天津地区麦穗鱼的生物学

本文论述了天津地区麦穗色的食性、年龄生长和繁殖。麦穗鱼以摇蚊幼虫,水生昆虫及其幼虫、桡足类、寡毛类和水生植物为食,其中以摇蚊幼虫为主。麦穗鱼一龄鱼体长25.24mm;二龄鱼体长39.77mm和三龄鱼体长51.35mm。肥满度为0.99—6.09,平均值为2.18。麦穗鱼绝对怀卵量307—1960粒,相对怀卵量204.7—965.7粒/克。其繁殖期为4—6月,性腺成熟系数为7.14％—42.85％。     

江苏滆湖大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解滆湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2013—2014年对滆湖20个采样点的大型底栖动物按季节进行了8次调查,同时对14项水环境指标进行了逐月监测.结果表明: 共采集到大型底栖动物25种,其中软体动物3种,占12%,摇蚊幼虫12种,占48%,寡毛类4种,占16%,甲壳类4种,占16%.优势种为霍甫水丝蚓、苏氏尾鳃蚓、中国长足摇蚊和太湖裸须摇蚊.摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类存在显著的空间和季节变化.氮、磷营养元素和水温对滆湖水域环境状况有较大影响,且总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和溶解氧(DO)均表现出显著的空间和季节变化.相关性分析表明,TN和NO₃^--N是影响滆湖大型底栖动物群落结构的主要水环境因子,环境变量可以较好地解释主要类群的变化.     

不同营养类型水库大型底栖动物的群落结构特征及其水质评价

2006～2007年对湖北省4座不同营养类型水库的大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行周年研究,并进行了水质评价.共采集到底栖动物39种,其中寡毛类14种、水生昆虫19种、软体动物6种.以金沙河的底栖动物种类最多,达24种,其次为徐家河19种,道观河和桃园河各10种.4座水库优势种类各异,金沙河为多毛管水蚓(Aulodrilus pluriseta)、隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus sp.)、多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp.);徐家河为瑞士水丝蚓(Limnodrilus helveticus)、前突摇蚊(Procladius sp.);桃园河为多毛管水蚓(Aulodrilus pluriseta)、长跗摇蚊(Tanytarsus sp.);水质污染比较严重的道观河水库优势种类为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、大红德永摇蚊(Tokunagayusurika akamusi).各库底栖动物年平均密度和生物量分别为:金沙河316 8ind · m-2,1294.3mg · m-2 ;道观河318.2ind · m-2,430.7mg · m-2 ;徐家河330.3ind · m-2,517.4mg · m-2;桃园河209ind · m-2,325 3mg · m-2 .TN、TP、COD平均含量变幅分别为0.392～1.018、0.011～0.042、3.505～9.166mg · L-1;采用理化分析、Goodnight-Whitley指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数对水库的水质进行了综合评价,结果表明:金沙河水库属中营养型;徐家河和桃园河属中-富营养型;道观河水库属富营养型.对水库主要的物理化学因子与寡毛类、水生昆虫、软体动物密度,以及各类底栖动物之间进行矩阵分析,发现水生昆虫与水深呈负相关关系,随着水深的增加,其密度和种类下降,水深超过10m,下降的幅度更明显;寡毛类有从属于TN和TP含量的趋势, TP变化对底栖动物的影响更大;寡毛类、水生昆虫、软体动物三者之间无相关性.     

滇池大型无脊椎动物的群落演变与成因分析

该文综合滇池大型无脊椎动物的历史资料,并结合2009—2010年的现场调查数据,对其群落演替进行了研究,并对群落衰退的成因进行了探讨。物种数下降明显,由20世纪80年代的57种降为现在的32种,群落的物种损失率高达44%。其中软体动物损失率高达75%:其次是水生昆虫(39%)。滇池全湖底栖动物密度为1776ind/m2(其中寡毛类1706ind/m2;摇蚊科68ind/m2)。近20年滇池全湖底栖动物的丰度比较发现,寡毛类的密度和生物量呈一种先急剧上升,而后明显下降的过程,而摇蚊科的密度和生物量呈现出减少的趋势。寡毛类中的耐污种相对丰度增加,如霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)成为绝对优势种,其平均相对丰度达到了74.1%。摇蚊科相对丰度减少,以前广泛分布的异腹鳃摇蚊(Einfeldiasp.)基本消失,取而代之的是羽摇蚊(Chironomus plumosus)、细长摇蚊(Ch.attenuatus)、中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)等耐污种;软体动物种类变得单一,许多高原湖泊特有的软体动物均已消失,螺蛳(Margarya melanioides)、牟氏螺蛳(M.mondi)、光肋螺蛳(M.mansugi)在2009年被世界自然保护联盟列入了极危物种,滇池圆田螺(Cipangopaludina dianchiensis)也被列入了濒危物种。滇池的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著降低,尤其是草海物种多样性从20世纪50年代的2.70降到现在的0.30。半个多世纪以来总氮、总磷与物种数和多样性呈现显著负相关。底栖动物群落衰退的成因主要是生境破坏、水质恶化、蓝藻爆发、沉水植物消失、种质库匮乏等。     

大水体池塘培育革胡子鲶稚鱼的研究

本文报道在云南南亚热燕山区大水体池塘中,用人工施肥培养浮游动物,作为革胡子鲶稚鱼的开口饵料及其形成夏花鱼苗的动物性饲料是可行的。对孵出四日龄的稚鲶进行培育,在水温２３．２－３０．３℃时,可使十七日龄稚鲶达到夏花水平,存活率达６０％以上,研究结果表明,四日龄稚鲶口宽为７６０－９００μｍ,开口期及生长前期主要摄取枝角类、桡足类和摇蚊幼虫。稚鲶生长后期,对轮虫、水生昆虫幼体及配合饲料的摄取量增加,而摄食     

黄河主要水系水环境与底栖动物调查研究

2005年5月对黄河水系的42个采样点进行了水质与底栖动物的调查研究.调查结果表明,黄河水质总体污染严重,干流兰州段以上相对较好,但下游及支流水质污染严重.主要污染指标为总氮超标.在这些样点上共采到底栖动物90种,分属5门23科60属.其中,水生昆虫67种(74.4%),寡毛类15种(16.7%),软体动物5种(5.6%),甲壳动物与线形动物各一种(2.2%).物种组成上水生昆虫的摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类的水丝蚓为主要类群.在数量分布上,全流域底栖动物的平均密度为411.1 ind·m^-2,生物量为1520.1 mg·m^-2.干流密度与生物量(144.3ind·m^-2和151.6mg·m^-2)相对支流(1173.5 ind·m^-2和5430.1 mg·m^-2)明显偏低.与1958年和1982年的资料相比,所获得的物种数相近,但组成上有很大变化;而在密度生物量上,这次调查结果相对较低.     

杭州西湖底栖动物群落的研究

对杭州西湖的底栖动物,在25个布点,四季采样,共获54种。其中寡毛类22种,摇蚊幼虫18种,其它各类动物14种。如果不包括三潭内湖,则西湖中只采到21种。底栖动物的加权年平均密度为443.9个/m~2,生物量为1.473g/m~2;摇蚊幼虫的数量居次。软体动物相当贫乏,与该湖富营养化程度较重,底泥松软,水生植被缺乏有关。在苏堤以西3个湖区,底栖动物的数量明显高于东面两个湖区,反映了环境条件的差异。西湖底栖动物的优势种如霍甫水丝蚓等,Ig数值表明它们均呈聚集分布。然而在水草繁茂的三潭内湖,底栖动物多达48种,优势种组成也有较大差异。文中对底栖动物数量的季节变动作了分析,并对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行了初步估算。     

徐州城市河流和湖泊的大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因子分析

对徐州市京杭运河市区段和市区湖泊云龙湖进行了大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因子的比较研究。结果显示:城市河流和湖泊生态系统中, 大型底栖动物种类较少、群落结构相对简单, 其中城市河流大型底栖动物的组成主要为水栖寡毛类和软体动物, 城市湖泊大型底栖动物主要组成为水栖寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫。除Margalef 物种丰富度指数外, 河流与湖泊的其他群落指数相差不大。聚类分析将两类生态系统中的大型底栖动物群落明显分为两组。CCA 结果显示云龙湖大型底栖动物群落的主要影响因子是pH 和溶解氧, 京杭运河徐州市区段大型底栖动物群落的主要影响因子是总磷和化学需氧量。     

太湖新银鱼移植对(鳖)早期摄食和生长的影响

研究选择长江中游西洞庭湖水系太湖新银鱼移植水体(黄石水库)和未移植水体(蒙泉水库),研究太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis Chen)移植对浮游动物食性鱼类(Hemiculter leucisculus Basilewsky)早期生长和摄食的影响。2009年7月下旬和8月中旬共采集稚鱼157尾,其中7月下旬采集稚鱼在14—23日龄之间,两水体间生长差异不显著;8月中旬采集稚鱼在20—49日龄之间,黄石水库生长率显著小于蒙泉水库。对样品耳石日轮分析发现25日龄之前两水体稚鱼生长率相似,之后黄石水库稚鱼较蒙泉水库生长慢。食性分析发现25日龄前两水体稚鱼食物组成相似,主要摄食轮虫、小型枝角类和桡足类;25日龄后黄石水库稚鱼食性没有显著变化,而蒙泉水库稚鱼则转食大型枝角类、昆虫及鱼卵和仔鱼。两水体气候条件、营养状况、鱼类区系组成上基本相同,是否有太湖新银鱼移植是两水体间的主要差别。太湖新银鱼春群在1—5月间繁殖,而的繁殖在6月下旬之后。因此在早期生活史阶段与太湖新银鱼的食物竞争会主要发生在转食大型浮游动物之后。太湖新银鱼摄食使黄石水库大型浮游动物饵料资源短缺,稚鱼在25日龄后不能转食,是导致黄石水库幼鱼在25日龄后生长减慢的重要因素。     

摇蚊幼虫分布及其与水质的关系

摇蚊幼虫是水体中分布范围广的一类水生昆虫 ,它们的一些种类对水质的变化 ,如营养盐、重金属、ｐＨ和溶解氧等极为敏感 ,另有些种类则适应有机污染、重金属类毒物污染。在水质的生物学评价工作中 ,利用其种类敏感和耐污染特性 ,反映水质的变化和污染程度 ,是生物监测重要的评价依据。 2 0世纪 80年代 ,欧洲许多国家在研究酸雨对生态环境影响时 ,多采用摇蚊幼虫作为指示生物 ,也有的利用摇蚊幼虫口器或触角形态变化监测湖泊或河流水质[1 0～ 1 3 ]。国内有关摇蚊的研究近年来多偏重于成虫的分类学研究[6、8、9],对幼虫的研究则多利用底栖大…     

Importance of predation in regulating density of meio- and macrofauna in seasonal tropical waters

Toward the end of the low water period in two seasonal tropical water bodies, we observed drastic declines in densities of dominant groups of macrofauna (Chironomidae, Oligochaeta and Ostracoda). This, however, was not accompanied by reductions in the densities of meiofauna (Nematoda, small (< 3 mm) Chironomidae and Oligochaeta). The decline of macrofauna was correlated with growing numbers of large, mobile, carnivorous invertebrates (Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Decapoda: Macrobrachium) and small, gape-limited fish, which emigrated from drying habitats and concentrated in places that predation pressure has been directed mainly towards macrofauna. Alternative hypotheses are discussed.     

A serological investigation of the diet of Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) in British lakes

The food of Helobdella stagnalis living in unproductive and productive British lakes has been determined using the precipitin test. Antisera were produced against each of ten potential prey groups. Correction factors were applied to basic data to compensate for differences in leech size and seasonal changes in field temperatures. In both types of lake, Oligochaeta followed by Chironomidae were most heavily utilized, whilst Trichoptera, Cladocera and Tricladida were least favoured. More Mollusca were eaten in productive than unproductive lakes, reflecting availability. In productive lakes, Asellus and Amphipoda together constituted the same proportion (about 25%) of the overall diet as Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera in unproductive lakes. Diet did not vary much during the course of a year, though diversity was lower in winter. Feeding activity varied seasonally being lowest in winter. Prey category utilization by small, medium and large leeches did not differ significantly.     

Unsuitability of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) for mosquito control in Uruguay: evidence from food‐preference experiments

We analyzed the feeding preference of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, a small‐bodied poecilid native from the Rio de la Plata and proximate Atlantic Basins in South America. This species has a wide distribution in Uruguayan water bodies but its effectiveness as a predator of mosquito larvae has not been tested. In laboratory trials, five aquatic invertebrates were offered simultaneously as potential prey to fish: Daphnia pulex (Cladocera), copepods, two different instars of mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens), and the 4^th instar of Chironomidae larvae. Preference was measured by the Chesson's electivity index (α). In order to determine differences in prey preference according to fish size, individuals ranging from 9.5 mm to 35.3 mm were classified in three different body size classes: small, medium, and large. Small fish showed preference for copepods, while medium‐sized fish preferred the smallest mosquito larvae instars and Chironomidae larvae. We conclude that C. decemmaculatus is a zooplankton facultative‐feeder fish that prefers large‐bodied zooplankton but is a weak predator of mosquito larvae. Thus, the introduction of C. decemmaculatus as a biological‐control agent in natural environments is not an effective strategy.     

Diet and feeding habits of Economidichthys pygmaeus (Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Lake Pamvotis,NW Greece

The purpose of the study was to define the diet composition, feeding preferences, seasonal, size and sex related changes in diet, feeding strategy and diel cycle of Economidichthys pygmaeus. Important features of the overall feeding patterns of the goby include (i) feeding activity, (ii) bottom habits and (iii) consumption of food items to identify the dietary breadth. Stomach contents of 533 specimens, 13.42–48.65 mm total length (TL), collected by hand net (2 mm mesh size) from October 2006 to September 2007 were analyzed. The percentage of 76 empty stomachs (14.26%) did not vary significantly with season. The food composition suggested that the goby is a carnivorous fish. Prey items identified in the stomachs belonged to four major groups: Crustaceans, Insects, Mollusca and Plants. Copepods were the most important (%IRI = 57.51), especially in fish larger than 23 mm TL. Chironomids (%IRI = 43.23) constituted the main prey for fish <23 mm TL. Diet composition showed little seasonal variation. Copepoda dominated the diet in autumn and winter (43.4%; 82.4%) and were replaced by Chironomidae larvae in spring (39.7%) and summer (47.7%). During the reproductive season, large males show a narrow food spectrum as opposed to large females, reflecting the different activity pattern exhibited by males and females during the breeding season, since the former supports parental care. According to the modified Costello graphical method, specialist individuals form the goby population that feeds on two preferential prey types (e.g. Copepods, Chironomids). Nevertheless, they consume some occasional prey (e.g. Cladocera, Insects, Gastropods). The species foraged chiefly at night and early morning, during lower light intensity. The highest feeding activity recorded at night (02.00 hours) and during early morning (08.00 hours) could be related to the cryptic behaviour displayed by the species.     

Diet of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in sympatry in two high altitude alpine lakes

Lake Pisses and Lake Labarre are two oligotrophic high altitude alpine lakes that have sympatric populations of Arctic charr and brown trout. These two lakes have similar morphometric, physical and chemical characteristics. The zooplanktonic and benthic fauna show little diversity. But the density of benthos (Chironomidae) and zooplankton is higher in Lake Pisses. The fish fauna of Lake Pisses is slightly more abundant than that of Lake Labarre, althought in both lakes fish density is low. A study of the diet of the two species revealed differences. In Lake Pisses, where the food supply is better, Arctic charr takes exclusively pelagic and benthic prey, whereas in Lake Labarre it also takes exogenous prey and thus comes into competition with trout. Length and body weight growth rates for Arctic charr are higher in Lake Pisses than in Lake Labarre. For trout, maximum length recorded was in Lake Pisses. The results show that the abundance of Chironomidae favours coexistence of the two species in Lake Pisses and confirm that, in the face of shortage of food, Arctic charr is better adapted than trout. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of different rations and water temperatures on the growth rates of shortfinned eels and longfinned eels

Juvenile (12–152 g) shortfinned eels Anguilla australis and longfinned eels A. dieffenbachia caught in New Zealand streams were fed squid mantle Nototodarus spp. 4 days per week in laboratory experiments. A linear multiple regression equation showed the amount of food eaten (0–2·7% w day⁻¹) explained 77·7% of the variation in specific growth rates (–0·60 to +1·07% w day⁻¹) among individual eels, while previous growth rates, water temperature (10·0–20·6°C), and eel weight (12–152 g) explained a further 5·6, 1·4 and 0·8%, respectively. Growth in length ranged from –0·3 to +0·9 mm day⁻¹. Eels which were starved and then given high rations grew substantially faster than expected. Once growth rates were adjusted for differences in ration and other factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates between species or individual fish. Growth of shortfinned eels fed maximum rations of commercial eel food depended on fish size and water temperatures and ceased below 9·0°C. Growth rates in the wild were substantially less than the maximum possible, after seasonal changes in water temperatures were taken into account, indicating that food supplies and not low water temperatures were controlling growth rates in the wild.     

Seasonal profile of the diet of the dace Telestes karsticus Marčić & Mrakovčić, 2011 (Cyprinidae,Leuciscinae) endemic to Sušik Creek,Croatia

The first data on the feeding ecology of the endemic Telestes karsticus are presented for specimens sampled monthly (July 2007–July 2008) from the Su?ik Creek in the Lug Polje field, Croatia. Macrozoobenthos density was calculated and compared with the stomach contents of T. karsticus and the seasonal profile of the diet was examined. The ratio of gut length vs. standard length was 0.9 ± 0.12. Gut contents revealed that benthic invertebrates accounted for the majority of food consumed, although terrestrial arthropods, plant material, algae and fish were also found. Since this is the only fish species in the investigated creek, T. karsticus can be concluded to be cannibalistic. The proportion of empty guts found in all seasons was small, indicating year round feeding. The number and diversity of prey species was highest in spring and lowest in summer. Ivlev's electivity index was very high for Cladocera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Heteroptera and Hymenoptera in all seasons, suggesting positive selection for these prey groups, as opposed to Oligochaeta, Isopoda and Bivalva, which showed negative values in all seasons. For Actinopterygii, the Ivlev coefficient of selection was highly negative in spring, and highly positive in summer. Plant matter was detected in stomach contents in all seasons, with the highest share found in summer when other prey species were less available. The karstic dace is a generalised feeder, consuming the most available prey, and therefore can be classified as a euryphagous omnivore.     

Benthic meiofauna assemblage structure of headwater streams: density and distribution of taxa relative to substrate size

Permanent meiofauna taxa and portions of the population of other invertebrates that are temporarily in the meiofauna size class are often precluded from stream studies and assessments. This study was designed to determine the identity, density, and distribution of major meiofauna taxa relative to substrate size in a set of similar headwater streams. Using a coring technique, meiofauna (80 μm–1 mm) and substrate samples were collected from 11 Ozark headwater streams in the Boston Mountain ecoregion of Arkansas, USA. Mean meiofauna density among streams was 1739 ± 436 organisms per l. Permanent meiofauna taxa (Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Rotifera, Nematoda, Hydrachnida, and Tardigrada) comprised 22.5% of the organisms collected with a mean density of 394 ± 233 organisms per l; temporary meiofauna taxa (Oligochaeta, Turbellaria, Hydroidea, Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, and other insects) comprised the remainder with a density of 1346 ± 308 organisms per l. Chironomidae was the most numerous temporary meiofauna taxon, and Hydrachnida was the most numerous permanent taxon. Streams were found to differ significantly in substrate composition and densities of major taxonomic categories. Substrate size was found to predict densities for most of these taxonomic categories. Meiofauna patchiness was reflected in high variability within streams. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed positive associations between Copepoda and Nematoda and silt, and between Copepoda, Nematoda, and Rotifera and fine sand. Hydrachnida and Rotifera were negatively associated with silt and coarse sand, respectively. The potential value of inclusion of meiofauna in stream environmental assessments is discussed.     

Variability in growth of longfinned eels among coastal catchments of south‐eastern Australia

Longfinned eels Anguilla reinhardtii were captured by both fishery‐dependent and independent sampling methods from three rivers in New South Wales, south‐eastern Australia. Growth rates were examined in two zones (fresh water and tidal) in the Hacking, Hawkesbury and Clarence Rivers. Mean annual growth increments of sampled longfinned eels ranged from 30 to 60 mm year⁻¹ using age‐length analyses and up to 167 mm year⁻¹ based on tag‐recapture model estimates (GROTAG), with both methods showing high intra‐ and inter‐population variability. Growth was significantly faster in younger (5–15 years) fish than older (>15 years) fish, with females growing an average 10 mm year⁻¹ faster than males of similar age and capture location. Longfinned eels found in tidal areas grew significantly faster than those in non‐tidal freshwater areas as a result of longer growing seasons in the highly productive estuarine habitats. Other possible factors influencing variability in growth rates for this species include habitat preference, density and fishing pressure.