导致我国西南喀斯特原生森林丧失殆尽并呈现植被灌丛化,甚至石漠化现象。贵州普定县残存的片段化喀斯特次生林是黔中地区北亚热带森林植被的典型代表,可作为监测该区域植被结构和动态的样本。在普定县天龙山建立2 hm~2(200 m×100 m)森林固定样地,对样地内胸径≥1 cm的所有木本植物进行了每木调查,分析了木本植物的物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明,样地内有木本植物独立个体14,025株,隶属于34科55属66种。重要值最大的前3个科依次是壳斗科、胡桃科和樟科。在区系成分上,温带区系成分占总属数的52.7%,而热带区系成分占40.0%,温带成分多于热带成分。稀有种有21种,占总种数的31.82%。重要值≥1的物种共有13种,贡献了88.81%的重要值,重要值排名前三的物种分别是窄叶石栎(Lithocarpus confinis)、化香树(Platycarya strobilacea)和云南鼠刺(Itea yunnanensis)。样地内所有个体的平均胸径仅为5.12 cm,整体径级分布呈倒"J",表明群落更新良好。部分优势种的空间分布表现出较明显的...     

浙江天童20ha常绿阔叶林动态监测样地的群落特征

常绿阔叶林是我国东部低海拔地区的典型植被,基于大型动态监测样地的群落特征分析是揭示其生物多样性维持机制的基础.作者在天章国家森林公园建立了20 ha的样地,并完成了第一次群落学特征调查和分析.结果显示,样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物152种94,603株,隶属51科94属.重要值最大的前3个科依次是山茶科、樟科和壳斗科.属水平上热带区系成分占总属数的52.1%,温带区系成分占42.6%.常绿物种在样地内占绝对优势,占总重要值的80.3%.重要值最大的3个种依次是细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)、黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata)和南酸枣(Choerospondias axiliaris);稀有种共计55种,占总物种数的36.2%.木本植物整体径级结构呈逆"J"字型.萌枝分枝 情况表明,常绿物种的萌、分枝能力强于落叶物种.此结果表明天童常绿阔叶林物种组成丰富,群落成熟稳定,更新良好,反映了亚热带东部常绿阔叶林的典型特征.     

井冈山自然保护区福建柏群落的研究

对井冈山福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)群落4个样地的物种组成、区系成分和物种多样性进行了统计和分析.结果表明:该群落有维管植物32科43属59种,其中蕨类植物有4科4属5种,裸子植物3科3属3种,被子植物25科36属51种.区系分析显示该植物区系起源古老,地理成分复杂,以温带性成分为主,热带亚热带成分占有较大比例.群落为复层异龄结构,类型有福建柏 甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)群落、福建柏 猴头杜鹃(Rhododendronsimiarum) 甜槠群落.群落物种多样性指数较高,各样地间多样性指数变幅不大;福建柏群落的4种多样性指数基本表现出相同的趋势,福建柏群落物种多样性在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层.     

西双版纳热带雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓的组成与多样性格局

为探讨西双版纳热带雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓的组成、多样性格局及其维持机制,该文对两种植被的树干附生苔藓植物进行了调查与分析。所选择的样地位于西双版纳勐腊县,每种植被类型选择10个20 m×20 m的样方,每个样方选择约10棵样树。结果表明:(1)本调查共记录到附生苔藓20科39属60种,其中热带雨林附生苔藓有19科33属48种,热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓有9科14属19种,共有种6种。(2)热带雨林最优势科为平藓科,热带山地常绿阔叶林最优势科为锦藓科。(3)热带雨林比热带山地常绿阔叶林具有更高的物种丰富度、β多样性和γ多样性。(4)不同径级和不同树皮粗糙度宿主上附生苔藓植物的盖度差异显著,而物种丰富度差异不显著。(5)苔藓植物的生活型对植被类型有所偏好,表现为悬垂型、扇型、交织型、粗平铺型集聚于热带雨林,丛集型、垫状型、细平铺型集聚于热带山地常绿阔叶林。(6)直接排序结果表明,宿主特性特别是树皮粗糙度显著影响苔藓植物生活型的组成和分布。热带雨林比热带山地常绿阔叶林能提供更多样的微生境,因而孕育了物种更丰富的附生苔藓植物。考虑到不同的植被类型或宿主特性条件下孕育着不同生活型组成的苔藓植物,因此可将苔藓生活型作为今后森林监测的一项重要指标。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林的研究

本文以多个样方的资料分析,从群落综合特征上研究了西双版纳热带季节雨林的特点和类型、物种组成、生活型谱、叶级谱等。根据上层标志树种、群落生态外貌特征和生境把西双版纳的热带季节雨林区分为低丘雨林和沟谷雨林二个群系组,各包括若干群系。低丘雨林中面积最大和最有代表性的群系是大药树、龙果林,而沟谷雨林中最有代表性的群系是番龙眼、千果榄仁林。二者相比,低丘雨林的物种多样性要小一些,附生植物相对少一些,小、矮高位芽植物和小叶、落叶树种比例稍高,在生态上向季雨林和热带山地的常绿阔叶林过渡,有更强的地方代表性。沟谷雨林则更接近典型的湿热带雨林。     

Buttress trees in a 20-hectare tropical dipterocarp rainforest in Xishuangbanna,SW China

Aims Buttresses are prevalent and are important to many ecological processes in tropical rainforests but are overlooked in many rainforest studies. Based on a buttress survey in a 20-hectare plot, this study aims to answer the following questions: (I) Is buttress forming a fixed species characteristic? (ii) Is there any phylogenetic signal for buttress forming across a broad taxonomic scale? (iii) Is buttress forming an inherent feature or simply induced by environmental factors, and how is this relevant to the size of the tree?Methods We surveyed buttresses for all 95940 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥10mm in a 20-ha tropical dipterocarp rainforest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. The occurrence of buttresses was compared across different taxa and across different tree-size classes. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted among buttressed and non-buttressed species in order to understand the evolutionary background of buttress formation.Important findings This preliminary study showed that buttress trees are very abundant (making up 32% of trees with ≥100mm DBH) in this 20-ha tropical rainforest situated at the northern edge of the tropics. Fifty-one percent of the 468 tree species in the plot had stems that produced buttresses. Large trees were more likely to develop buttresses than smaller ones. We found that although buttress formation is not a fixed species characteristic, there is a strong phylogenetic signal for buttress formation in larger species.     

滇东南李仙江大黑山热带季节性雨林番龙眼群落研究

滇东南绿春县李仙江大黑山番龙眼群落以无患子科的番龙眼和苏木科的无忧花为乔木层优势种,外貌以单叶、纸质、全缘、渐尖、叶叶为主的常绿大、中高位芽植物组成为特征,层间木质藤本较丰富,属一种热带 北缘的热带季节性雨林类型,该群落物组成复杂,动态结构稳定,处于生长期。     

利用植物DNA条形码构建亚热带森林群落系统发育关系——以鼎湖山样地为例

在群落水平上重建植物系统发育关系是当前植物系统学研究的一项重要内容;DNA条形码技术的出现为这一工作的开展提供了便利。本文选取国际通用的植物DNA条形码（rbcL,matK和psbA trnH）,对鼎湖山大样地的183个物种（隶属于24目51科110属）进行测序;分别利用两位点和三位点DNA条形码组合构建该样地植物群落的系统发育关系,并比较不同位点组合构建出的群落系统发育关系的拓扑结构和节点支持率;最后选出一个具有最好拓扑结构和最高节点支持率的鼎湖山大样地群落系统发育关系。在目、科和属这三个水平上,三位点条形码片段组合构建的群落系统发育关系与APG系统获得较好匹配;有些进化分支在相应的APG系统位置解决得不好,却在条形码序列构建的系统发育关系中得到了较好解决。表明综合使用不同进化速率的DNA条形码片段并采取三位点超级矩阵的组合策略,在未采用APG系统大框架的情况下,也能快速而又相对准确地构建出鼎湖山南亚热带森林植物群落的系统发育关系。     

Effects of landscape disturbance on mosquito community composition in tropical Australia

Emerging infectious diseases are considered to be a growing threat to human and wildlife health. Such diseases might be facilitated by anthropogenic land-use changes that cause novel juxtapositions of different habitats and species and result in new interchanges of vectors, diseases, and hosts. To search for such effects in tropical Australia, we sampled mosquito populations across anthropogenic disturbance gradients of grassland, artificial rainforest edge, and rainforest interior. From >15,000 captured mosquitoes, we identified 26 species and eight genera. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in community composition or species richness between forest edges and grasslands, but both differed significantly from rainforest interiors. Mosquito species richness was elevated in grasslands relative to the rainforest habitats. Seven species were unique to grasslands and edges, with another 13 found across all habitats. Among the three most abundant species, Culex annulirostris occurred in all habitat types, whereas Verrallina lineata and Cx. pullus were more abundant in forest interiors. Our findings suggest that the creation of anthropogenic grasslands adjacent to rainforests may increase the susceptibility of species in both habitats to transmission of novel diseases via observable changes and mixing of the vector community on rainforest edges.     

A botanical inventory of a tropical seasonal forest in Khao Yai National Park,Thailand: implications for fruit–frugivore interactions

The diversity of plants in tropical forests makes dietary studies of frugivores difficult. This paper provides a botanical inventory of a tropical seasonal forest community in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. The forest is valuable from a conservation perspective because it is one of the last remaining intact forests in northeastern Thailand, and is an important refuge for many animal and plant species. A 4-ha inventory plot measuring 200 × 200 m was established and all plants greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) were measured and permanently labeled. We found 1610 stems belonging to 105 species, 76 genera and 35 families, with a combined basal area of 142.5 m². The community was dominated by species of Lauraceae, Cornaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae. About one-third of the plant species (40 spp.) identified in this study were vulnerable to extinction because they were mostly dispersed by large frugivores, which were intolerant of human impact. If they disappear, these forests may become dominated by plant species that are dispersed by abiotic means and species with small-seeded fruits.     

Soil phosphorus heterogeneity promotes tree species diversity and phylogenetic clustering in a tropical seasonal rainforest

The niche theory predicts that environmental heterogeneity and species diversity are positively correlated in tropical forests, whereas the neutral theory suggests that stochastic processes are more important in determining species diversity. This study sought to investigate the effects of soil nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) heterogeneity on tree species diversity in the Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest in southwestern China. Thirty‐nine plots of 400 m² (20 × 20 m) were randomly located in the Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest. Within each plot, soil nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) availability and heterogeneity, tree species diversity, and community phylogenetic structure were measured. Soil phosphorus heterogeneity and tree species diversity in each plot were positively correlated, while phosphorus availability and tree species diversity were not. The trees in plots with low soil phosphorus heterogeneity were phylogenetically overdispersed, while the phylogenetic structure of trees within the plots became clustered as heterogeneity increased. Neither nitrogen availability nor its heterogeneity was correlated to tree species diversity or the phylogenetic structure of trees within the plots. The interspecific competition in the forest plots with low soil phosphorus heterogeneity could lead to an overdispersed community. However, as heterogeneity increase, more closely related species may be able to coexist together and lead to a clustered community. Our results indicate that soil phosphorus heterogeneity significantly affects tree diversity in the Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest, suggesting that deterministic processes are dominant in this tropical forest assembly.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林植物种类多样性的一种研究方法

一、方法1.样地的选择样地分别选取热带干性季节雨林的典型代表——以箭毒木(Antiaris toxicaria)、龙果(Pouteria grandifolia)为标志的群落,以千果榄仁(Terminalia myriocarpa)、番龙眼