长白落叶松插穗的内源激素水平及其与扦插生根的关系

长白落叶松 (Larixolgensis)扦插繁殖的试验结果表明 ,嫩枝扦插效果好于硬枝扦插 ,并且母树年龄是影响其扦插生根的重要因子。母树年龄为 2年生时 ,生根率达 95 %以上。本文在此试验的基础上 ,对嫩枝和硬枝插穗中内源植物激素水平进行了测定。结果发现嫩枝插穗中IAA、CTKs的含量要高于硬枝插穗中IAA、CTKs的含量 ,并且随母树年龄的增加而降低 ;相反 ,嫩枝插穗中ABA含量要低于硬枝插穗中ABA的含量 ,并且随着母树年龄的增加而增加。实验结果表明 :IAA、ABA的含量和扦插生根有密切关系。IAA促进生根 ,ABA抑制生根。IAA/ABA比值可以用来衡量长白落叶松的生根能力     

不同株龄日本落叶松插穗的内源激素含量与生根的关系

研究了日本落叶松母株年龄、插穗内源激素含量与生根之间的关系,以及外源IBA对插穗内源激素含量的影响及其对插穗生根的促进作用。结果表明：不同株龄插穗生根性状及插穗茎和叶中激素含量差异均达极显著水平,叶中激素含量对插穗生根力没有直接影响;插穗茎中生根抑制激素（ABA）含量随株龄增长而增加,生根促进激素与抑制激素的比值（IAA＋GA＋ZR）/ABA却随株龄的增长而递减,与生根力随株龄的变化趋势一致,且该比值与生根性状紧密相关,因此可作为评价母株（无性系）生根力的指标;插后13～32d是插穗愈伤组织形成和不定根诱导的关键期,此期生根促进激素消耗量大,茎中含量大幅度降低,进入根伸长生长阶段,含量上升;外源IBA促进插穗生根的机制在于通过外源激素的刺激,在不定根诱导期,插穗茎中ABA含量大幅度降低,从而有利于不定根的发生和发育。     

沙生柽柳扦插生根过程插穗相关理化特征分析

选取沙生柽柳半木质化枝条进行苗床扦插,通过实验测定插穗生根过程中内源激素(IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA)含量、可溶性营养物质(糖、蛋白质)含量及相关氧化酶(PPO、POD、SOD、IAAO)活性的动态变化特征,探讨沙生柽柳插穗扦插生根机理。结果表明:(1)沙生柽柳插穗内源激素含量随生根进程而发生变化,其中,IAA含量在扦插35d最大,并出现较大的波动变化;ZR含量在扦插55d前后变化明显,呈现低水平向高水平转化趋势;ABA、GA3含量依次呈先升高后降低再升高的变化过程,并在扦插15d和55d(80d)呈现变化的峰值和谷值。(2)沙生柽柳扦插生根与相关氧化酶活性密切相关,其中,POD、IAAO活性在插穗扦插35d后长时间保持较高水平,直至插穗生根后POD活性明显降低,IAAO活性有所增加;PPO、SOD活性则在插穗扦插15d保持较高活性,且PPO活性的变化均匀,SOD活性的高低交替变化明显。(3)在沙生柽柳扦插生根期间,插穗可溶性糖含量呈现生根前消耗减少与生根后积累增加两大变化过程,可溶性蛋白质含量表现为扦插后逐步积累增加的变化趋势。研究表明,高水平的IAA、ZR和低水平的GA3、ABA共同调控着沙生柽柳插穗生根;IAA能够通过促进插穗POD、PPO、IAAO活性变化来影响生根,较高的POD、IAAO活性可调节插穗IAA水平,高水平的PPO活性则催化插穗IAA-酚酸复合物的形成,进而诱导插穗生根。     

NAA处理对艾纳香扦插生根生理生化特性的影响

为探讨NAA对艾纳香(Blumea balsamifera)扦插生根的影响,4 a生艾纳香健康枝条用500 mg/L NAA处理,对生根过程中的生理生化特征进行了研究.结果表明,艾纳香扦插生根率与内源IAA、GA含量和IAA/ABA呈正相关,而与ABA含量呈负相关.NAA处理能提高插穗的IAA含量,降低ABA含量,有助...     

插壤温度对四倍体刺槐硬枝插条生根过程中生理生化的影响

取四倍体刺槐3年生采穗圃中1年生硬枝插条为材料,研究扦插过程中插壤温度对插穗内源激素含量、酶活性和营养物质含量的影响,揭示四倍体刺槐扦插生根机制。结果表明：四倍体刺槐硬枝扦插过程中,插壤经加热处理,插穗内源IAA含量降低,ABA和ZR含量升高;根原基诱导期插穗内源IAA含量的变化趋势与未加热插穗相反,ABA和ZR含量的变化趋势与未加热插穗相同。插壤经加热处理,插穗IAAO、PPO和POD活性的变化趋势与未加热插穗相同,两处理间插穗IAAO、PPO和POD活性差异不显著。插壤经加热处理,可显著提高插穗可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,而对淀粉和植物总氮含量的影响差异不显著。因此,插壤加热处理,主要是通过降低四倍体刺槐硬枝插穗内源IAA含量,提高插穗可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量来促进插条不定根发生。     

不同春石斛品种扦插苗茎尖激素含量与其成花品质关系

为探讨春石斛扦插苗生长发育过程中内源激素与成花品质的关系,本研究以成花品质不同的2个品种‘森禾H1’和‘森禾4001’为试材,对其一年生扦插苗生长发育过程中5个不同阶段茎尖内源激素含量进行了比较分析。结果显示:整个生长发育过程中,2个品种扦插苗茎尖中赤霉酸(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量以及GA3/IAA、GA3/ABA、(GA3+IAA)/ABA变化趋势相似。成花品质较好的‘森禾H1’,其GA3、GA3/IAA、GA3/ABA、(GA3+IAA)/ABA,除了在休止叶后期外,其他时期均一直显著高于成花品质较差的‘森禾4001’,而其ABA含量在萌动期、展叶期、旺盛生长期显著低于‘森禾4001’,IAA含量没有显示出规律性。结果表明,春石斛扦插苗的一些内源激素含量及比例与其后期成花品质密切相关,可作为优良品种早期筛选的参考指标。     

扦插时间对蝟实插穗生根率和相关指标的影响及生根效应综合评价

在3月5日至9月5日期间,以蝟实( Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)顶端枝条作为插穗,每隔10 d扦插1次,对扦插10 d后插穗的生根率,内源吲哚乙酸( IAA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA3)含量,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量进行比较,对生根率与上述8项指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,并对这8项指标进行主成分分析;在此基础上,对不同扦插时间插穗的生根效应进行隶属函数值分析和综合评价。结果显示：随扦插时间推移,蝟实插穗的生根率总体上呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗生根率相对较高,并以6月中旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗为最高,总体在70%以上。随扦插时间推移,插穗中IAA和可溶性糖含量均呈波动变化趋势;而插穗中的ABA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量总体呈先逐渐升高后逐渐降低的趋势,GA3含量和CAT活性变化不明显,SOD活性总体上呈缓慢升高的趋势。相关性分析结果表明：蝟实插穗的生根率与IAA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与CAT活性呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示：前2个主成分的累计贡献率为84.383%,说明前2个主成分能够基本反映蝟实扦插生根的主要影响因子,其中第1主成分中可溶性蛋白质和IAA含量为主要因子,第2主成分中CAT活性为主要因子。综合评价结果显示：5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的蝟实插穗的综合评价指数(D)较高,为0.747~0.983,与插穗生根率的实测值基本吻合。研究结果表明：在中国西北地区,蝟实插穗的适宜扦插时间为5月下旬至7月中旬,并以6月中旬至7月中旬为最佳;扦插过程中喷施适当浓度IAA溶液可以提高插穗的生根率。     

年龄效应对白杨硬枝扦插苗生长及其茎皮部解剖结构和叶片生化指标的影响

为探究白杨年龄效应导致的扦插繁殖苗退化问题,该试验以杂种三倍体‘北林雄株2号’的不同年龄苗木硬枝插穗为材料,就扦插苗生长形态、光合生理、根发育特征、插穗皮部解剖结构以及苗木生长发育过程中叶片可溶性总糖(TSS)、可溶性总蛋白(TSP)、叶绿素(Chl)、脯氨酸(Pro)、赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)及IAA/ABA比值等生理生化指标进行了观测。结果表明:(1)再生苗苗高、地径、叶柄长度、节间宽、叶面积、主根数、主根长、生根率、根系效果指数及净光合速率(P_n)等指标均随插穗年龄的增加而降低,而其侧根数、侧根长、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)等指标与插穗年龄无明显相关性。(2)插穗茎皮部解剖结构显示,周皮和木质部厚度都随插穗年龄增大而增厚,韧皮部厚度则无明显变化。(3)再生苗叶片可溶性总糖、总蛋白、叶绿素、IAA、GA含量以及IAA/ABA比值等指标均随插穗年龄的增加而逐渐降低,而脯氨酸和ABA含量则随插穗年龄增加而增加。研究发现,白杨扦插苗随插穗年龄的增加累积成熟效应,使新生苗表现出整体性衰老的生长状态。     

不同溶液浸泡处理对鹅掌柴扦插繁殖的影响

以清水对照,用多菌灵 福美双溶液和NAA IBA溶液对鹅掌柴插穗浸泡处理后扦插,试验对插穗的形态生长指标和生根过程进行了统计,并对插穗内源性激素IAA、ABA的含量进行了分析。结果表明:NAA IBA和适宜的多菌灵 福美双溶液均可提高插穗的生根率,促进根生长。经浸泡处理的插穗的成活率显著地高于对照(p<0.01)。多菌灵 福美双溶液浸泡插穗3h的理论最佳浓度为519mg/L。519mg/L多菌灵 福美双和200mg/LNAA IBA处理都提高了插穗IAA的含量,ABA的含量却有所降低。用519mg/L多菌灵 福美双和200mg/LNAA IBA分别浸泡插穗1.5h,成活率达到95.6%,比单独用200mg/LNAA IBA处理的成活率提高了10%(p<0.05);实验结果还表明,鹅掌柴的生根属混合生根型。     

IBA和NAA对山杜英组培苗生根过程中内源IAA、ABA含量变化的影响

本文研究山杜英组培苗生根过程中内源IAA、ABA含量变化规律。结果表明,培养基添加IBA和NAA后,在生根过程中内源IAA、ABA含量变化类似,根点出现前内源IAA、ABA含量一直上升,根点出现后含量开始下降,产生愈伤组织时两种处理的IAA/ABA分别是2.526和3.226。在不添加外源生长素情况下,内源IAA含量一直维持在较低水平,而内源ABA含量一直呈现上升趋势,IAA/ABA始终都在1.211以下。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.