不同的土壤培肥措施对低肥力农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

为了研究华北农田生态系统化肥、秸秆还田和有机肥等培肥措施对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响,在山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米种植模式下的低肥力生产系统中设置了田间试验。田间试验设7个处理,依序为:①全还 化肥(小麦秸杆 玉米秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),②全还 化肥 有机肥(小麦秸杆 玉米秸杆还田 有机肥),③麦还 化肥(小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),④麦还 化肥 有机肥(小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a) 有机肥),⑤化肥(600kgN/(hm2.a)),⑥麦还双倍 化肥(加倍小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),⑦不施肥(对照)。1998年4月至1998年11月田间取样测定了土壤的微生物生物量碳。试验结果显示:在整个试验阶段提高施肥水平微生物生物量碳都明显增加。单施化肥可以增加土壤的微生物生物量碳,有机物配合施用化肥作用更加明显。不同秸秆还田方式(全还、双倍麦还和麦还)对微生物生物量碳影响的季节变化较大。有机肥对提高土壤微生物生物量碳的作用是很明显的。从微生物生物量碳的全年平均值来看,全还 化肥 有机肥处理>麦还 化肥 有机肥处理>全还 化肥处理>双倍麦还 化肥处理>麦还 化肥处理>化肥处理>对照。因此,低肥力的农田生态系统中最好的培肥措施是化肥配施有机物。     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

为研究华北高产农田生态系统中化肥、有机肥和秸秆还田等培肥措施对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响,在山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米的种植模式下设置了田间试验。田间试验设10个处理,依序为:①全还(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田),②麦还(小麦秸秆还田),③全还 化肥1(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a)),④麦还 化肥1(小麦秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a)),⑤全还 化肥2(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 480kgN/*hm2·a)),⑥麦还 化肥2(小麦秸秆还田 480kgN/(hm2·a)),⑦全还 化肥3(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 720kgN/(hm2·a)),⑧麦还 化肥3(小麦秸秆还田 720kgN/(hm2·a)),⑨全还 化肥1 有机肥(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a) 有机肥)和⑩化肥1(600kgN/(hm2·a))。1998年4月至1998年11月田间取样测定了土壤的微生物生物量碳。试验结果表明:在高投入的高肥力农业生态系统中,单施化肥土壤的微生物生物量碳下降,化肥抑制了土壤微生物的活性,但是由于有机物的投入,这种抑制作用会减弱。化肥和秸秆还田配合施用时,增量和减量化肥对微生物生物量碳的影响不明显,秸秆还田配合施用化肥能够明显减弱化肥对微生物的抑制作用。有机肥对微生物生物量的促进作用是很明显的。不同秸秆还田方式对微生物生物量碳的影响季节变化较大,但从全年平均值来看全还处理对土壤微生物量碳的影响大于麦还处理。试验中不同处理间微生物量碳有下列趋势:化肥1<麦还 化肥1<麦还 化肥2<全还 化肥2<麦还 化肥3<全还 化肥1<全还 化肥3<麦还<全还<全还 化肥1 有机肥。因此,在高投入集约化的高肥力农田生态系统中,提倡秸秆还田和多施有机肥。     

不同培肥措施对低肥力土壤生态系统蚯蚓种群数量的影响

通过在华北低肥力农田生态系统进行的不同土壤培肥试验 ,研究了不同秸秆还田方式和施肥措施对土壤中蚯蚓种群的影响。研究结果表明 :一年中 5次调查到的蚯蚓属于同一个目——后孔寡毛目 ,3科、6属、7种 ;在 7种蚯蚓中 ,天锡杜拉蚓Drawida gisti是该地区较低肥力土壤中的蚯蚓优势种。蚯蚓种群数量的季节变化趋势为 8月 >9月 >4月 >5月 >11月。在低肥力土壤上 ,单独施用化肥与对照相比可以增加蚯蚓的数量 ,施用化肥对蚯蚓的影响程度依赖于有机物的投入情况 ,没有有机物投入或只有麦秸还田条件下 ,施用化肥会对土壤中蚯蚓的种群数量产生负面影响 ,随着时间的延长 ,这种影响表现得比较明显。在同时用玉米秸和麦秸还田的情况下 ,施用化肥对蚯蚓的种群数量影响较小。有机肥的施入可以增加蚯蚓的种群数量 ,随着时间的延长这种趋势愈为明显。在几种秸秆还田的投入方式中 ,蚯蚓种群数量的大小次序为双倍麦还 >玉米麦秸全还 >麦还。因此在施用化肥的时候应当同时进行有机物投入 ,以保持土壤中良好的生物状况 ,这也是土壤培肥的重要环节。     

凡口铅锌矿湿地处理系统的土壤原生动物

20 0 1年 12月 ,在广东省韶关市凡口铅锌矿湿地处理系统中采集土壤样品 ,采用Singh和Stout的培养法对土样中的原生动物进行定性、定量研究。共发现原生动物 4 2种 ,对照区和湿地每克风干土壤中原生动物的平均丰度分别为 2 377和 113,三大类土壤原生动物丰度中鞭毛虫占优势 ,多于纤毛虫和肉足虫。通过原生动物种类、丰度与土壤理化参数的统计分析说明铅锌尾矿对土壤原生动物群落的危害极大。通过土壤原生动物丰度和物种相似性聚类分析结果反映出正在使用的湿地 3土壤受污染严重 ,已停止使用的湿地 1和湿地 2中的胁迫效应已有所减轻 ,湿地 4中也存在胁迫效应。在整个湿地系统中根系土壤原生动物丰度差异说明 ,4种类型植物对土壤中重金属毒性效应的去除能力大小顺序为类芦>香蒲 >油草 >芒。最后 ,还探讨了造成土壤中鞭毛虫占优势原因 ,主要由土壤特殊的孔隙结构和土壤原生动物的食源决定     

杭州沼泽性水域原生动物群落变化规律

2005年4月-2006年3月调查了杭州市郊下沙区一个沼泽性水域原生动物群落的变化规律。共观察到各类原生动物265种,其中鞭毛虫114种,占原生动物总数的43%,其中植物性鞭毛虫占91%,动物性鞭毛虫仅占9%;肉足虫34种,占原生动物总数的13%,纤毛虫117种,占原生动物总数的44%。原生动物在此水域1个周年内的分布特征表现为植物性鞭毛虫种类多于动物性鞭毛虫,纤毛虫种类多于肉足虫种类。原生动物群落的结构参数(种类组成、个体丰度和多样性指数)因水质的变化而变化。此水域原生动物的优势种为梨形扁裸藻(Phacus pyrum)、旋转囊裸藻(Trachelomonas volvocina)、绿色裸藻(Euglenaviridis)和刺鱼状裸藻(Euglena gasterosteus),常年居留种为裸藻(Euglenasp.)、奇形扁裸藻(Phacus anomalus)、钟形虫(Vorticellasp.)、尾草履虫(Paramecium caudatum)和多态喇叭虫(Stentor polymorphrus)。全年3个采样站的Margalef生物多样性指数为1.056～6.054。     

哈尔滨人工湖泊中原生动物群落变化规律

2003年3月~2004年2月调查了哈尔滨人工湖泊原生动物群落多样性的变化规律,应用PFU法研究了原生动物群落季节变化演替的特征。共观察到各类原生动物120种,其中鞭毛虫53种,占原生动物总数的44%,肉足虫9种占原生动物总数的8%,纤毛虫58种占原生动物总数的48%,分析了原生动物在该湖的组成特点。原生动物在此人工湖泊中1个周年内的表现规律为植物性鞭毛虫多,动物性鞭毛虫少;纤毛虫多,肉足虫少。原生动物群落的结构参数(种类组成、个体丰度和多样性指数)因水质的变化而发生变化。在此湖中原生动物的优势种为喇叭虫属(S tentor)、眼虫属(E ug lena)、游仆虫属(E up lote)、隐滴虫属(C ryp tom onas),常年的居留种为眼虫属(E ug lena)、弹跳虫属(H a lteria)、侠盗虫属(S trobilid ium)、隐滴虫属(C ryp tom onas)。全年3个采样站的生物多样性指数在1.912~7.473之间。原生动物在1个周年中平均个体丰度出现的规律依次递减的顺序是秋季、夏季、春季、冬季。采样站1的平均个体丰度在四个季节中均高于采样站2、3。     

土壤原生动物对川滇高山栎恢复时间的响应及生长季动态

青藏高原东缘生态环境脆弱, 森林频繁遭到砍伐, 生物多样性受到严重威胁, 森林砍伐后的生态恢复成为研究热点。原生动物在生态恢复中作为指示生物起着重要作用。本文就未砍伐、砍伐后不同恢复时期(20年、10年和1年)生的川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)林的土壤理化性质和原生动物在生长季的变化进行比较研究, 以探讨生长季不同月份、不同恢复期的原生动物数量变化规律, 分析土壤理化性质与其相关性。结果表明: (1)恢复10年和1年的林地的鞭毛虫数量(193个/g干土, 164个/g干土)显著高于原始林地(22个/g干土), 肉足虫在恢复1年的林地中数量最多(600个/g干土), 纤毛虫数量则随次生演替进程逐渐增多。(2)在生长季不同月份原生动物的数量呈先增加后减少的趋势。鞭毛虫和肉足虫的峰值分别出现在7月和8月, 而纤毛虫的数量在7、8、9月明显高于6月。(3)原生动物数量与土壤理化性质密切相关。鞭毛虫数量与pH值呈显著正相关(P = 0.019), 纤毛虫数量与铵态氮(P = 0.002)和碳氮比呈显著正相关(P = 0.022), 肉足虫数量与硝态氮(P = 0.008)和碳氮比(P = 0.016)呈显著负相关。结果显示, 三种原生动物数量在生长季不同月份表现出较大的波动性, 其数量变化受土壤理化性质等多种因素调控。纤毛虫数量对川滇高山栎林砍伐恢复有正响应, 而鞭毛虫、肉足虫数量有负响应。     

根结线虫病土引入秸秆碳源对土壤微生物生物量和原生动物的影响

研究了添加秸秆碳源在连续种植条件下对根结线虫病害严重土壤中微生物生物量和原生动物丰富度的影响. 供试作物为番茄, 设置3个梯度的小麦秸秆添加量\[1N(2.08 g·kg^-1)、2N (4.16 g·kg^-1)和4N(8.32 g·kg^-1)\].结果表明: 添加秸秆碳源对微生物生物量碳、氮和原生动物丰富度具有显著影响,且这种影响呈现为4N>2N>1N>CK.添加秸秆碳源对原生动物群落结构也具有显著影响,各处理鞭毛虫、肉足虫和纤毛虫的平均比例分别为36.0%、59.5%和4.5%.在相同秸秆添加量下,土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物碳氮比和原生动物丰富度随种植年限的延长而提高.     

不同耕法和培肥措施组合对农田有机碳的影响

通过2009-2012年在河北吴桥开展旋耕、深松、翻耕、免耕4种耕法以及有机肥、秸秆、化肥3种培肥措施的田间定位试验,分析了0 ～ 20 cm耕层土壤总有机碳(TOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的变化.结果表明:连年进行耕作处理不同程度地降低了土壤碳的固定,免耕相对能够较好地维持耕层土壤碳的固定;与连续免耕相比,深松一年后免耕2年能够使土壤截留更多的碳,且深松一年后免耕2年处理的TOC和POC比连续免耕3年的处理分别高8％和2％;翻耕一年后免耕2年有利于土壤碳的恢复,其TOC与连续3年免耕的TOC比值能够从0.74恢复到0.93,其POC与连续3年免耕的POC比值能够从0.59恢复到0.94.维持耕层土壤碳固定效果最好的培肥措施是有机肥+化肥,其次是秸秆+化肥,单施化肥最差.综合来看,在华北平原有利于土壤碳固定的耕法和培肥措施组合是,深松一次后施行2年的免耕,同时配合有机肥或秸秆还田.     

典型POPs物质对土壤原生动物丰度的影响

采用“三级十倍环式稀释法（three level ten-fold dilution method）”的方法,对取自添加了DDT、林丹的盆栽实验土壤中的原生动物丰度进行研究分析,以此作为典型POPs物质对土壤原生动物的抑制效应的初步探索性研究。实验发现,在添加了DDT、林丹的土壤中的原生动物的丰度与对照相比有大幅度的下降,其种群结构遭到了相当大的破坏。其中作为优势类群的鞭毛虫、肉足虫平均数量最小时仅为CK对照的0．3％、2．5％,而对污染最为敏感的纤毛虫则在土壤中完全消失。研究结果表明,受典型POPs物质污染的土壤,即使其含量很低,也对原生动物的抑制作用非常显著。     

Soil fertility shifts the relative importance of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi for maintaining ecosystem stability

Soil microbial communities are essential for regulating the dynamics of plant productivity. However, how soil microbes mediate temporal stability of plant productivity at large scales across various soil fertility conditions remains unclear. Here, we combined a regional survey of 51 sites in the temperate grasslands of northern China with a global grassland survey of 120 sites to assess the potential roles of soil microbial diversity in regulating ecosystem stability. The temporal stability of plant productivity was quantified as the ratio of the mean normalized difference vegetation index to its standard deviation. Soil fungal diversity, but not bacterial diversity, was positively associated with ecosystem stability, and particular fungal functional groups determined ecosystem stability under contrasting conditions of soil fertility. The richness of soil fungal saprobes was positively correlated with ecosystem stability under high-fertility conditions, while a positive relationship was observed with the richness of mycorrhizal fungi under low-fertility conditions. These relationships were maintained after accounting for plant diversity and environmental factors. Our findings highlight the essential role of fungal diversity in maintaining stable grassland productivity, and suggest that future studies incorporating fungal functional groups into biodiversity–stability relationships will advance our understanding of their linkages under different fertility conditions.     

Salinity Induced Alterations in the Growth and Cellular Ion Content of Azolla caroliniana and Azolla microphylla

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The nitrogen fixing aquatic pteridophyte Azolla is often found in the rice fields and is responsible for maintaining the soil fertility and productivity....     

华北高产农田生态系统中蚯蚓种群次生演替规律

通过对山东省桓台县不同土壤肥力的农田生态系统中蚯蚓种群的调查发现 ,该地区农田生态系统中有 7种蚯蚓 ,高肥力土壤中蚯蚓相对较丰富 ,种群密度可达 83.83条 / m2 ,梯形流蚓为优势种 ;低肥力土壤中蚯蚓种群密度 4 0 .18条 / m2 ,优势种是天锡杜拉蚓。梯形流蚓和湖北远盲蚓在高肥力土壤中的种群密度要明显高于低肥力土壤 ;而其他几种蚯蚓种群数量变化不大 ,随着土壤肥力的演变 ,低肥力土壤中天锡杜拉蚓的优势地位随着土壤肥力的提高逐渐被梯形流蚓所代替。合理的投入特别是农田有机物投入可以加速农田生态系统中生态演替 ;试验中不同处理间蚯蚓的种群生物量有以下趋势 :化肥投入 <化肥与麦秸还田 <化肥与玉米麦秸全还田 <化肥与玉米麦秸全还田以及有机肥的施用。无论在高肥力还是低肥力的土壤上都表现出相同的规律 ,但蚯蚓种群组成并没有明显差异     

有机农业与可持续发展

从国内外有机农业研究与生产发展状况出发,阐述了我国绿色食品研究的目标、生产中坚持的原则;结合国外有机农业和可持续农业的争论,论证了“替代农业”的理论和实践意义．与常规农业高强度农业生产方法相比。有机农业生产方式能够培肥土壤,对环境的影响很小．有机农业为代表的“替代农业”的研究与实践已近一个世纪,我国的绿色食品事业的发展已历时十几年．讨论有机农业“环境友好”和对人体健康为主要宗旨的食品生产方式,以及维持农业系统的可持续性问题,对我国绿色食品产业的发展具有积极的指导作用。     

Distinct bacterial community compositions in the Populus rhizosphere under three types of organic matter input across different soil types

Plant and Soil - Organic matter addition is an important management practice for maintaining soil fertility and the sustainability of artificial ecosystems. However, the effects of different types...     

Empowerment in family planning as viewed by Iranian women: a qualitative study

Women carry the primary responsibility for family planning in most parts of the world, and should be afforded the power of decision-making and control over their fertility. This study seeks to gain insight into Iranian women's perception of the meaning of empowerment in family planning. Using a qualitative study, seven focus group discussions and five individual interviews were conducted with 35 married Iranian women of reproductive age. The data were analysed using a conventional content analysis approach, in which themes and categories were explored to reveal women's experiences of empowerment in family planning. The results demonstrated four main categories: control over fertility plan, participative family planning, maintaining health and access to optimal family planning services. They viewed knowledge of family planning and autonomy of decision-making in fertility issues as essential elements for control of their fertility plan. Participants felt more empowered when joint family planning decisions were made with their partners in an atmosphere of agreement. Therefore, family planning policymakers should plan services with new approaches that focus on women's health and empowerment.     

红壤区桉树人工林炼山后土壤肥力变化及其生态评价

炼山是我国南方林区清理林地的一种传统方法。以广西红壤区桉树人工林为研究区域,通过样地调查和采样,应用培养和非培养（PCR-DGGE）等传统与现代分析方法分别对火烧迹地土壤肥力演变及生态环境进行了评价。结果表明：与非炼山对照区相比,炼山1周后土壤剖面表层土壤（0-3 cm）中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾以及碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均不同程度地提高;同时,可培养土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮也显著地高于对照。虽然中层土（3-25 cm）中各理化性状和生物学性状指标也呈现出与表层土类似的变化趋势,但下层土（25 cm以下）却呈现出无规则的变化趋势;另一方面,炼山4个月后,除磷含量外,土壤剖面各土层土壤中理化性状指标均不同程度地低于非炼山对照区土壤。同时,炼山土壤中可培养微生物数量均低于对照区土壤,虽然表层土壤之间的差异均未达显著水平,但剖面各土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮却显著低于对照区土壤。说明炼山无助于长效提高桉树人工林的土壤肥力。此外,虽然桉树人工林土壤细菌多样性指数、丰度和均与度指标在不同土层的变化不均一,但无论是炼山1周或4个月后,炼山方式均不同程度地导致了桉树人工林表层土壤细菌多样性指数、丰度和均与度指标的下降,说明炼山方式也不利于桉树人工林,尤其是表层土壤生态系统的持续稳定。     

Age at first marriage and fertility in rural Anhui, China

This paper examines the changing nuptiality pattern of rural China, particularly rural Anhui in relation to the planned social changes since 1949 and their effect on fertility. The data are from the 1/1000 Fertility Survey of China, conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982. Before the family planning programme was introduced to rural Anhui (1972), the changing nuptiality pattern was indirectly affected by the planned social changes; after 1972, the substantial increase in age at first marriage was mainly due to the family planning programme. More recently, the centrally controlled social structure is loosening, due to the economic reform and the nuptiality pattern seems to join the 1972 trend, suggesting that the dramatic change of nuptiality pattern during the early 1970s to early 1980s was a temporary one. But its effect on fertility is clear, and the shortening interval between marriage and first birth may bring difficulties for future population control in rural China.     

What if fertility decline is not permanent? The need for an evolutionarily informed approach to understanding low fertility

‘Demographic transition theory’ assumes that fertility decline is irreversible. This commonly held assumption is based on observations of recent and historical reductions in fertility that accompany modernization and declining mortality. The irreversibility assumption, however, is highly suspect from an evolutionary point of view, because demographic traits are at least partially influenced by genetics and are responsive to social and ecological conditions. Nonetheless, an inevitable shift from high mortality and fertility to low mortality and fertility is used as a guiding framework for projecting human population sizes into the future. This paper reviews some theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that the assumption of irreversibility is ill-founded, at least without considerable development in theory that incorporates evolutionary and ecological processes. We offer general propositions for how fertility could increase in the future, including natural selection on high fertility variants, the difficulty of maintaining universal norms and preferences in a large, diverse and economically differentiated population, and the escalating resource demands of modernization.     

An experimental test of the effects of resources and sex ratio on maternal fitness and phenotypic selection in gynodioecious Fragaria virginiana

Resources, sex ratio, and seed production by hermaphrodites covary among natural populations of many gynodioecious plant species, such that they are functionally "more dioecious" as resources become more limiting. Strong correlations among these three factors confound our understanding of their relative roles in maintaining polymorphic sexual systems. We manipulated resource availability and sex ratio and measured their effects on relative fertility and phenotypic selection through the maternal fitness of females and hermaphrodites of Fragaria virginiana. Two results were particularly surprising. First, hermaphrodites showed little variability in fecundity across resource treatments and showed strong positive and context-dependent selection for fruit set. This suggests that variation in hermaphrodite seed production along resource gradients in nature may result from adaptation rather than plasticity. Second, although females increased their fecundity with higher resources, their fertility was unaffected by sex ratio, which is predicted to mediate pollen limitation of females in natural populations where they are common. Selection on petal size of females was also weak, indicating a minimal effect of pollinator attraction on variation in the fertility of female plants. Hence, we found no mechanistic explanation for the complete absence of high-resource high female populations in nature. Despite strong selection for increased fruit set of hermaphrodites, both the strength of selection and its contribution to the maintenance of gynodioecy are severely reduced under conditions where females have high relative fecundity (i.e., low resources and high-female sex ratios). High relative fertility plus high female frequency means that the evolution of phenotypic traits in hermaphrodites (i.e., response to selection via seed function) should be manifested through females because most hermaphrodites will have female mothers. Fruit set was never under strong selection in females; hence, selection to increase fruit set hermaphrodites will be less effective in maintaining their fruiting ability in natural populations with low resources and high female frequency. In sum, both sex ratio and resource availability influence trait evolution indirectly-through their effects on relative fertility of the sexes and patterns of selection. Sex ratio did not impose strong pollen limitation on females but did directly moderate the outcome of natural selection by biasing the maternal sex of the next generation. This direct effect of sex ratio on the manifestation of natural selection is expected to have far greater impact on the evolution of traits, such as seed-producing ability in hermaphrodites and the maintenance of sexual polymorphisms in nature, compared to indirect effects of sex ratio on relative fertility of the sexes.