干旱胁迫下叶面喷施褪黑素对滁菊幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以滁菊品种"金玉"幼苗为材料,通过日光温室内盆栽实验,在中度干旱胁迫条件下(土壤田间持水量的40%),研究叶面喷施外源褪黑素(MT,100μmol·L-1)对滁菊幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响,探讨提高滁菊耐干旱性的新途径。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,干旱胁迫处理降低了滁菊叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率,提高了可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,而叶片MDA含量和相对电导率显著增加,显著抑制了滁菊幼苗的生长。(2)在干旱胁迫条件下,外源MT可显著提高滁菊幼苗叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量,并显著降低了叶片相对电导率和MDA含量,使幼苗保持较高叶绿素含量和净光合速率。(3)与干旱胁迫处理相比,外源MT处理的滁菊地上部和根系干重、鲜重均显著增加。研究发现,外源褪黑素(MT)在一定程度上可通过促进滁菊幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,有效降低干旱胁迫对其细胞膜的伤害,维持其正常的细胞膜功能,保持其较高的光合速率和水分利用效率,从而增加其对干旱环境的适应性。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对干旱胁迫下甘草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以药用植物甘草种子和幼苗为材料,在20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,测定了不同浓度外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理甘草种子的发芽势(Gv)、发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)和活力指数(Vi)的变化,以及ALA处理幼苗叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果显示:(1)在20%PEG-6000胁迫下,甘草种子萌发受到显著抑制,而各项萌发指标经过不同浓度的ALA进行恢复处理后均有明显提高,且均以10 mg.L-1ALA处理的各项指标值最大,其种子发芽势(75%)、发芽率(91%)比干旱胁迫对照显著提高了35%和30%,发芽指数(36.2)和活力指数(709.7)分别提高至干旱胁迫的2.6和3.5倍。(2)各ALA处理较对照均显著提高了干旱胁迫下甘草幼苗总生物量、可溶性糖的含量及脯氨酸含量,却显著降低了甘草叶片的MDA含量和质膜透性,同时显著提高了干旱胁迫下甘草叶片中的SOD、POD和CAT的活性,且以10 mg.L-1ALA处理后的酶活性最强。研究表明,适宜浓度(10 mg.L-1)的ALA能显著提高干旱胁迫下甘草种子的萌发能力,通过调节渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性来有效减缓干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗的伤害,提高甘草种子及幼苗的抗旱能力。     

干旱胁迫下冠菌素对玉米幼苗光合参数和内源激素含量的影响

采用沙培称重法研究冠菌素对玉米幼苗光合参数及内源激素系统影响的结果表明,干旱胁迫下,0.01μmol·L-1冠菌素显著增加玉米幼苗茎基部粗、根长、干鲜重、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,降低胞间二氧化碳浓度,提高幼苗的ABA和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)含量。叶片与根中ABA/GA3大时耐旱性增大。     

冠菌素和茉莉酸甲酯诱导小麦幼苗低温抗性的研究

以小麦品种豫麦18为试验材料,研究了冠菌素和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对小麦低温抗性的诱导作用.结果表明,冠菌素和MeJA处理可以显著提高低温胁迫下小麦幼苗细胞内SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性,增加可溶性蛋白的含量,降低相对电导率和MDA含量,从而维持细胞质膜的完整性,增强小麦植株抵抗低温胁迫的能力.冠菌素和MeJA在抗低温胁迫上具有相似的作用,1μmol/L的冠菌素和100μmol/L MeJA的诱导效果较好.     

NaCl与干旱胁迫对银沙槐幼苗渗透调节物质含量的影响

以银沙槐幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同程度NaCl与干旱胁迫对其叶片渗透调节物质含量的影响,以探讨银沙槐幼苗对NaCl与干旱胁迫的适应性.结果显示,随着单一干旱、盐分及其交叉胁迫程度的增加,幼苗的MDA含量呈上升趋势;幼苗的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量基本上随NaCl与干旱胁迫程度的加剧呈逐渐上升趋势,在各胁迫水平下均显著高于对照(P<0.05),且在各种重度胁迫处理下均维持在较高水平;幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量在重度干旱与不同盐分交叉胁迫下呈下降趋势.研究表明,银沙槐幼苗中渗透调节物质在其抗旱耐盐性上起到了积极的调节作用;幼苗在盐旱交叉胁迫下表现出交叉适应性.     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗渗透调节和脯氨酸代谢的影响

以小桐子幼苗为材料,采用人工气候箱内水培试验,设置不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100μmol·L^(-1))茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和150 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫处理,分析不同处理条件下小桐子幼苗叶片的组织活力、MDA含量、水势、含水量和叶片渗透调节物质脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性糖的含量,以及脯氨酸代谢关键酶P5CS、OAT和甜菜碱合成关键酶BADH活性和相关基因表达水平,探讨外源茉莉酸甲酯对盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗渗透调节能力的影响及其机制。结果表明:(1)外源MeJA处理可提高盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗叶片的组织活力和叶片含水量,降低小桐子幼苗叶片的MDA含量和水势,且60μmol·L^(-1)浓度处理效果最佳。(2)外源MeJA处理可提高盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗叶片的脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性糖的含量,且60μmol·L^(-1)MeJA处理显著提高了盐胁迫下小桐子幼苗内源茉莉酸、脯氨酸和甜菜碱的含量。(3)60μmol·L^(-1)MeJA也提高了盐胁迫下小桐子BADH、P5CS和OAT的活性,并上调了JcBADH、JcP5CS、JcOAT基因的表达水平,但MeJA降低了脯氨酸降解酶ProDH的活性,下调了JcProDH基因的表达。研究发现,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MeJA通过活化脯氨酸生物合成的谷氨酸和鸟氨酸途径,尤其是鸟氨酸途径,以及抑制脯氨酸降解途径来促进小桐子幼苗脯氨酸的积累,同时MeJA也激活了幼苗体内甜菜碱的生物合成过程,从而强化了盐胁迫下幼苗的渗透调节作用和耐盐性,表明MeJA诱导的渗透调节在小桐子耐盐性形成过程中发挥着重要作用。     

NaCl分根胁迫对羊草幼苗生长及其生理生化特性的影响

在自动控制的遮雨棚中,研究了200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫对不同分根处理羊草幼苗生物量、活性氧代谢以及渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明:单一胁迫根茎(RHS)、单一胁迫根系(ROS)以及同时胁迫根茎和根系(RHSS)3种处理方式下羊草幼苗各器官干重均低于对照,且大体呈现RHSS>ROS>RHS趋势.在RHS和ROS处理下,羊草叶片和根茎SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量均无显著差异;RHSS处理时根系中SOD、CAT活性相比ROS处理显著降低.3种处理下根茎和根系MDA、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照,可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量在RHS和ROS处理间存在显著差异.可见,根茎在羊草响应盐胁迫的生理过程中与根系具有类似的功能;盐胁迫下羊草不同器官同一抗氧化酶对活性氧淬灭具有不同的作用,与POD相比不同器官SOD和CAT作用可能更大;根茎可能参与光合同化物——可溶性糖在羊草地上部和地下部的调节运输,且协同根系增强了羊草对盐胁迫的耐性作用.     

外源CO和NO对水稻种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫损伤的缓解效应

选用水稻品种‘Ⅱ优128’种子为材料,以1.0μmol.L-1高铁血红素(Hematin,H)和200μmol.L-1硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)分别作为CO和NO供体,采用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究外源CO和NO对干旱胁迫下水稻种子萌发和萌发过程中抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:高铁血红素和硝普钠处理可以显著提高干旱胁迫下水稻种子的发芽率、芽长和根长;同时显著提高种子淀粉酶活性,显著增加其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量;还不同程度地诱导增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,同时降低质膜相对透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。研究证实,外源CO和NO可通过调节渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性来有效缓解干旱胁迫对萌发水稻种子造成的氧化伤害,促进种子萌发生长。     

外源NO提高小麦幼苗抗旱性的生理机制

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种'豫麦49'为材料,采用50μmol·L-1SNP(NO供体)处理自然干旱和PEG模拟干旱下的小麦幼苗,分析外源NO对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗相对含水量、光合速率、细胞膜透性以及茎叶中关键性离子含量的影响.结果显示:自然干旱10 d后,对照组幼苗几乎全部枯死,而50μmol·L-1SNP处理幼苗并未发生枯死,其幼苗在旱后复水2 d后能完全恢复正常生长;在25%PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下,50μmol·L-1SNP处理也能明显改善受胁迫小麦幼苗长势.50μmol·L-1SNP处理使模拟干旱胁迫下小麦叶片的相对含水量显著提高15.98%,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)分别显著提高47.11%和42.86%,而胞间CO2浓度(GI)显著降低了8.19%;也使小麦组织浸出液电导率显著降低30%,茎叶的K 含量显著增加24.55%(P<0.01).研究发现,外源NO既可通过降低小麦幼苗叶片蒸腾来维持较高的叶片相对含水量,缓解因干旱缺水对植株的伤害;又可增加K 在茎叶中积累,减轻干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗细胞膜伤害,维持干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗较高的光合速率,以确保植株正常生长和有机物质积累.     

一氧化氮对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以0.4mol/L的甘露醇(M)模拟水分胁迫状况,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫下,玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸含量均显著增加;(2)SNP能显著提高水分胁迫下玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,增加玉米幼苗的根长、茎长、根重和整株干重,抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,降低脯氨酸含量。其中以100μmol/L和200μmol/LSNP对水分胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various