三峡库区森林生态系统有机碳密度及碳储量

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在减缓全球气候变化过程中发挥重要作用.基于104块样地调查和森林资源二类清查数据,运用GIS平台,对三峡库区森林生态系统有机碳密度及储量进行研究,结果表明:(1)三峡库区森林优势树种各器官的含碳率为44.59%～54.45%,森林凋落物含碳率为30.61%～42.73%,平均为36.38%;(2)三峡库区森林生态系统平均碳密度为117.68t · hm-2,低于我国森林平均水平;植被层碳密度平均为24.15 t · hm-2,其中常绿阔叶林植被层碳密度最高,达42.80 t · hm-2;枯落物层平均碳密度为2.74 t · hm-2,土壤有机碳密度平均为9.09 kg · m-2;(3)三峡库区森林生态系统总有机碳储量为286.14×106t,其中植被层碳储量为58.72×106t,凋落物碳储量为6.67×106t,土壤碳储量为220.74×106t;(4)三峡库区马尾松林分布面积最大,其总有机碳储量为77.24×106t,占三峡库区森林有机碳总储量的26.99%;在各森林类型中,马尾松林植被层、凋落物层和土壤层有机碳储量均最高,分别达到20.70 × 106t、2.66×106t和53.89×106t;(5)三峡库区森林有机碳密度呈现"东高西低"分布格局,巴东-秭归、巫山-巫溪、石柱-武隆及江津南部有机碳密度较高.在三峡库区提高森林质量、扩大森林面积是增强森林生态系统碳汇功能的有效途径.     

广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区森林涵养水源功能及其经济价值估算

基于森林植被及土壤类型的垂直分布状况,根据海拔设置了18个标准样地,对广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区森林乔木冠层、林下灌草层、林地枯枝落叶层和林地土壤层的涵养水源能力进行了调查与估测,并对该保护区森林涵养水源的经济价值进行了估算.结果表明,该保护区森林乔木冠层平均截留雨量为3 097.7×104 t·a-1,占总贮水量的27.8%.林下灌草层平均截留雨量为517.2×104 t·a-1,占总贮水量的4.6%.各森林类型中枯落物的累积干质量为3.00～15.56 t·hm-2,最大吸水量和最大净吸水量分别为8.64～45.44和5.64～33.58 t·hm-2,平均净吸水量为19.58 t·hm-2;林地枯枝落叶层的平均吸持贮水量为2 664.2×104 t·a-1,占总贮水量的23.9%.不同林地100 cm土层的贮水量为355.2～1 940.0 t·hm-2,林地土壤层平均贮水量为4 876.0×104 t·a-1,占总贮水量的43.7%.该保护区森林植被4个水文层次实际的总贮水量为11 155.1×104 t·a-1,折算成货币价值后,则该保护区森林涵养水源总效益应为人民币13 386.1×104 元·a-1.调查统计结果充分说明,广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区森林植被的涵养水源功能及其生态经济效益相当显著,对于维护和保障周边地区的生态安全、维持工农业生产的可持续发展具有非常重要的作用.     

贵州省森林生物量及其空间格局

利用1996—2000年贵州省森林资源连续清查5500个样地的资料,依据主要森林类型蓄积量-生物量的转换函数估算贵州省各种林地的生物量,分析其空间分布格局,以及喀斯特和非喀斯特地貌上森林生物量的差异.结果表明:贵州省林地和非林地乔灌木的总生物量为3.51×108 t,其中非喀斯特林木占82%,喀斯特林木占18%.不同林地类型的生物量存在差异,林分生物量最高,占总林地生物量的71.4%.喀斯特林地总生物量明显低于非喀斯特林地.不同优势种(组)中,杉木林总生物量最高,达5.38×107 t,硬阔类为4.99×107 t,马尾松、云南松及栎类在2.87×107～3.54×107 t,柏木和软阔叶类分别为1.52×107 t和1.43×107 t,其他优势种(组)均低于1.0×107 t.行政区划上,黔东南州的林地总生物量(9.83×107 t)和林分生物量(5.88×107 t)为遵义、铜仁和黔南地区的2～3倍,且远高于黔西南、毕节、贵阳、安顺和六盘水地区(总生物量为0.53×107～1.85×107 t,林分生物量为0.16×107～0.86×107t).高生物量(>400 t·hm-2)和中高生物量密度(100...     

广西植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空演变及主要影响因素分析

利用2001-2010年EOS/MODIS17A3卫星遥感资料,对广西植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空特征及其影响因素进行分析.结果表明：(1)NPP 表现出明显的年际变化,2005年植被年均 NPP 最小为625 gC??m-2??a-1,2003年最大,为714 gC??m-2??a-1,十年间广西植被年NPP平均值为662 gC??m-2??a-1;(2)不同植被类型NPP有较大差异,森林、灌木、农作物的NPP 平均值分别为834、614、517 gC??m-2??a-1;(3)十年间广西区年均NPP为显著下降趋势,且年均气温和降水对NPP时间变化作用显著,而日照时数对 NPP 时间变化的作用不显著;(4)广西区NPP空间格局形成主要影响因素为坡度,其次为经度,再次为地貌特征、纬度和降水;(5)非喀斯特区域北热带季雨林、南亚热带季雨林化/季雨化常绿阔叶林年均 NPP 大于喀斯特地区,相反,喀斯特地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林,农作物年均NPP大于非喀斯特地区.整体而言,广西非喀斯特地区植被NPP为683 gC??m-2??a-1,喀斯特地区植被NPP为620 gC??m-2??a-1.     

2001-2010年内蒙古植被净初级生产力的时空格局及其与气候的关系

利用MODIS NDVI数据、气象数据和植被分类数据,基于改进的光能利用率模型CASA模型对2001-2010年内蒙古不同植被类型净初级生产力(NPP)进行估算,并分析其时空分布特征及对气候因子的响应.结果表明:(1)10年间内蒙古植被年NPP的平均值为340.0 gCm-2a-1,且空间分布呈明显的经度地带性,由西向东的变化速率为每10度增加200.5 gCm-2a-1;(2)不同植被类型NPP有较大差异,森林、草地、农田和荒漠植被的NPP平均值分别为521.9、270.3、405.7和85.3 gCm-2a-1;(3)10年间内蒙古植被NPP总量的平均值为322.7 TgCa-1,波动范围为276.8-354.4 TgCa-1.从NPP年际变化的空间分布来看,阿拉善沙漠、毛乌素沙地西部、河套平原以北地区、浑善达克沙地东西缘和呼伦贝尔平原西北部植被的NPP呈极显著上升,而内蒙古中部的草地植被NPP呈极显著下降;(4)不同植被类型NPP对气候因子的敏感性有较大差异.森林植被NPP主要受温度的限制,而农田、草地和荒漠植被NPP主要受降水量控制.     

三峡库区森林生产力和固碳能力估算

基于第六次、第七次和第八次三期森林资源清查数据,采用森林蓄积(生长量)扩展方法,估测三峡库区森林生产力和碳储量及碳密度变化,并利用2012 年三峡库区林地“一张图”更新调查数据,制作森林碳密度等级分布图。同时采用气候潜力模型估测潜在生产力,对比现实生产力,研究三峡库区森林生产力和固碳能力状况。结果表明:1)三峡库区森林总生物量1.33×108 t,总碳储量0.68×108 t,其中马尾松和栎类碳储量所占比例较大(分别为42.1%和12.1%),碳密度呈“东高西低”的分布格局, 平均为37.36 t⋅hm–2; 2)2002-2012 年, 三峡库区森林碳储量从2002 年的40.51 Tg C 增加到2012 年的68.88 Tg C, 年均净增长2.84 Tg C, 森林的碳汇作用显著, 尤其是在2007-2012 年间的碳汇作用最强。3)三峡库区森林潜在生产力应在13.52 - 21.77 t⋅hm–2⋅a–1 之间, 现在库区林分生产力介于2.85 - 6.19 t⋅hm–2⋅a–1, 平均为4.75t⋅hm–2⋅a–1,仅为潜在生产力的21.8%-35.1%。显然,三峡库区森林碳储总量以及森林生产力和固碳能力明显提高,只要进一步加强森林经营管理,加大保护力度, 提高森林生产能力和固碳能力仍然具有非常巨大的潜力。     

洞庭湖白沙洲4种植被系统与大气中碳素交换

近年来由于气候变化,极端天气现象及其相应的自然灾害的频繁发生,致使人类面临严峻的挑战,全球环境问题已备受瞩目。湿地碳循环在全球气候变化中具有不可忽视的作用,研究湿地系统与大气中碳素的交换,有助于深入了解湿地生态系统对大气环境的影响。在生物量和土壤温室气体排放测定的基础上,对洞庭湖白沙洲湿地4种主要植被系统与大气碳素交换进行研究,结果表明:杨树人工林、芦苇和苔草3种植被系统净生产力吸收大气中碳量分别为9.88、6.83.thm-.2a-1和4.07.thm-.2a-1,土壤排放碳量(包括CH4中的碳素)分别为3.08、2.79.thm-.2a-1和2.80t.hm-.2a-1,3种植被系统每年净吸收大气中的碳6.80、4.07t.hm-.2a-1和1.27t.hm-.2a-1,都是大气CO2的汇;黑藻与竹叶眼子菜混交群落净生产力吸收大气碳1.23.thm-.2a-1,土壤排放的碳1.32t.hm-.2a-1,该系统每年向大气净排放0.09t.hm-.2a-1,是一个弱的CO2排放源;将CH4温室效应是CO2的21倍折算成CO2量,杨树林土壤排放CO2量(包括CH4折算成CO2量)为16.19t.hm-.2a-1,比植被净生产力吸收的少16.64t.hm-.2a-1,对大气温室效应而言,该系统是温室气体的汇;芦苇、苔草以及黑藻与竹叶眼子菜混交群落土壤排放CO2量(包括CH4折算成CO2量)分别是43.68、39.19t.hm-.2a-1和32.22t.hm-.2a-1,比植被净生产力吸收的还多20.60、24.27.thm-.2a-1和27.71.thm-.2a-1,对大气温室效应而言,这3种湿地植被系统都是温室气体排放源。     

三峡库区森林植被气候生产力模拟

收集三峡库区森林资源二类调查资料及气候数据,在建立森林植被地理信息系统基础上,开展了三峡库区森林气候生产力的模拟,分析库区森林植被可能生产力,并对不同气候变化情景下的森林生产力可能变化进行了预测。结果表明:(1)各种森林类型的气候生产力与年均实际蒸散量均表现出了较强相关性,建立的4种森林植被的气候生产力模式,模型相关系数都达到极显著水平;(2)假设了5种气候变化情景分析库区森林气候生产力的可能响应,常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林及针阔混交林对温度或降水变化表现出正向变化,在温度增加2℃、降水增加20%的情况下,其生产力增幅分别达到24.34%、22.50%和15.98%;常绿针叶林生产力对气候变化的响应方向与此相反,在温度与降水同时增加情景下其生产力减幅达5.55%。     

澜沧江流域生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布

基于改进的通用土壤流失方程对澜沧江流域生态系统的土壤保持功能及其空间分布特征进行分析.结果表明:澜沧江流域是我国生态系统土壤保持能力最高的区域之一,其年均土壤保持量为2.36×1010 t·a-1,单位面积土壤保持量为1453.72 t·hm-2;土壤N、P、K元素保持量分别为5.74×107、3.07×107和3.75×108 t·a-1,从上游至下游呈递增趋势.各类生态系统中,森林生态系统土壤保持能力最高,草地和农田其次,荒漠生态系统最差.不同生态系统的土壤保持能力均随植被盖度的增加呈线性增长.澜沧江流域生态系统的植被盖度每增加10％,其土壤保持能力平均增加35.3％.在对该区域生态系统进行保护的基础上,因地制宜地合理增加植被盖度对防治土壤侵蚀、保持土壤养分可以起到良好效果.     

安徽池州森林植被碳贮量调查及分析

气候变暖及应对是国际社会关注的焦点,也是当前学术界的研究热点,森林植被碳汇定量化评估是气候变化应对研究的重要方面。安徽池州是国家首个生态经济示范区,也是＂生态安徽＂建设试点市。利用2009年森林清查资料,采用调查研究、模型研究和文献研究等手段,基于不同林分生物量与蓄积量回归方程、全干生物量的计算方法,揭示了池州森林植被碳贮量。结果表明：池州总生物量为3.5988790×107t,总全干生物量为3.5131031×107t,总碳贮量为1.71613×107t,碳密度为34.70t.hm-2。该文有助于加深政府部门及公众对池州森林植被巨大碳汇生态服务功能的认识,为制定生态立市发展战略提供理论依据,从而增强人们保护池州森林植被的积极性与主动性。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.