三种百合鳞茎提取物的抑菌作用

采用纸片琼脂扩散法测定了宜昌百合、岷江百合及兰州百合鳞茎甲醇提取物对革兰氏阳性细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌)和革兰氏阴性细菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌)的抑制活性,并对3种百合鳞茎提取物的含量与抑菌活性进行了剂量-效应关系分析。结果表明:3种百合鳞茎提取物对4种细菌均具有抑制活性,对革兰氏阳性细菌的抑菌活性高于对革兰氏阴性细菌的抑菌活性,且宜昌百合和岷江百合两种野生百合鳞茎提取物的抑菌活性均高于普通食用的兰州百合;3种百合鳞茎提取物的含量与抑菌活性之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系,即随着提取物含量的升高,抑菌活性明显升高。     

五倍子提取物抑菌效果及稳定性研究

采用琼脂打孔法和平板涂布法,观察五倍子提取物对常见致病菌的抑菌效果,并以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌环直径为参考指标,考察紫外光照时间、温度及介质pH值对五倍子提取物抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,五倍子提取物对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果明显强于革兰氏阴性菌,在稳定性研究过程中发现,光照时间、温度及介质pH值对五倍子提取物的抑菌效果影响较大,因此在选用五倍子提取物作植物抑菌剂时应现配现用。     

石榴果皮提取物抑菌活性研究

以12种常见的食品污染菌为供试菌,采用平板打孔法对10个品种石榴果皮的9种溶剂提取物进行抑菌效果研究,并对甲醇提取物的化学成分进行了初步分析。结果表明,甲醇提取物抑菌活性最强;石榴果皮提取物对供试菌种中的细菌的抑制效果最强,对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制效果强于对革兰氏阴性细菌的抑制效果,对酵母菌的抑制效果较弱,对霉菌几乎没有抑制作用。在供试的10个石榴品种中,‘峄城软籽’石榴果皮甲醇提取物的抑菌活性最高。化学成分系统预试结果表明,石榴果皮甲醇提取物中含有黄酮及其苷类物质、生物碱、酚类、鞣质类等成分。     

大血藤抗氧化及抗菌活性研究

本文评价了大血藤乙醇提取物和石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯和水部位的体外抗氧化和抑菌活性以及与总酚含量的相关性。采用清除DPPH自由基法、Fe3+还原力法评价了各部位的抗氧化活性,采用纸片扩散法评价各部位的抑菌活性。采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定各部位总酚含量,并采用HPLC-UV解析活性部位物质基础。结果表明,水部位清除DPPH能力最强(IC505.53μg/m L),优于对照组Vc,其它部位顺序为乙酸乙酯部位乙醇提取物二氯甲烷部位石油醚部位,还原Fe3+的能力顺序与此相同。总酚含量与抗氧化活性正相关。石油醚部位、二氯甲烷部位、乙酸乙酯部位有中等强度的抑制革兰氏阴性菌作用。表明大血藤可能会成为有价值的天然抗氧化和抗菌资源。     

贯叶连翘总提取物对致病细菌的抗菌作用

用平板抑菌法检测了贯叶连翘总提取物对细菌的抗菌谱范围,用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测法、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)检测法检测了其抗菌作用的强弱。结果表明提取物对供试革兰氏阳性菌菌株均有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用,对极少数革兰氏阴性菌菌株有较弱的抑菌作用,无杀菌作用。该结果提示提取物抗菌作用可能与细菌细胞壁的结构与组成相关。     

藏药砂生槐种子提取物抑菌和细胞毒活性的初步研究

砂生槐是我国西藏高原一种特有植物,是一种极为宝贵的药用植物资源.我们首次从砂生槐种子中获得氯仿、95%乙醇、75%乙醇和水提取物,用琼脂扩散实验测定其抑菌活性和用MTT法测定其对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒效应,表明氯仿提取物和95%乙醇提取物具有广谱的抑菌活性,抑菌活性较强的是氯仿提取物.各种提取物显示出浓度依赖性的细胞毒效应,氯仿、95%乙醇、75%乙醇和水提取物对胃癌SGC-7901细胞系的LC50分别是4.5、1.4、1.9和41.7 mg/mL,抑制胃癌SGC-7901细胞增殖作用较强的成分是砂生槐种子95%乙醇提取物.这一发现为开发砂生槐这一宝贵植物资源的药用价值提供了重要的依据.     

长足大竹象雄性附腺提取物抑菌作用研究

以3种细菌(大肠杆菌Escherichia coli、金黄色葡萄球菌Bacillus subtilis、枯草芽孢杆菌Staphyloccocus aureus)为供试菌,测定了长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti雄性附腺提取物的抑菌活性。结果表明:长足大竹象雄性附腺提取物对革兰氏阳性菌如枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有一定的抑菌活性。不同浓度的粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌影响差异均具有高度统计学意义(P0.01),抑菌活性随着粗提物浓度的增加而增强。粗提物对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.2 mg·m L~(-1)、0.4 mg·m L~(-1)。不同处理温度对长足大竹象雄性附腺粗提物的抑菌作用有一定影响。     

烟草提取物对十一种植物病原真菌的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法研究烟叶95%乙醇提取物和正己烷提取物对苹果腐烂病菌等11种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,并通过液相色谱及气质联用色谱对烟叶提取物中多酚类、黄酮类、萜烯类等抑菌活性成分进行测定。实验结果表明,0.5 g/m L(工作浓度5 mg/m L)的两种溶剂提取物对11种病原真菌的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,其中对苹果腐烂病菌(V.mali)的抑制作用最强,且同浓度的正己烷提取物的抑菌活性优于95%乙醇提取物。根据不同材料提取物及几种纯物质溶液的抑菌特点,推测西柏三烯二醇可能是烟叶提取物中主要的抑菌活性物质。     

糙苏提取物抑菌活性的初步评价

目的:比较糙苏甲醇提取物和丙酮提取物的抗菌活性.方法:对糙苏的丙酮提取物和甲醇提取物进行体外抗菌活性实验,测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),比较相应的MIC和MBC值.结果:两种提取物对所选取的8种菌株均具有抑菌效果,丙酮提取物的抑菌活性高于甲醇提取物.巨大芽孢杆菌是对提取物最敏感的细菌.结论:糙苏提取物作为天然抗菌物质,具有广谱抗菌效果,具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景.     

商陆不同极性、根和茎提取物的抑菌性能分析

为探究商陆不同极性、部位提取物的抑菌性能,本实验分别从商陆根和茎中提取石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相4种不同极性的提取物,再采用滤纸片法测量提取物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyt-icus)4种细菌的抑制性能。结果表明,部分商陆的提取物有一定的抑菌活性,如根正丁醇相对巨大芽孢杆菌和副溶血弧菌,茎水相对副溶血弧菌的抑菌圈在10mm以上,但总体上商陆的提取物的抑菌性能远不及头孢氨苄好。实验还发现商陆抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于根中,且抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于水和正丁醇这种极性较高的溶剂的提取物中,不同提取物对不同细菌的抑菌活性情况不一致。因此本研究结果可以为商陆提取物抑菌性能的进一步探索提供参考。     

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acacia aroma Gill. ex Hook et Arn

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of seven ethanolic extracts and three aqueous extracts from various parts (leaves, stems and flowers) of A. aroma against 163 strains of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria. The disc diffusion assay was performed to evaluate antibacterial activity of the A. aroma crude extracts, against several Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis, S. aureus, coagulase-negative stahylococci, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli., K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae, S. marcescens, M morganii, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, E. coli ATCC 35218, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 25922). All ethanolic extracts showed activity against gram-positive bacteria. Among all obtained extracts, only leaf and flower fluid extracts showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Based on this bioassay, leaf fluid extracts tended to be the most potent, followed by flower fluid extracts. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extracts and antibiotics were comparatively determined by agar and broth dilution methods. Both extracts were active against S. aureus, coagulase-negative stahylococci, E. faecalis and E. faecium and all tested Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values from 0.067 to 0.308 mg/ml. In this study the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were identical or twice as high than the corresponding MIC for leaf extracts and four or eight times higher than MIC values for flower extracts. This may indicate a bactericidal effect. Stored extracts have similar antibacterial activity as recently obtained extracts. The A. aroma extracts of leaves and flowers may be useful as antibacterial agents against Gram- negative and Gram-positive antibiotic multi-resistant microorganisms.     

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analyses of Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae), naturally growing in Egypt

Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae) is an herb commonly distributed in Mediterranean coastal regions in Egypt and used in folkloric medicine. Organic and aqueous solvent extracts and fractions of P. aviculare were investigated for antimicrobial activities on several microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. Phytochemical constituents of air-dried powered plant parts were extracted using aqueous and organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, chloroform and water). Antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of inhibition zone against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi using paper disc diffusion method.Results of the phytochemical studies revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and sesquiterpenes and the extracts were active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Chloroform extract gave very good and excellent antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and good activity against all tested fungi except Candida albicans. Structural spectroscopic analysis that was carried out on the active substances in the chloroform extract led to the identification of panicudine (6-hydroxy-11-deoxy-13 dehydrohetisane).Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of panicudine indicated significant activity against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Panicudine displayed considerable activity against the tested fungi with the exception of C. albicans. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was unaffected after exposure to different heat treatments, but was reduced at alkaline pH. Studies of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of panicudine on the tested organisms showed that the lowest MIC and the MBC were demonstrated against Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi and the highest MIC and MBC were against Staphylococcus aureus.     

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Brazilian plant extracts--Clusiaceae

Twelve extracts obtained from nine plants belonging to six different genera of Clusiaceae were analyzed against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) bacteria using the microdilution broth assay. Tovomita aff. longifolia, T. brasiliensis, Clusia columnaris, Garcinia madruno, Haploclathra paniculata, and Caraipa grandifolia extracts showed significant results against the bacteria. The organic extract obtained from the leaves of T. aff. longifolia showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 70 microg/ml and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 90 microg/ml against E. faecalis and the organic extract made with the stem of C. columnaris showed MIC = 180 microg/ml and MBC = 270 microg/ml against P. aeruginosa. None of the antibacterial extracts showed lethal activity against brine shrimp nauplii. On the other hand, both aqueous and organic extracts obtained from the aerial organs of Vismia guianensis that were cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii did not show a significant antibacterial activity in the assay.     

Preparation and antimicrobial activity of scleraldehyde from Schizophyllum commune

The present study investigates the antimicrobial activity of oxidized schizophyllan (scleraldehyde) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by diffusion and tube dilution analysis. Schizophyllan is a natural polysaccharide produced by fungi of the genus Schizophyllum. Periodate oxidation specifically cleaves the vicinal glycols in scleraldehyde to form their dialdehyde derivatives. The antibacterial activity exhibited by scleraldehyde was defined using various tests such as the disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). MIC and MBC values were found to be in the range of 3.0-8.0 mg/mL. Hence, the present studies establish that the scleraldehyde possesses effective antibacterial properties and can be used as a biopreservative for preservation of raw hides and skins.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of laboratory grown culture of Spirulina platensis

The hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol extracts and spent media (extracellular substances) were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity for which one Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used as test organisms. The methanol extract showed more potent activity than other organic extracts, spent medium of the culture exhibited little activity against E. coli only. No inhibitory effect was found against Klebsiella pneumoniae.The broth microdilution assay gave minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 1 to 512 μg/ml. The MIC of methanol extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively.     

紫穗槐种子提取物的抑菌活性研究

目的研究紫穗槐种子提取物的抑菌活性。方法将紫穗槐种子乙醇提取物分别通过石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,选择金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌为供试菌,采用试管二倍稀释法测定紫穗槐种子提取物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,涂布平板法绘制杀菌曲线,电镜下观察药物对细菌超微结构的影响。结果紫穗槐种子提取物经乙酸乙酯萃取后对供试菌抑制作用较强,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为2．5、5．0mg／mL;对肺炎克雷伯杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为5．0、10．0mg／mL;杀菌曲线结果表明,药物对供试菌的抑制作用存在浓度和时间依赖性;电镜结果说明,药物的作用可能与破坏菌体细胞壁、改变细胞膜通透性有关。结论紫穗槐种子提取物具有显著的抗菌活性。     

Non-iron metalloporphyrins: potent antibacterial compounds that exploit haem/Hb uptake systems of pathogenic bacteria

A new group of potent antibacterial compounds, non-iron metalloporphyrins (MPs), is described. MPs possess a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and mycobacteria. Anaerobically grown bacteria and microorganisms that do not respire and/or express haem uptake systems were resistant to MPs. Antibacterial activity of MPs was not affected by known antibiotic resistance mechanisms operating in bacteria. The most potent MP against Y. enterocolitica, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and M. smegmatis was gallium protoporphyrin IX (Ga-PPIX). When tested alone, Ga ions and metal-free porphyrins had approximately 100-fold higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for these organisms. Ga-PPIX was not degraded by MP-sensitive bacteria, indicating that the whole molecule is responsible for antibacterial activity. MPs are antibacterial 'Trojan horses', as they exploit haem transport systems of Gram-negative bacteria as portals of entry into the cell. Bacterial mutants in superoxide dismutases, catalases and stationary-phase sigma factors were hypersensitive to Ga-PPIX. The extreme sensitivity of sod mutants to MPs and the requirement for active respiration for MP activity suggests that these compounds stimulate the production of reactive oxygen radicals in bacteria. Ga-PPIX was not toxic to primary human fibroblasts, several established cell lines and experimental animals at concentrations > 100-fold higher than the MIC for sensitive bacteria.     

Antibacterial action of a heat-stable form of L-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom

The major l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO, EC 1.4.3.2) of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom is known to be an unusual form of snake venom LAAO as it possesses unique structural features and unusual thermal stability. The antibacterial effects of king cobra venom LAAO were tested against several strains of clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli using broth microdilution assay. For comparison, the antibacterial effects of several antibiotics (cefotaxime, kanamycin, tetracycline, vancomycin and penicillin) were also examined using the same conditions. King cobra venom LAAO was very effective in inhibiting the two Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78μg/mL (0.006μM) and 1.56μg/mL (0.012μM) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively. The MICs are comparable to the MICs of the antibiotics tested, on a weight basis. However, the LAAO was only moderately effective against three Gram-negative bacteria tested (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E. coli), with MIC ranges from 25 to 50μg/mL (0.2-0.4μM). Catalase at the concentration of 1mg/mL abolished the antibacterial effect of LAAO, indicating that the antibacterial effect of the enzyme involves generation of hydrogen peroxide. Binding studies indicated that king cobra venom LAAO binds strongly to the Gram-positive S. aureus and S. epidermidis, but less strongly to the Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, indicating that specific binding to bacteria is important for the potent antibacterial activity of the enzyme.     

Antibacterial activity of extracts and neolignans from Piper regnellii (Miq.) C. DC. var. pallescens (C. DC.) Yunck

The evaluation of the activity of the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of Piper regnellii was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The aqueous extract displayed a weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1000 micrograms/ml. The ethyl acetate extract presented a good activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis with MIC and MBC at 15.62 micrograms/ml. In contrast to the relative low MICs for gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited by the extracts at concentrations < or = 1000 mg/ml. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated on silica gel into nine fractions. The hexane and chloroform fractions were active against S. aureus (MIC at 3.9 micrograms/ml) and B. subtilis (MIC at 3.9 and 7.8 micrograms/ml, respectively). Using bioactivity-directed fractionation, the hexane fraction was rechromatographed to yield the antimicrobial compounds 1, 2, 5, and 6 identified as eupomatenoid-6, eupomatenoid-5, eupomatenoid-3, and conocarpan, respectively. The pure compounds 1 and 2 showed a good activity against S. aureus with MIC of 1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.12 micrograms/ml, respectively. Both compounds presented MIC of 3.12 micrograms/ml against B. subtilis. The pure compound 6 named as conocarpan was quite active against S. aureus and B. subtilis with MIC of 6.25 micrograms/ml. The antibacterial properties of P. regnellii justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds, contaminated through bacteria infections.